Index

A

Acum (Lin Qin), 60

All-Anhui Consultative Committee, 40 n60, 239

All-province associations, 239

All-Shanghai Association for the Support of Armed Resistance, 290

All-Zhejiang Association, 40 n60, 239

Alum (Guangdong merchant), 60

Anderson, Benedict, 312

Anfu clique, 246

Anhui: merchants, 32 -33, 50 , 285 , 286 ;

pawnshops, 30 -31, 34 n48;

restaurants, 22 , 23 ;

sojourners, 22 , 198 n55, 224

Anhui Consultative Committee, 263

Anhui Tongxianghui, 286 -87

Anti-American Boycott of 1905, 178 n2, 183 -87, 201 n60, 216 n98

Antiforeign activity, 2 n1, 64 n35, 159 , 169 -70, 174 , 179 , 202 -3. See also Anti-American Boycott of 1905; Ningbo cemetery riots; Zhou Shengyou, case of

Anti-Japanese activity, 289 -90, 301

Anti-Qing mobilization, 198

Architecture. See Huiguan architecture

Artisans. See Workers

Association of Chaozhou Students Sojourning in Shanghai, 229

Association of Fujian Students, 232

Association of Guangdong Seamen, 236 . See also Guangdong, seamen

Association of Ningbo Seamen, 37 , 237 , 275

Association of Zhejiang Students Sojourning in Shanghai, 232 , 237

Augustine Heard and Company, 60 , 140 n50

B

Bailong bang. See Hundred Dragon Society

Baishi Shanfang, 138

Bang , 63 , 233 , 234 ;

use of term, 39 -40, 40 n59, 233 n39. See also Trade associations; Worker associations

Bangpai (faction), 39

Banks, 71 , 121 n2, 142 n55, 291

Bean trade, 34 -35, 45 n69, 50 , 59

Bean Trade Association, 34 -35

Bennertz and Co. vs. the Jiangnan Defense and Pay Department, 126 n13

Bergère, Marie-Claire, 43 , 219 , 261

Bezaure, Compte de, 164

Bird Society, 67 n40, 77

Blue Hand Society, 77

Blue Turban Society, 67 n40, 77

Boatmen, 62 -65. See also Seamen

Bombing, by Japanese, 287 -88

Boxer Rebellion, 151 -52, 176

Boycotts, 165 , 170 , 178 n2, 182 ;

against Japan, 264 -65, 276 . See also Anti-American Boycott of 1905; Mixed Court Riot of December 1905; Ningbo cemetery riots

British-American Tobacco Company, 234

British opium trade, 68 n42, 70

British Settlement, 147 . See also International Settlement

Burial grounds, 8 , 147 , 160 , 275 ;

tax-free status of, 160 , 163 n32. See also Cemeteries; Ningbo cemetery riots

Burial services, 6 -7, 91 , 95 , 102 . See also Cemeteries; Coffin repositories; Coffin shipment

C

Cai Naihuang, 204

Cai Zaiqian, 249

Caishen, 58

Cake- and Bean-Trade Gongsuo, 238

Canals, and coffin transport, 252 n81, 253

Cantonese. See Guangdong

Cantonese Provincials' Guild, 153

Cao Muguan, 265

Cao Rulin, 266

Caonidun. See Straw and Mud Gang

Capitalism, 44 . See also Economic development

Capitalists. See Liu Hongsheng; Yu Xiaqing; Zheng Bozhao; Zhu Baosan

Carpenters. See Guangdong, carpenters;

Ningbo, carpenters

Cemeteries, 6 n6, 26 , 90 , 96 n23, 159 -60, 251 n79, 253 . See also Burial grounds; Coffin repositories; Ningbo cemetery riots

Chambers of Commerce, 176 -77, 240 , 267 , 277 , 283 , 285 , 303 , 309 . See also Shanghai Chamber of Commerce

Changsheng Hui, 37 , 102 , 168 , 171 , 173

Changsheng Yulanpenhui, 102

Changxing Hui, 102

Changzhou native-place associations, 223 n13

Chao-Hui bang , 58

Chao-Hui Elementary School, 254

Chao-Hui Huiguan, 10 , 236 , 238 , 254 , 262 ;

and the opium trade, 41 n62, 58 , 131 -33, 254 n89

Chao-Hui Industrial School, 254

Chao-Hui Third-Class Pawnshop Association, 236

Chaoyang county (Guangdong): merchants from, 35 , 57 -58;

vagabonds, 64 -65. See also Chaozhou

Chaozhou (Guangdong), 55 n12, 212 n89, 244 -48;

dialect of, 55 ;

sojourners, 256 ;

students, 229 -31, 274

Chaozhou Huiguan, 12 , 135 n40, 186 , 191 , 236 , 255 n91, 256 ;

and business matters, 250 -51;

and Chaozhou Sugar and Miscellaneous Goods Trade Association, 34 , 44 -45;

decision making in, 228 -31;

in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 50 n7, 56 -57, 65 ;

and family matters, 249 -50;

in Guangdong province, 212 n89, 244 -45, 246 -47;

as object of extortion, 247 -48;

during the Republican period, 228 -29, 240 -42, 274

Chaozhou merchants, 55 -57;

and the opium trade, 69 , 70 -72, 131 -33, 137 , 257 n98;

and the sugar trade, 30 , 34 n48, 50 , 133 -34. See also Chaozhou Huiguan

Chaozhou native-place associations, 56 , 56 -57n16, 77 , 293 . See also Chao-Hui Huiguan; Chaozhou Huiguan; Chao-zhou Tongxianghui

Chaozhou Shanzhuang, 253

Chaozhou Sugar and Miscellaneous Goods Trade Association, 34 , 44 -45, 236

Chaozhou Tongxianghui, 135 n40, 231 , 285 , 286 n60, 296 , 298 . See also Zheng Ziliang

Charitable activities, 85 n2, 110 , 121 -25, 144 , 253 -55. See also Disaster relief

Chen Alin, 78 , 80

Chen Aliu, 78

Chen Duxiu, 268

Chen Geliang, 61

Chen Jianye, 57

Chen Jiongming, 247 -48

Chen Liangyu, 265 , 266 n16

Chen Qikang, 189

Chen Qimei, 207 -8, 211 -13, 215

Chen Weihan, 189

Chen Yizhai, 156

Chenghai county (Guangdong), merchants from, 57 -58

Chengrentang, 36

Chengxiang neiwai zong gongcheng ju (Chinese Municipal Council), 200 -20ln59

Cheong Chi-pio, 157

Chiang Kai-shek, 213 n90, 239 , 277 , 301

China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 139 -42, 14 -5, 288

Chinese Company of Settlement Volunteers, 205

Chinese identity, 13 -14, 26 -27, 28 , 192 . See

also National identity; Native-place identity; Shanghai identity; Urban identity

Chinese Merchants' Exercise Association, 199

Chinese Municipal Council, 200 -201n59, 201 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 214 , 216

Chinese Ratepayers' Association, 272 n36

Chinese Restriction Act of 1882, 184 n14

Chinese Society for Assistance to Women and Children, 249 n73, 254 -55, 283

Chinese Vocational Education Association, 299

Chinese Volunteer Corps, 199

Chinese walled city, 72 , 76 ;

map of, 149

Cholera epidemics (1890), 163 . See also Coffin repositories

Chong-Hai Fellow-Provincials' Association, 190

Chongdehui, 36

Chongming county (Jiangsu), 190 n32;

island, 49

Chongqing Basheng Huiguan, 158 n21

Chun Bing-him, 157

Ciqi (Ningbo) sojourners, 36

City-god procession, 28

City God Temple, 50

Citywide organization, 176 -77, 192 , 216 , 284 -85. See also Shanghai Chamber of Commerce; Shanghai Federation of Street Unions

Civic activity, 299 -303

Civil society, 302 . See also "Public sphere"

Civilized Treaty Resistance Society, 190

Cixi, Empress Dowager, 171 -72n48;

"New Policies" of, 176

Class identity, 29 , 273 , 276 -77. See also Workers

Cocoon and Silk Guild, 156

Coffin repositories, 6 n6, 7 , 90 -91, 92 , 102 , 147 , 251 -53. See also Ningbo cemetery riots; Siming Gongsuo, coffin repositories and shipment

Coffin shipment, 91 , 164 , 225 n17, 253 . See also Siming Gongsuo, coffin repositories and shipment

Commercial Directory of Shanghai , 223

Commercial Education Society, 190 , 190 n33

Commercial Strive for Progress Society, 190 , 191

Commercial Studies Continuation Society, 190

Communications. See Transportation and communication technologies

Communist party, 235 , 272 -73, 303 n97

Compradors, 60 -62, 121 , 127 , 138 -39, 144

Confucian governance, 111 , 116 -17

Constitutional preparation societies, 214

Constitutionalist movement, 215

Construction workers, 211 n86, 264 , 276

Corruption, 196 , 197 , 303

Cosmopolitanism, 12 , 23 , 28 n40, 122 , 125 , 127 n16, 144 -46. See also Urban identity

Cotton Transportation and Sales Society, 289

Cotton Yarn Guild, 156

Courts, 256 . See also Huiguan , mediating role of; Mixed Court

Crepe Trade Association, 287

Culture (as explanatory category), 306 -11

Cunxintang, 244

Customs Bureau, 49

D

Dalai Bank, 291

Dan Gui Chayuan, 112 n57

Dang , 40 n59. See also Secret societies

Danyang Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 262

Daotai, 68 n42. See also Cai Naihuang; Ding Richang; Feng Junguang; Lan Weiwen; Liang Ruhao; Liu Yanyi; Rui Cheng; Shao Youlian; Shen Bingcheng; Wu Jianzhang; Wu Xu; Ying Baoshi; Yuan Shuxun

Dapu Tongxianghui, 246 , 262

David Sassoon, Sons and Company, 131

Daxue ("The Great Learning"), 13 , 117

Death ritual, 6 , 10 , 102 , 158 -61

Defense tax, 133 , 134

Deng Xiaoping, 306 , 311

Deng Zhongxia, 233

Dialects, 9 , 15 -16

Dianchuntang, 77 -78, 78 n66, 186 n20, 185 , 190 n32, 210

Dianshi Studio, 138

Dibao (constables), 64 n34, 97

Dike and Bridge Gang, 72 , 77

Ding Richang, 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 106 n47, 139

Ding Richu, 214 -15

Dinghai Huiguan, 237

Dinghai Shangchang Huiguan, 237

Dinghai (Ningbo) sojourners, 36 , 218 , 218 n2

Dinghai Tongxianghui, 302 n96

Disaster relief, 122 , 123 -24, 125 , 218 , 244 -45, 291 n74. See also Floods; War relief

Dongting Dongshan Tongxianghui, 219 n5, 289

Double Sword Society, 67 n40, 77

Du Li, 43

Du Yuesheng, 284 , 302 ;

and Pudong Tongxianghui, 278 , 280 -81, 298 , 300

Duan Qirui, 24 -6, 246 n67

Duara, Prasenjit, 312

Duff and David vs. the Swatow Opium Guild, 132

Dunrentang, 36

Dunzitang, 32

E

Earth god rituals, 92

Economic development, 42 , 43 -45, 219 , 299

Economic nationalism, 119 . See also Self-strengthening movement

Economic rights, 198 . See also Railway rights

Education, 22 , 299 . See also Schools

Elites, 12 n18, 14 -15, 27 , 120 ;

interactions with non-elites, 46 , 84 -85

Elvin, Mark, 86 n3, 203 , 213 , 215

Ever Victorious Army, 127

Exchange Bankers' Guild, 153

Export Trade Association, 261 n8

Extraterritoriality, 119

F

"Face," 190 , 195 , 256 , 282 , 302

Fairbank, John, 62

Famine, 111 , 123 -24, 125 , 212 n89, 291

Fan Gaotou, 213

Fang Huichang, 189

Fang Jiaobo, 209 , 275 -76

Fang Mingshan, 165 n37

Fang Yizhang, 161 n29

Farnham, Boyd and Company, 89

Federated Committee of Sojourning Tongxianghui, 284

Federation of Jiangsu Public Groups, 40 n60

Fei Xiaotong, 92

Feng Guifen, 198

Feng Junguang, 85 n2, 115 n65, 134

Feng Shaoshan, 208

Fenghua county (Ningbo), 36 , 245

Fengshun county (Guangdong), merchants from, 57 -58

Ferryworkers' union, 284

Floods: in Guangdong, 99 , 110 , 124 n9, 244 ;

of 1905, 122

Flour mills, 234

Foreign concessions, 28 , 30 -31, 147 , 150 , 151 -52, 153 . See also French Concession; International Settlement

Foreign Merchandise Association, 156 n15

Foreign Piece Goods Dealers' Guild, 153 , 156

Foreign trade: opening of Shanghai to, 48 -49;

prominence of Guangdong people in, 53 , 54 , 62

Foreign Trade Lane, 17 , 56 , 64

Foreigners: and Chinese identity, 27 ;

and May Fourth Movement, 266 -67;

official functions involving, 125 -26;

and the opium trade, 68 n42, 69 n43, 70 , 131 -32, 136 . See also Antiforeign activity; Foreign concessions; Huiguan , and foreigners

Foreign-Goods Trade Association, 261 n8

Fortune, Robert, 69

French Concession, 14 -7, 171 -72;

map of, 149 ;

Ningbo cemetery land in, 159 -60, 164 ;

Ningbo residents of, 16 , 165

French Convention (1914), 194

French Municipal Council, 160 -62

Fudan Chaozhou Students' Association, 232 , 236

Fudan Shaoxing Student Association, 237

Fudan University, 263

Fudan University Students' Association, 232

Fudan Zhejiang Student Association, 237

Fujian: boatmen, 62 -65;

merchants, 30 , 34 , 50 , 133 -34, 185 , 186 n20;

neighborhoods, 17 ;

sojourners, 25 , 55 , 93 , 232 ;

trade associations, 34 , 50

Fujian bang (Fujian Clique), 77 , 184

Fujian native-place associations, 9 , 77 , 81 . See also Dianchuntang; Li Xianyun; Quan-Zhang Huiguan; Xing'an Huignan; Zeng Shaoqing

Fujian Reconstruction Committee, 263 , 268

Fujian secret societies, 77 , 79 , 80 . See also Small Sword Uprising

Fujian Student Association, 238

Fujian Tingzhou Huiguan, 186

Funeral ceremonies, 92 n16, 212 n90. See also Death ritual

Fuzhou, 59 n23

Fuzhou Huiguan, 232 . See also San Shan Huiguan

G

Gambling, 256

Gangs, 20 , 39 , 63 -66, 72 , 278 , 298 -99. See also Green Gang; Red Gang; Secret societies

Gansu sojourners, 212 n89, 224

Gaoqiao, 6

Ge Gongzhen, 143

Ge Pengyun, 184 , 189 , 191 , 192 , 192 n40

Ge Shengxiao, 161 n29

Gender hierarchy, 14 , 117

General Works Board, 199 -200

Gentry. See Elites; Merchants

Ghost Festival. See Hungry ghosts; Yulanpen

Gold Guild, 153

Gong (public) and guan (official), 124

Gong Mujiu, 61

Gongsuo , 39 , 40 . See also Huiguan

Gongzhong yanshuohui. See Patriotic Oratorical Society

Government, overlap with, 295 -96

"The Great Learning," 13 , 117

Green Gang, 67 , 278 n47, 298 . See also Du Yuesheng

Gu Xinyi, 208 , 214

Gu Zhenghong, 273 n37

Gu Zhuxuan, 20 , 298

Guan Jiongzhi, 187 -88

Guan-Shandong Gongsuo, 49

Guandi, 58 , 105 n46, 109

Guandong, 49

Guandu shangban , 139

Guang-Zhao Gongsuo, 84 n1, 105 n46, 185 , 236 , 241 , 255 n91, 262 , 288 ;

assistance to Guangdong, 90 , 110 , 244 ;

and carpenters' strike, 89 , 153 n8;

facility of, 85 , 126 n13;

and foreign authorities, 151 , 157 ;

and Guangdong events, 207 , 212 n89, 246 , 247 -48n70;

and May Fourth Movement, 265 , 266 -67;

merchant leadership of, 61 , 85 , 140 ;

and Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 188 , 190 , 191 ;

provided return transport, 91 , 128 ;

and religious processions, 98 , 99 , 129 ;

role in politics, 209 -10, 261 , 272 , 272 n36;

rules and protocols of, 86 , 86 n5, 87 -88, 89 ;

and Yang Yuelou case, 113 , 114 , 115 . See also Tang Maozhi; Wen Zongyao; Xu Run; Ye Tingjuan; Zheng Guanying; Zhong Ziyuan

Guang-Zhao Hospital, 186

Guang-Zhao Huiguan, 13 , 55 n11, 59

Guang-Zhao middle school, 254 n89

Guang'an Huiguan, 55 n11, 74 n59, 77

Guangbang Guangyanghuo ye (Guangdong and Foreign Goods Trade), 185

Guangdong, 90 , 110 , 124 n9, 246 -47;

activists, 196 ;

boatmen, 62 -65;

carpenters, 63 , 88 -89, 153 n8;

dialect, 15 , 16 ;

elementary school, 254 n89;

gangs, 6 , 20 ;

neighborhoods, 16 , 17 ;

prostitutes, 8 , 24 , 91 , 161 -62, 169 -70;

public school, 254 n89;

restaurants, 22 , 23 , 191 , 288 ;

revolutionary organizations, 206 -7;

seamen, 236 , 275 , 276 ;

trade associations, 50 ;

workers, 62 -63

Guangdong and Foreign Goods Trade, 185

Guangdong Army, 24 .7

Guangdong bang , 54 -62, 138 , 184 , 233 . See also Guangdong, gangs; Guangdong native-place associations

Guangdong Club, 236

Guangdong compradors, 60 -62, 121 . See also Compradors; Xu Run

Guangdong huiguan , in Zhenjiang, 131 , 133

Guangdong Mechanics' Association, 196

Guangdong merchants, 14 , 22 , 84 , 139 n49, 193 , 207 ;

and the Anti-American Boycott of 1905, 185 , 186 n23;

charitable activities of, 122 , 124 ;

and China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 140 ;

and gangs, 20 , 67 ;

as huiguan directors, 85 ;

and the May Fourth Movement, 266 , 267 , 268 ;

and militia, 127 ;

rice, 285 ;

in trade and foreign relations, 53 , 61 -62, 145 n60;

tea, 143 . See also Chaozhou merchants

Guangdong Merchants' Association of Shanghai, 241

Guangdong Merchants' Miscellaneous Grain and Oilcake Association, 286

Guangdong native-place associations: assistance to Guangdong province, 244 -45;

before the Opium War, 54 -55;

forbidden after Small Sword Uprising, 81 ;

in 1919, 236 -37;

and plague-prevention measures, 157 . See also Chaozhou Huiguan; Guang-Zhao Huiguan

Guangdong-Ningbo rivalry, 127 n16, 141 -42, 255

Guangdong province, 243 -45, 246 n66, 247 -48. See also Chaozhou

Guangdong regional reputation, 107 , 107 n48, 113 -14, 115 -16, 256 . See also Yang Yuelou, case of

Guangdong secret societies, 67 n40, 76 , 77 , 79 , 80 . See also Small Sword Uprising

Guangdong sojourners: businesses of, 87 n6;

charitable activities of, 123 -24;

elite, 107 ;

and the 1937 bombing, 287 -88, 291 n74;

number of, 101 n38;

in regional hierarchy, 14 ;

religious practices of, 25 , 93 ;

revolutionary activities of, 206 -7, 211 ;

in Suzhou, 10

Guangdong Sojourners' Commercial Association, 262

Guangdong Sojourners' Reconstruction Association, 236

Guangdong-style residences, 17 -18

Guangdong Tongxianghui, 287 -88, 295 n83, 296

Guangfu Hui, 196 , 196 n48

Guangxi sojourners, in Suzhou, 10

Guangxu Emperor, 171

Guangzhou (Guangdong), 59 ;

compradors, 60 , 62 ;

sojourners, 30 , 54 , 50 n7

Guangzhou Chamber of Commerce, 207

Guangzhou Military Government, 246 n67, 262 n9

Guangzhou native-place associations, 59 -60n23, 77 . See also Guang-Zhao Huiguan

Guild of the Chihli Provincials and Eight Banner Corps, 153

Guilds, 42 -44, 157

Guo Guangshan, 249

Guo Hong Tai establishment, 71

Guo Weiyi, 247

Guo Wenzhi, 74 n59

Guo Zibin, 71 , 257

Guomindang, 286 , 299 , 303 -4;

Shanghai branch office, 292 -93, 296 . See also Nanjing government

Guxiang , as term for native place, 4

H

Habermas, Jürgen. See "Public sphere"

Haichang Gongsuo, 237

Haichang Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 237

Haimen county (Jiangsu), 190 n32

Haining (Zhejiang), native-place associations, 224 , 237

Haining Huiguan, 237

Haiyan, native-place associations, 224 n14, 237

Haiyan Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 237

Hakkas, 80

Han ethnicity, 208 , 210

Hang Chou Gongsuo, 34

Hangzhou native place associations, 224 n14, 237 , 238

Hangzhou silk merchants, 34

Hangzhou Tongxianghui, 237 , 238

Hankou, 7 n8, 45 n70, 125 n12, 142 n56, 145 ;

identity, 45 ;

merchants in, 120 , 121 , 268 . See also Rowe, William

Hankou Lingnan Huiguan, 140

Hao Yen-p'ing, 69 , 144

He Suitang, 180 n4

He Weisheng, 233 n36

He Ying, 189

Henan Northern Expeditionary Army, 208

Henan silk trade, 210 n86

Henan Tongxianghui, 263 , 270 , 295

Henriot, Christian, 24

Ho Ping-ti, 42 -43, 44

Hong Kong Chaozhou Commercial Association, 244

Hong Kong Chaozhou Merchants' Association, 242

Hong Kong currency, 242

Hong Kong-Guangzhou railway, 207

Hongkou, 89 n9, 218 ;

architecture of, 18 ;

as Cantonese neighborhood, 17 , 81 n76, 87 n6, 127 ;

1937 bombing of, 287 , 288 ;

plague district, 154

Honig, Emily, 15 , 307 n6

Hu bei shangye gongsuo (North Shanghai Commercial Association), 182

Hu nan xue-shang hui (South Shanghai Educational and Commercial Association), 185

Hu Ning-Shao Shuimu Gongye Gongsuo, 211 n86

Hu She, 12 , 45 , 284 , 287 , 295

Hu Xianghan, 17

Hu xuehui. See Shanghai Educational Association

Huaishu tongxiang youyihui, 40 n60

Huang Fu, 208 n78

Huang Shaoyan, 247

Huang Yanpei, 202 , 299 -301

Huang Yiquan, 189

Huang Zunxian, 198

Huatang yanghuohang dianchun tang (Peanuts, Sugar and Foreign Goods Association), 34

Huaxing Hui, 196

Hubei activists, 196

Hubei bang , 234

Hubei Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 262

Hubei Reconstruction Committee, 264

Hubei sojourners, in regional hierarchy, 15

Hui-Ning Huiguan, 33

Hui-Ning Tongxianghui, 286

Huibao , 142 -43, 145 -46

Huiguan: burial services of, 8 , 90 -91, 158 , 252 n82;

business handled by, 85 -88;

charitable activities of, 110 -11, 121 -25;

and community hierarchy, 86 , 88 -89, 91 , 106 , 172 , 255 ;

competition for resources of, 228 -29;

elite and non-elite elements in, 101 -3, 105 , 172 -73, 232 ;

and foreigners, 89 , 147 -50, 154 -58;

as lineage or kin network, 111 , 115 , 117 ;

mediating role of, 87 , 89 -90, 151 , 174 -75, 250 ;

after 1949, 305 ;

opera performances in, 25 , 103 -6, 109 ;

order-keeping role of, 65 , 73 , 92 , 126 , 128 -29, 150 -69;

and other native-place associations, 225 , 238 ;

public image of, 109 , 115 , 123 -24;

relationship with officials, 126 n13, 129 , 150 -51, 294 n81;

and secret societies, 40 n59, 66 -67, 73 -75, 77 -78, 81 -83;

sponsorship of religious festivals, 92 -103, 128 -29, 274 ;

support for uprisings, 66 -67 129 ;

as symbols of community, 9 , 18 ;

tax collection by, 129 -30;

temple function of, 91 -92;

vs. tongxianghui , 220 -22, 223 , 251 , 271 , 274 ;

urban management activities of, 136 -37;

use of term, 38 -40;

women and, 116 -17, 251 n78. See also Burial services; Names of individual huiguan ; Native-place associations; Yin huiguan

Huiguan architecture, 18 -21, 85 , 104

Huiguan directors, 103 , 106 , 112 , 161 ;

and community interests, 90 , 137 , 173 , 193 -94;

of the 1860s and 1870s, 84 -85;

as exemplars of Confucian virtue, 109 , 111 ;

merchants as, 121 , 144 ;

on national stage, 118 , 146 , 180 ;

and secret societies, 73 -75, 77 , 81 -83;

worship of, 10 , 87 , 308 n7. See also Huiguan oligarchy

Huiguan gods, 87 , 104 , 305 . See also

Tianhou

Huiguan halls, 125 -26

Huiguan militia, 126

Huiguan oligarchy, 85 -88, 91 , 117 -18, 166 -68, 224 , 230

Huilai county (Guangdong), merchants from, 35 , 57 -58. See also Chaozhou

Huizhou (Anhui) sojourners: and pawnshops, 30 -31, 34 n48;

tea merchants, 33

Huju (Shanghai opera), 28 n40

Hunan activists, 196

Hunan Affairs Preservation Society, 263

Hunan Reconstruction Association, 259

Hunan Sojourners' Northern Expedition Army, 208

Hundred Dragon Society, 77

Hungry ghosts, 96 , 97 , 102

Huzhou Huiguan, 211 n88, 237

Huzhou Silk Association, 156

Huzhou Silk Cocoon Gongsuo, 211

Huzhou Silk Cocoon Merchants' Guild, 153

Huzhou Silk Gongsuo, 45

Huzhou (Zhejiang) sojourners: benevolent activities of, 35 -36, 212 n89;

silk merchants, 34 , 35 , 134 , 153 , 156 , 211 ;

ties to Chen Qimei, 211 , 213 ;

tongxianghui , 224 . See also Hu She

Huzhou Student Commercial Sojourners' Association, 237

I

Immigration, 2 -4, 5 -6, 53 -54, 62 -64, 218 ;

in post-Cultural Revolution China, 306 , 311 . See also Sojourning

Imperial Bank of China, 156

Imperialism. See Antiforeign activity

Intellectuals, 195 . See also Students

International Settlement, 206 , 284 ;

Chinese representation in, 152 -58;

Chinese residents of, 16 , 151 -52, 315 ;

legal jurisdiction in, 164 n36, 187 ;

map of, 149 ;

parades in, 30 -31;

plague measures in, 154 -55;

taxation in, 130 , 191 , 192 , 271 . See also Hongkou; Mixed Court Riot of December 1905; Shanghai Municipal Council

International Settlement archives, 188 n27

International Settlement police, 63 n32, 97 , 192

J

Jade Gongsuo, 191 n36

Japan: demands of, 220 , 261 , 263 n10, 264 ;

as model, 176 , 177 ;

students and radicals in, 195 -96, 196 n50

Japanese historiography, 42 , 43

Jardine, Matheson and Company, 142 ;

compradors of, 60 , 127 n16, 144 ;

and opium trade, 69 , 70

Jewelry trade, 33

Jiading, 78 n68, 79 , 224 n14, 238

Jiading Tongxianghui, 238

Jiang Shaofeng, 247

Jiangbei sojourners, 16 , 197 n53, 224 n14, 263 , 268 . See also Subei sojourners

Jiangbei Sojourners' Preservation Society, 263 , 268

Jianghuai Tongxianghui, 262 , 298

Jiangnan Arsenal, 85 n2, 201 , 208

Jiangning Gongsuo, 186 , 238

Jiangning Huiguan, 265

Jiangning Qiyi Lühu Gongsuo. See Jiangning Gongsuo

Jiangning Tongxianghui, 222 , 262 , 284 , 298 , 302 n96, 308 n7

Jiangsu capitalists, 214 . See also Shen Manyun

Jiangsu dialect, 15

Jiangsu Financial Bureau, 243

Jiangsu food, 23

Jiangsu gongtuan lianhehui, 40 n60

Jiangsu magazine, 196 n50, 197 , 197 n53, 270

Jiangsu merchants, 30 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 121 , 193 , 214 ;

and Chinese Municipal Council, 201 , 203 ;

sugar, 133 -34.

Jiangsu Pottery Trade Association, 262

Jiangsu Provincial Education Association, 263 , 299

Jiangsu sojourners, 14 , 121 n2, 218 n1. See also Subei sojourners

Jiangsu-Zhejiang railway, 214 .

Jiangxi Huiguan, 25 , 37 n54;

in Xiangtan, 103 n41

Jiangxi Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 262

Jiangxi merchants, 50

Jiangxi Northern Expeditionary Army Branch Headquarters, 208

Jiangxi Self-Government Comrades' Association, 40 n60

Jiangxi sojourners, 16

Jiangyin Huiguan, 269

Ji'anhui, 36

Jiao rituals, 92 -93, 95 , 96 n23, 98 , 100 , 124 , 222

Jiaying Huiguan, 55 n11, 62

Jiaying (Guangdong) sojourners, 77 . See also Li Shaoqing; Li Shaoxi

Jiaying Tongxianghui, 246 , 262

Jiaying Wushu Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 236

Jie (social circles), 238 , 273

Jie-Pu-Feng Huiguan, 58 , 236 , 262

Jieyang county (Guangdong), merchants from, 57 -58

Jiguan , as term for native place, 4

Jin Jiuling, 20

Jin Shaocheng, 188

Jing Yuanshan, 122

Jingzhou ribao , 181

Jiyitang, 251 n77

Johnson, Linda Cooke, 39 n58

Jun'an She, 237 , 275 . See also Ningbo, seamen

K

Kaiping Mining Company, 139 n49

Kebang (outsider merchant group), 39

Kidnapping, 213 , 255 , 283

Kunqu (style of opera), 105

L

Labor movement, 235 , 273 n37, 277 . See also Workers

Lai, Chi-kong, 141

Lan Mcixian, 291

Lan Weiwen, 61 n28, 81

Landsmannschaften41 , 43

Laojia , as term for native place, 4

Leung Yuen-sang, 124

Li Bai, 7 -8

Li Hongzhang, 119 -20, 122 , 124 -25, 126 n13, 137 , 139 , 178 n1

Li Houyu, 214

Li Pingshu, 201 -3, 204 , 205 , 207 -8, 211 n88, 214 , 308

Li Shaoqing, 62 , 74 , 75 n59, 77 , 78 , 82 . See also Li Shaoxi

Li Shaoxi, 74 n59, 78 n68, 79 . See also Li Shaoqing

Li Tingyu, 188

Li Weizhuang, 214

Li Xianyun, 62 n29, 74 , 74 n59, 77 , 78 , 82 -83

Li Xiehe, 215

Li Yuanhong, 215

Li Zhengwu, 214

Li Zhisheng, 188

Li Zhongjue. See Li Pingshu

Li Zhongjun, 189

Liang Qichao, 171 n47, 206

Liang Ruhao, 85 n2

Liangguang native-place associations, 10

Lijin (transit taxes), 130 , 133 , 134 ., 136

Lilong housing, 17 -18

Lin Afu, 78 , 80

Lin Qin, 60

Lin Sen, 278

Lin Youren, 135 n40

Lin Yunqiu, 250

Lingnan Middle School, 218

Lingnan Shanzhuang, 253 n87

Lingui, 61

Liu Hongsheng, 218 , 218 n2, 302

Liu Kunyi, 168

Liu Lichuan, 62 n29, 78 , 79 , 80 , 81

Liu Rushi, 114 n62

Liu Shaozong, 140

Liu Yanyi, 155 n12

Lo Chongling, 189

Lo King-sou, 157

Local self-government, 198 , 202 -3, 226 , 297 -98, 304 . See also Chinese Municipal Council

Lu Ban, 63 n32

Lu Ban Dian, 88

Lü Hu Dapu Tongxianghui, 236

Lü Hu Haichang Gongsuo, 267

Lü Hu tongxianghui , 41 . See also Tongxianghui

Lu Qinghua, 189

Lu Zongyu, 266 , 267

Lunchuan zhaoshang ju. See China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company

Luohan Society, 77

M

Ma Chaojun, 196

Ma Zhanshan, 290

Macao, 60

Machine workers, Guangdong, 62 -63

Magistrates, 57 , 74

Major, Frederick, 138

Manchuria, 290

Mann, Susan, 4 -3, 135 n39, 261

Mao Dun, 15 -16

Mao Zedong, 258 -59

Mao Zumo, 178 n1

Marriage, 5 , 297 n89

May Fourth Movement (1919), 21 , 220 , 238 , 259 , 260 -69, 270 -71, 308

May Thirtieth Movement (1925), 21 , 272 -73, 273 n37

Meng Jiao, "Youzi Yin" by, 5 n4

Merchant militia, 127 , 204 -5

Merchants: elite status of, 50 , 83 , 119 -20, 125 ;

and foreign competition, 131 , 139 ;

May Fourth mobilization of, 261 , 264 , 265 -68;

nationalism and politicization of, 119 , 139 , 169 , 198 -99;

relationship to secret societies, 67 , 73 , 81 ;

and tax collection, 130 . See also Compradors; Merchant militia

Miao bang. See Temple Gang

Militia organization, 73 -75, 76 , 126 -27, 127 -28n18, 199 , 204 -5

Mingxing Film Studio, 228

Mining-rights recovery movement, 198

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 189 , 190

Minlibao , 208 , 209

Mixed Court, 89 , 89 n10, 111 , 113 , 136 , 151 , 250

Mixed Court jail, 187 n25, 188 , 190 , 193 n43

Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 187 -95, 199

Miye Gongsuo, 31

Modernity, 46 , 123 , 144 , 177 , 307 , 309 -10

Modernization, 43 , 123 , 138 , 257

Montmorand, Viscount Bernier de, 162 n32

Multicity sojourner networks, 12 , 119 , 123 , 14 -6, 244

Multiple-trade associations, 34

Multiprovince associations, 239

Municipal Shanghai Opera Research Society, 28 n40

N

Nanhai Huiguan, 236

Nanhuohui, 36

Nanjing decade, 2 , 277 -78, 280 -87, 291 -99

Nanjing government, 212 , 273 , 292 -95

Nanjingbang Zhubaoye Gongsuo, 33

Nanking Guild, 153

Nantian (Ningbo) sojourners, 36

Nation building, 258 -60

National Constitutional Assembly, 308

National Federation of Merchant Militia, 205

National identity, 2 , 46 , 123 , 146 , 195 , 312 . See also Chinese identity; Nationalism

National Salvation Workers' Training Institute, 290 n71

National sovereignty, 183 , 187 . See Mixed Court Riot of December 1905; Nationalism

Nationalism, 169 , 174 , 179 , 183 , 271 n35, 312 ;

anti-Japanese, 289 -90;

in early Republican period, 257 , 299 ;

and native-place

Nationalism (continued)

identity, 14 , 215 -16, 269 -70, 312 -13;

and the Ningbo cemetery riots, 158 -59, 169 -72;

and radicalism, 196 , 276

Native Bankers' Association, 156 , 185 n18

Native banks, 71 , 121 n2

Native place, 4 -7;

Chinese terms for, 4 , 5 n4

Native-place associations: admission of women, 308 , 308 n7;

in business, 141 -4-2, 193 n42, 250 -51;

charitable institutions of, 253 -55;

and class consciousness, 276 -77;

after Cultural Revolution, 305 -6, 311 ;

decision making in, 299 ;

displacement of, 272 -73, 305 ;

early Republican period, 208 , 222 -23, 257 ;

and economic development, 43 ;

and gangs, 76 -77, 309 ;

"governmentality" of, 297 -98, 314 ;

involvement With personal problems, 248 -50;

and labor disputes, 275 ;

legitimacy of, 297 , 298 , 303 ;

during May Fourth period, 260 -77;

as mediators between urban and rural China, 219 -20;

membership of, 276 , 295 ;

names for, 38 -41;

in Nanjing decade, 277 -78, 280 , 291 -99;

and nationalism, 174 -75, 269 -71, 276 -77, 300 -301;

in native-place affairs, 240 -48;

and pauper burial grounds, 6 n6;

penetration of, by state, 292 -96;

role in mediating disputes, 256 ;

and Small Sword Uprising, 76 -77;

and social control, 21 -22, 73 , 283 ;

sponsors of, 302 ;

strength and connections of, 248 -49, 290 , 298 -99;

subdivided by trade, 36 -37;

and urban organization, 2 -3, 10 , 46 , 119 , 177 ;

during war with Japan, 287 -91;

and worker associations, 101 . See also Huiguan; Tongxianghui ; Trade associations

Native-place bang , 130 , 133 -35

Native-place communities: cooperation between, 125 , 127 ;

geographic subdivision in, 238 ;

hierarchy of, 14 , 85 , 88 , 116 -17, 183 , 276 , 282 ;

multiport, 11 -12, 123 ;

and social organization, 10 -11, 159

Native-place identity, 4 -6, 13 , 4 -6, 307 -8;

and Chinese identity, 13 -14;

and cuisine, 8 , 22 -23;

and economic tensions, 20 ;

in Hankou, 45 ;

and local customs, 4 -5, 26 -27, 92 ;

and multiport networks, 146 ;

and nationalism, 196 , 208 , 271 n35, 313 ;

and Shanghai identity, 146 ;

and the Small Sword Uprising, 83 ;

in time of crisis, 290 . See also National identity; Native-place sentiment; Shanghai identity

Native-place networks, 121 ;

in Hankou, 53 n9, 125 n12;

and the Revolution of 1911, 213 , 215 -16;

and the Shanghai bourgeoisie, 219 ;

and technological innovation, 138 . See also Multicity sojourner networks

Native-place rivalries, 123 -24, 144 , 145 ;

Guangdong-Zhejiang, 107 , 108 -9n49, 127 n16, 141 -42;

Subei-Jiangnan, 108 n49

Native-place sentiment, 2 -3, 7 , 12 , 281 ;

and economic models, 44 ;

egalitarian language of, 274 ;

as "morally excellent," 2 , 12 -13;

and nationalism, 14 , 222 , 259 , 269 , 270 n33;

and radical reform, 195 -98;

reformulation of, 217 , 220

Native-place trade associations. See Trade associations

Negishi Tadashi, 171

Neighborhoods, 16 -17, 29

New Culture Monthly , 229 -30n27

New Culture Movement, 229 , 260

New Life Movement, 304

New Policies, 176

New Year celebrations, 294

Newspapers, 120 , 143 , 146 . See also Huibao; North China Herald; Shenbao

Niaodang. See Bird Society

Ning-Shao Cotton-Trade Welfare Association, 237

Ning-Shao Lacquerers' Association, 237

Ning-Shao Philanthropic Association, 229 n23

Ning-Shao Shipping Company, 225 n17

Ning-Shao Shipping Protection Association, 142

Ning-Shao Steamboat Company, 142 , 291

Ningbo: bankers, 50 , 142 n55;

carpenters, 63 n32, 102 ;

construction workers, 211 n86;

dialect, 15 ;

food, 22 , 23 ;

neighborhoods, 16 , 17 n25;

prostitutes, 23 , 24 ;

seamen, 37 , 237 , 275 -76

Ningbo baihua bao (Ningbo vernacular), 196

Ningbo (Zhejiang) bang (Ningbo Clique), 77 , 138 , 233 , 234

Ningbo capitalists, 219 . See also Liu Hongsheng; Yu Xiaqing; Zhu Baosan

Ningbo cemetery riots, 21 , 53 n9, 188 n26;

and politicization of Ningbo community, 224 ;

and popular nationalism, 169 -72, 174 -75, 183 ;

Yu Xiaqing in, 193

Ningbo Chamber of Commerce, 212 , 267

Ningbo Changsheng Hui, 168 , 171 , 173 . See also Changsheng Hui

Ningbo Flood Disaster Collection Committee, 245

Ningbo Gongsuo, 74 n59

Ningbo-Guangdong rivalries, 127 n16, 141 -42, 255

Ningbo Huiguan, 36

Ningbo Lü Hu Tongxianghui. See Ningbo Tongxianghui

Ningbo merchants: and Anti-American Boycott of 1905, 186 ;

and the May Fourth Movement, 266 , 267 , 268 ;

in pre-Opium War Shanghai, 50 ;

and Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, 177 , 178 ;

shipping company of, 141 -42;

sugar, 30 , 34 n48;

tea, 33 . See also Yang Fang; Yu Xiaqing

Ningbo Merchants' General Assembly, 206

Ningbo native-place associations, 77 , 157 , 206 , 293 . See also Ningbo Tongxiang-hui; Siming Gongsuo

Ningbo sojourners, 16 , 22 , 53 , 98 , 162 ;

and the Anti-American Boycott of 1905, 185 ;

number of, in Shanghai, 226 n19;

politicization of, 175 , 196 , 224 ;

and the Zhou Shengyou case, 179 -83. See also Siming Gongsuo

Ningbo Sojourners' Association, 212

Ningbo Student Association, 237

Ningbo Tongxianghui, 224 -28, 237 , 262 , 272 n36, 287 ;

and charitable schools, 254 n88;

disaster and war relief activities of, 245 , 288 , 291 n74;

displaced huiguan during Kepublican period, 239 -40;

involvement in trade, 251 , 285 ;

and the May Fourth Movement, 261 , 265 -66, 267 , 268 ;

mediating role of, 249 , 256 , 284 ;

membership of, 281 ;

as model, 230 , 300 ;

and nationalism, 269 , 291 , 298 ;

and Ningbo affairs, 242 -43;

photograph of, 227 ;

social program of, 227 -28. See also Yu Xiaqing

Ningbo workers, 37 , 101 -2, 168 ;

and the case of Zhou Shengyou, 179 , 182 ;

mutual-aid associations of, 101 , 238

North China Herald , 74 -75, 88 , 130 ;

on gangs, 6 , 64 , 66 ;

on the Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 191 n35, 192 -93;

on plague prevention, 154 -55;

on religious processions, 98 ;

reporting on Shenbao and Guangdong community, 114 -15, 141 , 143 ;

and the "Swatow Opium Guild" case, 132

North Shanghai Commercial Association, 182

North-South civil war, 261 , 262 n9

Northern dialects, 15 , 16

Northern Expedition, 208 , 239

O

Official rifles, purchase of, 57 , 119

Opera performances, 25 , 28 , 67 , 93 , l03 -6, 109

Opium: dens, 128 ;

runners, 135 -36, 136 n42;

smuggling, 53 , 68 -70, 135 -36;

taxation, 130 -33, 136 , 137

Opium Tax Bureau, 132 , 133 , 135 -36

Opium trade, 53 n9, 69 , 84 , 125 , 204 ;

Chaozhou, 41 n62, 58 , 70 -72, 254 n89, 257 , 257 n98;

foreigners and, 41 n62, 68 n42, 69 n43, 131 -32, 136 ;

and secret societies, 53 , 68 -69, 78 . See also Opium, smuggling

Opium War, 68

Overseas Chinese, 184

P

Pan Gongzhan, 278

Pan Yiguo, 74 n59, 77

Paper Trade Militia, 208

Parades. See Processions

"Particularism," 122 , 123 , 276 , 297 , 307 , 313 . See also Cosmopolitanism

Patriotic Oratorical Society, 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 n40

Pawn Brokers' Guild, 153

Pawnshop Gongsuo, 242

Pawnshops, 6 , 22 , 33 -34n48, 71 ;

Anhui, 30 -31, 34 n48

Peanuts, Sugar and Foreign Goods Association, 34

Perry, Elizabeth, 30 , 261

Philanthropy. See Charitable activities

Pinghu Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 262

Pirates, 63 , 82

Plague-prevention measures, 154 -57

Plague Riots of November 1910, 154 -56

Police, 191 n36, 228 n23, 283 n53, 294 n81, 295 ;

British, 188 ;

foreign, 151 , 152 ;

French, 162 , 285 ;

Ningbo, 246 ;

and opium runners, 135 , 136 ;

Sikh, 95 . See also Dibao; International Settlement police

Popular festivals. See Processions; Religious festivals

Poverty. See Vagrancy

Press, 107 . See also Newspapers

Print lithography, 138

Prisons, 188 , 190 . See also Mixed Court jail

Processions, 28 , 30 -31, 92 , 128 -29

Prostitution, 5 n5, 23 -24, 114 , 114 n62, 188 n26. See also Guangdong, prostitutes

Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, 246 n67

Public health, 154 -57, 163

Public Security Bureau, 283 n53, 295 , 296 . See also Police

"Public sphere" (Habermas), 99 n33, 120 , 146 , 299 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 311

Public theaters, 106

Public works, 199 -200

Pudong: defined, 201 -2n61;

re-created as native place, 280 -81

Pudong dialect, 281

Pudong Fellows Association. See Pudong Tongren Hui

Pudong Journal , 202

Pudong Tongren Hui, 202 , 203 , 281 , 308

Pudong Tongxianghui, 11 , 284 , 285 n58, 286 , 287 , 309 ;

anti-Japanese activity of, 290 ;

building of, 279 ;

directors of, 302 n96;

Huang Yanpei and, 300 -301;

inauguration of, 278 -80, 296 ;

membership of, 281 , 282 , 295 ;

relief work, 289 , 291 n74. See also Du Yuesheng

Puning county (Guangdong), merchants from, 57 -58

Q

Qianjiang Huiguan, 34 , 238

Qianye Gonghui, 37

Qingdao, 263

Qingjinhui. See Blue Turban Society

Qingming (day of sweeping graves), 26

Qingpu tongxianghui , 224 n14

Qingshouhui. See Blue Hand Society

Quan Hui xiehui (All-Anhui Consultative Committee), 40 n60, 239

Quan-Zhang Huiguan, 17 , 22 , 50 n7, 74 n59, 210 , 288 . See also Li Xianyun

Quan Zhe gonghui (All-Zhejiang Association), 40 n60, 239

Quan Zhe Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 237 , 264

Quanzhou (Fujian) sojourners, 34 , 77

R

Radicals. See Revolutionaries

Railway rights, 195 n47, 198 , 214 -15

Rankin, Mary Backus, 12 n18, 46 n70, 120 , 120 n1, 122 , 124 , 195 n47, 196

Raoping county (Guangdong), merchants from, 57 -58

Ratepayers' Association, 152 -53, 272 n36

Red Gang, 66 -67, 135 n40, 298

Refugee centers, 288 -89. See also Disaster relief; War relief

Regional: cuisines, 22 -23, 26 , 29 ;

groups, hierarchy of, 14 ;

operas, 25 , 28 , 28 n40;

reputation, 107 -9, 115 , 123 -24, 256

Regional rivalries. See Native-place rivalries

Religious festivals: and huiguan prestige, 100 -101, 103 ;

as political propaganda opportunities, 269 ;

and secret societies, 100 ;

and social control, 96 -97, 128 -29;

sponsored by huiguan , 92 -103, 129 . See also Jiao rituals; Yulanpen

Religious practices, 25 -26, 27 -28

Report of the Conference on the Guomidang Central All-China Mass-Movement Leadership Committee (1934), 293

Restaurants, 22 , 23 , 29 , 191 , 288

Restoration Society, 196 , 215

Revolution of 1911, 21 , 125 , 195 , 217

Revolutionaries, 195 -98, 207 , 208

Revolutionary Alliance, 196 , 206 , 207 , 213

Revolutionary publications, 196 , 208 , 209

Rice Trade Gongsuo, 31

Rickshaw pullers, 179

Riots: antiforeign, 169 -70;

among Guangdong and Fujian vagabonds, 64 -66;

wheelbarrow pullers, 159 . See also Mixed Court Riot of December 1905; Ningbo cemetery riots; Plague Riots of November 1910

Road building, 160 -61, 164 , 200 , 252 n81

Robberies, 24 -2, 244 -45

Rong Chunfu, 143

Rong Hong. See Yung Wing

Rowe, William, 53 n9, 69 -70n46, 102 n40, 120 , 122 , 135 n39;

discussion of Hankou based on Weber, 42 , 44 , 45 n70;

and primacy of native-place ties, 44 , 45 , 145

Rui Cheng, 204

Russell and Company, 60 , 138 , 14 -2

Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), 179 n3

S

Salt trade, 69 -70n46, 178 n1

Samqua merchants, 61

San Shan Huiguan, 232 , 238

Sandian hui (Three Dot Society), 69

Sangzi , as term for native place, 4

Sanhehui, 135 n40

Sansheng lianhehui (Three Provinces Federation), 239

Schools, 227 -28, 232 , 254 , 263 , 264

Seamen: Guangdong, 236 , 275 , 276 ;

Ningbo, 37 , 237 , 275 -76;

strike of 1919, 275 . See also Boatmen

Secret societies, 40 n59, 66 -67, 76 -79, 81 -83, 100 , 278 ;

made into defense militia, 73 -75, 81 ;

and opium smuggling, 53 , 68 -69, 78 n68. See also Guangdong secret societies

Self-Government Office, 201 n59. See also General Works Board

Self-strengthening movement, 119 -20, 137 , 201

Shaanxi Huiguan, 126 n13

Shandong: Chaozhou huiguan in, 56 n16;

dialect, 16 ;

merchants, 34 , 210 , 210 n86, 266 , 267 ;

sojourners, 15 , 49 , 210

Shandong Association, 259

Shandong Guild, 156

Shandong Huiguan, 127

Shandong Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 263

Shangchuan Huiguan, 49

Shangda, 232 -33

Shangda Zhejiang Tongxianghui, 233 n36

Shanghai: architecture, 17 -19;

bourgeoisie, 240 n50, 261 ;

frontier aspects of, 53 , 82 ;

guidebooks, 22 , 23 ;

languages of, 15 -16;

local native-place associations, 77 , 233 ;

maps of, 51 , 52 , 148 ;

neighborhoods, 16 -17, 16 n24, 29 ;

occupied by Chen Qimei, 207 -8;

opera, 28 n40;

population of, 2 , 4 n2, 14 , 163 , 218 , 315 ;

street names, 17 ;

as treaty port, 47 -49. See also Shanghai identity

Shanghai Archives, 45

Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, 183 , 216 , 261 ;

and the Anti-American Boycott of 1905, 184 -85, 186 ;

and Chinese advisors to Municipal Council, 272 n36;

dominated by Ningbo merchants, 177 , 178 , 183 n11, 184 , 214 ;

vs. Federation of Street Unions, 271 , 272 ;

formation and early history of, 177 -78;

and the May Fourth Movement, 263 , 265 , 267 ;

membership of, 178 n2, 194 n44;

and Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 188 , 193 n42;

in Nanjing decade, 280 , 286 n62;

and native-place associations, 157 -58, 193 n4-2;

and plague measures, 155 -57

Shanghai Chaozhou People's Livelihood

Consultative Committee, 248

Shanghai Citizens' Committee for Severance of Economic Relations with Japan, 290

Shanghai City God Temple, 50

Shanghai Commercial Consultative Association, 177 , 178 nl

Shanghai Educational Association, 184 n16, 185

Shanghai Federation of Commercial Groups, 261 , 262 , 263 , 267 , 267 n24, 268

Shanghai Federation of Street Unions, 271 -72, 308

Shanghai Fruit Gongsuo, 242

Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce. See Shanghai Chamber of Commerce

Shanghai identity, 27 -28, 146 , 177 , 192 , 203 , 216 . See also National identity; Native-place identity; Urban identity

Shanghai Journal of Commerce , 272

Shanghai Money Trade Guild, 50

Shanghai Municipal Council, 127 , 127 -28n18, 150 -51, 159 , 200 ;

Chinese Advisory Board, 271 , 272 n36;

and the Chinese exodus from the International Settlement, 151 -52;

Chinese representation on, 193 -94;

and the Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 189 , 190 , 193 -94;

and plague-prevention measures, 153 -57

Shanghai Municipal Government, 27 , 239 , 283 , 284 , 304 ;

Social Bureau of, 227 n20, 292 -94, 296 ;

war-relief efforts of, 287 , 290 -91

Shanghai Municipal Silk Trade Association, 45

Shanghai Municipality Cooperative Social Circles National Salvation Association, 290 n71

Shanghai Municipality Educationalists' Race Salvation Association, 290 n71

Shanghai Municipality Students' Wartime Service Group, 290 n71

Shanghai-Nanjing railroad, 202

Shanghai Opium Tax Bureau. See Opium Tax Bureau

Shanghai qianye gongsuo (Shanghai Money Trade Guild), 50

Shanghai shangye gongtuan lianhehui. See Shanghai Federation of Commercial Groups

Shanghai shangye minglu (Commercial directory of Shanghai), 223

Shanghai shi zizhi zhi (Shanghai municipality self-government gazetteer), 199 -200

Shanghai Shippers' Association, 128 n18

Shanghai Silk Cocoon Gongsuo, 134

Shanghai Sojourning Anhui Consultative Committee, 268

Shanghai Sojourning Anhui Rice Merchants' Trade Association, 285

Shanghai Sojourning Guangdong Merchants' Miscellaneous Grain Association, 285

Shanghai Steam Navigation Company, 138

Shanghai Student Union, 261 , 264

Shanghai suburbs residents' association, 75 n59

Shanghai Sugar and Miscellaneous-Goods Association, 242

Shanghai Telegraph Bureau, 185 n18

Shanghai Tramway Company, 234

Shanghai University, 232 -33

Shanghai Wartime Literature and Art Society, 290

Shanghai Young Writers' National Salvation Propaganda Group, 290 n71

Shanghai zhinan (Guide to Shanghai), 222 -23, 224 n14, 232 , 252 n81

Shangtuan gonghui , 204 -5

Shangxue buxihui. See Commercial Studies Continuation Society

Shangye lianhehui (merchant federations), 40

Shangye qiujinhui (Commercial Strive for Progress Society), 190 , 191

Shangyu Tongxianghui, 290

Shanse Bankers' Guild, 153

Shantou, 56 n12, 57 n16, 71 n50, 241 -42, 245 n62

Shantou Chamber of Commerce, 241 , 242 , 244

Shantou Cunxin Benevolent Association, 253

Shantou Finance Board, 242

Shantou Liuyi Huiguan, 241

Shantou Military Expenditure Bureau, 247

Shantou Remittance Association, 242

Shantung Provincials' Guild, 153

Shao Qintao, 156

Shao Youlian, 127 n17

Shaoxing (Zhejiang): construction workers, 211 n86, 264 , 276 ;

Shaoxing wine trade, 210 n86;

sojourners, 22

Shaoxing Huiguan, 212 -13n90, 237

Shaoxing International Improvement Society, 237 , 264

Shaoxing native-place associations, 213 , 224 , 233 , 261 . See also Shaoxing Huiguan; Shaoxing Tongxianghui

Shaoxing Sojourners' Association, 213

Shaoxing Sojourners' School, 263

Shaoxing Tongxianghui, 219 n5, 221 , 237 , 262 , 267 n24, 293 , 294 . See also Wang Xiaolai

Shen Bingcheng, 115 , 161

Shen Dunhe, 155 , 156 , 157 , 166 , 205 , 206 . See also Shen Zhongli

Shen Enfu, 207

Shen Honglai, 102 , 168 , 171 , 173 -74, 175 , 224 -25, 224 -25n15

Shen Manyun, 205 , 207 , 208 , 211 n88, 214

Shen Weibin, 204

Shen Zhongli, 165 n37, 180 n4. See also Shen Dunhe

Shenbao , 8 , 134 , 183 , 194 , 224 , 295 , 301 ;

charitable donations in, 122 , 124 ;

and China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 141 , 145 ;

competition with Huibao , 143 , 145 ;

on Guangdong community, 108 n49, 211 n87;

on the Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 192 ;

and native-place networks, 120 , 123 , 124 ;

on Ningbo cemetery riots, 161 , 162 , 170 -71;

notices during May Fourth Movement, 264 -65, 267 ;

on plague measures, 156 ;

and popular nationalism, 170 n46, 171 ;

reformist attacks on yulanpenhui in, 98 -99;

used to shame officials, 286 , 287 ;

and the Yang Yuelou case, 113 -15, 115 n65, 142

Sheng-Jing Chouye Gongsuo, 33

Sheng Xuanhuai, 122 n6, 177

Shengxuehui (Commercial Education Society), 190

Shenjiang Zhouye Gongsuo, 34

Shenqu (Shanghai song), 28 n40

Shi Liangcai, 298 , 301 , 302

Shibao , 209

Shipping, 49 -50, 241 . See also Seamen; Steamships

Shipu Chamber of Commerce, 243

Shipyard workers, 63 , 196 , 234

Shuangdaohui . See Double Sword Society

Shuishou Jun'anhui, 37 . See also Ningbo, seamen

Shunde Huiguan, 236

Sichuan: native-place associations, 224 n14, 233 , 262 , 263 ;

railway struggle, 209 n81

Sichuan Army Organization Alliance, 209 n81

Sichuan Han Army, 208 -9

Sichuan Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 262 , 263

Sichuan Merchants' Gongsuo, 186

Sigongtang, 33

Sijiao Island, 243

Silk and Tea Trade Association, 286

Silk Guild, 153

Silk Huiguan, 35 -36, 110

Silk trade, 33 -34, 59 , 60 , 134

Siming Changsheng Hui. See Changsheng Hui

Siming Gongsuo, 12 , 86 n3, 153 , 206 , 209 , 225 , 229 n23, 237 , 238 , 289 ;

admission of women, 308 n7;

and the case of Zhou Shengyou, 179 -80, 182 -83;

cemetery land of, 159 , 160 , 275 ;

charitable activities of, 124 , 253 -54, 274 ;

coffin repositories and shipment, 225 n17, 249 n73, 252 -53, 294 n81;

earth god temple in, 92 ;

and May Fourth Movement, 266 ;

and Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 190 , 191 , 193 ;

in the nineteenth century, 50 , 61 n28, 81 , 126 , 127 n16;

and plague-prevention measures, 157 ;

Sheri Honglai and, 173 -74, 175 ;

subdivided by trade, 36 ;

and worker mutual-aid associations, 101 -2;

yulanpen sacrifices at, 102 . See also Ningbo Tongxianghui; Siming Gongsuo Cemetery Riots; Siming Gongsuo directors

Siming Gongsuo Cemetery Riots, 158 -69;

and nationalism, 169 -72

Siming Gongsuo directors, 161 n29, 183 n11, 193 ;

and settlement of Ningbo cemetery strike, 165 -68. See also Fang Mingshan; Shen Dunhe; Shen Zhongli; Yan Xiaofang; Yan Xinhou; Ye Cheng'ai; Zhou Jinzhen

Siming Hospital, 253

Siming Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 225

Siming Number One Charitable School, 254

Sino-French War (1883-1885), 127 , 170 n46

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), 144 n60, 151 , 169

Skinner, G. William, 30 , 45 , 50

Small East Gate, 50

Small Sword museum, 78 n66

Small Sword Society, 67 n40, 73 , 76 , 77

Small Sword Uprising of 1853, 40 n59, 48 , 53 n9, 54 , 62 , 62 n29, 72 -83;

destruction of huiguan cemeteries in, 159 , 160 n26

Smuggling, 53 , 69 n46, 130 , 286 n60;

opium, 68 -70, 135 -36

Social circles, 238 , 273

Social control, 21 -22, 73 , 283 , 96 -97, 128 -29

Society to Prepare for the Establishment of a Constitution, 207 n76

Sojourning, 5 n4, 5 n5, 6 -8, 9 n13, 96 . See also Native-place identity; Native-place sentiment

Sojourning Guangdong Merchants' Federation, 40 n60

Sojourning Indigo Dye Trade Association, 284

Song Hanzhang, 213

South City Roadworks Bureau, 199

South Shanghai Educational and Commercial Association, 185

Southeast Asia, sojourners in, 210 , 241 -42

Southern Railway Protection Association, 207

State, and society, 291 -92, 295 , 311 , 313 -14. See also "Public sphere"

Steamships, 63 , 121 , 123 , 138

Straw and Mud Gang, 72 , 77

Strikes: and class relations in native-place associations, 88 , 172 -73;

electrical workers, 284 ;

of Guangdong workers, 63 n31, 89 , 153 n8;

May Fourth general, 265 -68;

Ningbo cemetery, 165 -69, 170 , 175 ;

of Ningbo and Guangdong seamen, 275 . See also Mixed Court Riot of December 1905

Student associations, 231 -33, 259

Student military corps, 208

Students: and the Anti-American Boycott of 1905, 184 n16, 185 n19;

arrests of, 261 , 263 , 265 , 268 ;

Chaozhou, 229 -31, 274 ;

Students (continued )

in Japan, 196 ;

in May Fourth Movement, 261 , 263 , 265 , 268 ;

and the Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 189 -90;

and native-place associations, 224 , 229 -31, 308 ;

after 1949, 306 ;

radical, 195 -96, 232 -33

Su Baosen, 157 n17, 180 n4

Su-Song-Tai Daotai. See Daotai

Subang Gongsuo, 33

Subang Zhubaoye Gongsuo, 33

Subei gangsters, 20 , 298

Subei Refugee Assistance Committee, 298 n92

Subei sojourners, 15 , 18 ;

stereotype of, 15 , 107 -8, 107 n48;

women, 234 ;

workers, 159 , 234 , 235 n43. See also Jiangbei sojourners

Subei Sojourners' Federation, 298

Subei Tongxiang Friendly Society, 40 n60

Sugar Gang, 72 , 77

Sugar trade, 30 , 33 -34n48, 133 -34, 243 , 251 n77

Sun Fo, 278 , 296

Sun Yat-sen, 206 , 210 n85, 211 , 215 , 246 n67, 247 , 248 n70, 248 n71, 297 ;

views on nation building, 258 -60

Suzhou: sojourners, 54 , 224 n14;

sojourners in, 10 , 59 -60n23;

Suzhou prostitutes, 24 ;

trade associations, 33

Suzhou-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway, 214

Suzhou Tongxianghui, 238 , 269 , 269 n30

Swatow. See Shantou

"Swatow Opium Guild," 131 -32

Swindlers, claiming native-place ties, 218 -19n3

T

Taiping rebellion, 35 , 53 -54, 121 n2, 126 -27, 151

Taisban county (Guangdong), 63

Taixi Shiwu Gonghui, 37

Takee, 84 n1. See also Yang Fang

Tan Guozhong, 189

Tanaka Issei, 104 , 105

Tang dun. See Sugar

Gang Tang Jiezhi, 272 , 308

Tang Jingxing, 40 , 61 , 85 n2, 137 , 139 n49, 14 -3, 193 n43

Tang Maozhi, 35 , 60 , 61 , 110 , 132 n31, 144

Tang Shaoyi, 247

Tangqiao bang. See Dike and Bridge Gang

Tangye Yang-Guang haiwei nanbeihuo ye (Fujian Sugar Trade and Fujian Foreign, Guangdong, Seafood and North-South Trade), 186 n20

Tao Chengzhang, 212 -13n90, 215

Taxation, 33 , 129 -35, 191 , 192 , 286 . See also Lijin

Tea merchants, 50 , 112 , 121 ;

Anhui, 32 -33, 286 ;

Guangdong, 59 , 60

Tea Traders' Guild, 153

Technological innovation, 144 , 310 . See also Transportation and communication technologies

Temple Gang, 72 , 77

Textile merchants, 71

Textile mills, 234

Theatrical performances, 103 -4, 106 , 107 n47. See also Opera performances

Three Dot Society, 69

Three People's Principles, 259 , 296

Three Provinces Federation, 239

Tian Zhimin, 156

Tianhou, 9 , 25 , 50 , 56 , 58 , 67 , 87 n7

Tingzhou (Fujian) merchants, 34

Tides, purchase of, 61

Tobacco and Wine Federation, 265 -66

Tobacco merchants, 50

Tocsin , 181

Tongren Fuyuantang, 6 n6, 121

Tongshanhui, 36

Tongwen Shuju, 138

Tongxianghui: activities in native place, 286 -87;

architecture of, 220 , 226 ;

and commercial disputes, 283 ;

compared to huiguan , 220 -21, 222 , 251 , 271 ;

and democratic political forms, 220 -21, 274 ;

growth in, during Republican period, 223 ,239-40;

membership of, 226 n19, 232 , 281 -82;

in Nanjing decade, 278 , 280 , 281 -87;

and nationalist sentiment, 221 n8, 299 -301;

origins of, 217 , 224 ;

political activities of, 231 , 271 ;

to promote investment in the mainland, 305 -6;

reformist programs of, 226 -28, 299 ;

relationship to huiguan , 225 ;

relationship with the state, 286 , 291 -96, 303 -4;

use of term, 40 -41;

in wartime Shanghai, 287 -91. See also Names of individual tongxianghui

Tongye gonghui. See Trade associations

Trade associations, 232 , 283 , 286 , 306 ;

before the Opium War, 49 -50;

multiple-trade associations, 34 ;

and native-place

organization, 29 -32, 32 n44, 36 -38, 39 n58, 45 , 250 -51;

nonexclusive, 35 -36;

single-trade associations, 32 -34;

subdivided by native place, 34 -35. See also Worker associations

Tradition and modernity. See Modernity

Transportation and communication technologies, 121 , 123 , 138

Treaty of Nanjing, 68

Triad Society, 69

Tribute rice, 140 n50, 141

Tuanbai (ritual greetings), 294

Twenty-One Demands, 220

Twyman, British Assessor, 187 n25, 188 , 190 , 193 n43

U

Unemployment. See Vagrancy

Unequal treaties, 119 , 138

United States, Chinese labor and immigration in, 183 , 185 . See also Anti-American Boycott of 1905

Universal Salvation Ritual. See Yulanpen

Urban identity, 26 , 46 , 203 -4, 302 ;

and cosmopolitanism, 145 -46. See also Shanghai identity

V

Vagrancy, 63 -65, 73 , 96 , 191 n36

Van der Sprenkel, Sybille, 18

Van Kah-der, 213

Volunteer Corps of the Municipal Settlement, 199

W

Wan Nian Feng, 57 n16

Wan Shi Feng, 56 . See also Chaozhou Huiguan

Wan Shi Rong, 57 n16

Wang Dingjiu, guidebook of, 22 , 23

Wang Ruizhi, 156

Wang Shulin, 135 n40

Wang Tao, 104 n42

Wang Xiaolai, 219 , 278 , 298 , 302

Wang Yiting, 208 , 211 n88, 213 -14, 302

Wang Zhenchang, 161 n29

Wangjiangjing (Jiangsu), silk merchants from, 33

War relief, 291 n74, 291 -92n76

War with Japan, 287 -91

Ward, Frederick Townsend, 127 n16

Warlord period, 243 n58, 246 n67, 257

Weber, Max, 42 , 43 , 46

Wei family of Guangdong, 112 -13

Wen Zongyao, 156 , 210 , 211 n87, 213 , 215 , 272

Wenmingjuyueshe (Civilized Treaty Resistance Society), 190

Wenzhou (Zhejiang) native-place associations, 223 n13, 237 , 262

Wenzhou Tongxianghui, 237 , 262

Western imperialism, 47 . See also Antiforeign activity; Foreigners

Westernization, 137 , 309

Widows, 251 n78, 308 n7

Women: governance of, 116 -17;

property of, 251 n78;

and tongxianghui membership, 221 , 221 n9, 282 , 308 n7

Worker associations, 101 , 102 -3n40, 272 , 284 . See also Trade associations

Workers: mobilization of, 173 , 175 , 196 , 264 ;

native-place associations for, 88 -89, 224 , 282 ;

native-place organization among, 63 , 233 -36;

rebellion against tongxiang hierarchy, 275 -76. See also Strikes; Worker associations

World Peace Federation, 261 n8

World War 1, 219

Wu Jianzhang, 53 n8, 61 -62, 70 n48, 73 -74;

and Small Sword Uprising, 76 , 79 , 82

Wu Shaoqing, 194 n44

Wu Tiecheng, 278 , 284 , 291 n74, 296 , 297 n89

Wu Tingfang, 207 , 211 , 211 n87, 213 , 247

Wu Xu, 2 , 126 -27

Wu Zhichang, 139 n49

Wuchang Uprising (October 1911), 198 , 207 , 215

Wuhan, worker organization in, 196

Wujin Gonghui, 37

Wuxi, 233 , 234 , 249 n74;

Wuxi huiguan, 153

Wuyuan county (Anhui), tea association of, 32 -33

X

Xi family of Suzhou, 121 n2, 219

Xiamen, 73

Xiangqing (native-place sentiment), 2

Xiangshan county (Guangdong): compradors, 60 -61;

regional reputation of, 107 ;

sojourners, 8 , 61 , 82 . See also Xu Run

Xiangshan (Zhejiang) sojourners, 36

Xiangtan, 103 n41

Xiangyi (native-place sentiment), 2

Xiaodaohui. See Small Sword Society

Xie Lunhui, 185 n18, 194 n44

Xijin (Wuxi) Huiguan, 156

Xin'an county (Guangzhou), sojourners from, 55 n11

Xing Zhong Hui, 196

Xing'an Huiguan, 66 , 74 . See also Li Xianyun

Xinghua (Fujian) native-place associations, 77

Xingjiang Chaye Gongsuo, 32

Xinya Restaurant, 23 , 29 n42

Xinzha district, 251 -52

Xu Baoting, 60 , 61 , 62

Xu Dingxin, 43 , 186

Xu Gongruo, 156

Xu Hongfu, 138 n46

Xu Linguang, 189

Xu Rongcun, 60 , 61

Xu Run, 11 , 60 -61, 121 , 137 , 138 n46, 139 n49, 193 n43;

charitable activities of, 85 n2, 122 ;

and China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 139 -40;

and the Mixed Court Riot of December 1905, 189

Xu Yunxuan, 60

Xu Yuting, 127 , 144 n60

Xu Zhejiang, 215

Y

Yamen architecture, 18 -19

Yan Chengye, 191 , 192 n40

Yan Xiaofang, 165 n37, 166 , 173 . See also Yan Xinhou

Yan Xinhou, 177 , 178 n1, 214 . See also Yan Xiaofang

Yang Fang, 127 , 127 n16, 144 n60

Yang Liqiang, 204

Yang Xinzhi, 156 , 213

Yang Yuelou, case of, 111 -17, 142

Yanghang Lane. See Foreign Trade Lane

Yantai (Shandong), 56 n16

Yao Wennan, 201 n60

Ye Cheng'ai, 165 n37

Ye Chengzhong, 121 , 138 , 141 , 166

Ye Hongtao, 180 n4

Ye Huijun, 205

Ye Tingjuan, 85 n2, 143 ;

and the Yang Yuelou case, 113 , 113 n59, 114 , 115

Ye Xinhou, 138

Yi (righteous), 111

Yin county (Zhejiang), 36 , 245 , 246

Yin huiguan , 8 , 8 n11, 96 n23, 253

Ying Baoshi, 160 n26

Ying Guixin, 213

Yixing Company, 78

Yong Tai He tobacco company, 218 n2

Yong Wing, 142 -43

Yong Xi Tang, 221 n8

Yong an department store, 22

Yongjishe, 36

You Binghan, 194 n44, 208

Yu Xiaqing, 84 n1, 142 n55, 180 n4, 194 n44, 211 n88;

formed Chinese Merchants' Exercise Association, 199 ;

as local notable, 138 , 218 , 278 , 302 ;

and the Mixed Court Riot, 189 , 193 , 194 -95;

and Ningbo cemetery affair, 168 , 193 ;

and the Ningbo Tongxianghui, 284 n57, 298 ;

picture of, zoo;

and plague measures, 156 ;

posts of, 208 , 267 n23;

and railway rights, 214 ;

revolutionary mobilization by, 206 ;

as Siming Gongsuo director, 173 , 205 ;

and steamship trade, 142

Yuan Hengzhi, 199 n56

Yuan Qicun, 189

Yuan Shikai, 198 n55, 217 , 243 n58

Yuan Shuxtm, 199 -200

Yuan Zude, 74

Yuanji , as term for native place, 4

Yuedong Gongsuo, 131 n27

Yueqiao shangye lianehehui, 40 n60

Yulanpen : defined, 93 n19;

processions and ceremonies, 93 -99, 128 -29 168, 269

Yung Wing, 139

Yuyitang, 36

Z

Zeng Ajin, 88 , 89 n9

Zeng Pan, 189

Zeng Shaoqing, 178 n2, 184 , 189 , 201 n60, 204 , 216 n98

Zhabei, 16 , 17 n25; 1937 bombing of, 287 , 288

Zhan Ronghui, 17

Zhan Xiaoci, 17

Zhang-Chao Huiguan, 56 n12

Zhang Chongde, 233 n36

Zhang Gui, 74 n59

Zhang Jia'ao, 278

Zhang Jingsheng, 229

Zhang Qun, 278

Zhang Sichang, 161 n29

Zhang Xueliang, 290

Zhang Zhidong, 144 n60, 201

Zhang Zongxiang,

266 Zhangzhou (Fujian) merchants, 34

Zhao Licheng, 161 n29

Zhaoqing Prefecture (Guangdong), 59 ;

native-place associations, 50 n7, 77 , 236 , 262 . See also Guang-Zhao Huiguan

Zhaoqing Tongxianghui, 236 , 262

Zhaowen xinbao , 142 n56

Zhe-Hu Zhouye Gongsuo, 34

Zhe-Ning Huiguan, 81

Zhe-Shao Gongsuo, opera performances at, 104 n42, 105 n46

Zhe-Shao Huiguan, 221 n8, 237

Zhe-Yan Huiguan, 237

Zhejiang Haichang Gongsuo, 186

Zhejiang Lü Hu Tongxianghui, 262

Zhejiang merchants, 34 , 35 , 50 , 81 , 121 , 134 , 214 . See also Huzhou sojourners, silk merchants; Ningbo merchants; Rankin, Mary Backus; Ye Chengzhong

Zhejiang native-place associations, 224 ;

list of, 237 . See also Ningbo native-place associations; Shaoxing native-place associations

Zhejiang sojourners: and banking, shipping and silk sectors, 14 -15;

and Chamber of Commerce, 214 ;

and Guangfu Hui, 196 ;

immigrated in nineteenth century, 53 , 54 ;

nationalist organization by, 205 -6, 215 , 261 ;

number of, 101 , 218 n1;

in regional hierarchy, 14 -15;

religious rituals of, 93 . See also Huzhou sojourners; Ningbo sojourners

Zheng (opium merchants), 71

Zheng Bozhao, 218

Zheng Caoru, 85 n2

Zheng Guanying, 60 -61, 88 n8, 99 n33, 122 , 123 , 137 , 139

Zheng Qia Ji establishment, 71

Zheng Sitai, 71 , 71 n50

Zheng Xiancheng, 189

Zheng Zhengqiu, 71 n50

Zheng Zijia, 71 n50

Zheng Ziliang, 135 n40, 284 n57, 298

Zhenhai county (Ningbo): Dike Works Bureau, 243 ;

sojourners, 36 , 218

Zhenjiang: Guangzhou huiguan in, 59 n23;

opium trade, 131 -33;

sugar merchants, 34 n48

Zhong Fuguang, 233

Zhong Ziyuan, 156 , 157 n17

Zhongguo furu jiuji zonghui. See Chinese Society for Assistance to Women and Children

Zhongguo Tongmeng Hui, 196 . See also Revolutionary Alliance

Zhongshan (Guangdong), sojourners from, 218

Zhongyang University (Nanjing), 286 n62

Zhongyuanjie . See Yulanpen

Zhou Dalin, 161u29

Zhou Fu, Governor General, 180

Zhou Jinzhen, 142 n55, 155 , 156 , 180 n4, 185 n18, 194 n44, 211 n88, 214 ;

and Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, 177 , 178 n2

Zhou Liansheng, 185

Zhou Lichun, 76 , 78 n68, 79

Zhou Shengyou, case of, 179 -83, 185

Zhou Xiaolu, 173

Zhou Xisan, 265

Zhu Baosan, 180 n4, 194 n44, 201 n60, 208 , 209 n82, 211 n88, 245 ;

and Ningbo Tongxianghui, 225 , 226 ;

and plague measures, 156

Zhu Lanfang, 156 Zhu Xi, 32 n45

Zhu Zhongsan, 221 n9

Zhuang Jianren, 161 n29

Ziqiang. See Self-strengthening movement

Ziyi (native-place sentiment), 2

Zongli Yamen, 139

Zongzi (leaf-wrapped delicacies), 26