Index
A
Academy of Military Science, 165 , 166
Adjustment Office, 73
Administrative system, 19
decentralization of, 16
Agricultural Bank of China, 337 , 342 , 354
Agricultural Producer Cooperatives, 337 n.4
Allison, Graham, 10
Anhui province, 288 , 351 n.30, 356
Armaments Department of the General Staff, 174 , 175
Arms trade, 175 -76
Authoritarian systems, 61 n.3
Authority: structure of, 34
B
Bachman, David, 42
Backbone teachers, 202 , 204
Balance of power, 284
Bank of China, 302
Banking system, 258
Banks, 314 -16
independence of, 315 n.20
loans by, 315 n. 19
Bao Tong, 122 , 123
Baoshan, 251
Baoshan steel mill, 257
Bargaining, 12 , 19 n.36, 34 -35, 51 , 308 -9, 331
arenas of, 51
and budgetary process, 40 -41
and bureaucratic system, 9 , 12 , 245
causes of, 38 -40
and decision making, 245
environment of, 246
and fragmentation of authority, 126
implications of, 57 -58
importance of, 245
issues, 40 -44
limits of, 284
participants in, 50 -51
in policy formation, 51
process of, 44 -50
as reciprocal accommodation, 37
and redistributive politics, 326 -31
and reform, 35
relationships, 18 , 309
in socialist states, 308
strategies for, 54 -57, 328 -31
Barnett, A. Doak, 102 , 121 , 222
Beijing, 239 , 289 , 291 , 293 , 304 , 317 n.23, 322 , 328 , 349
Haidian district, 123
and revenues, 83
taxation in, 324
teachers in, 202 n.24, 205 , 208
Beijing Jeep, 265
Beijing Military Region, 165
Beijing Municipal People's Government, 179
Beijing Normal University, 193 , 198
Beijing Review , 50
Beijing University, 220
Bengbu, 288
Bengbu City's Chemical Industry Corporation, 288 , 305
Bengbu City's Economic Commission, 288
Bilateral monopoly, 19 n.36, 271 , 273 , 274
Bo Yibo, 44 , 66 , 108 nn.16, 17 , 115 , 116 n.30, 122 , 123
Bourgeois liberalization, 169
Brigades, 337 , 340
Budget, central, 8
Budgetary investment, 255 -56
Budgetary process: and bargaining, 40 -41
Bureau of Education, 187
Bureau of Scientific and Technical Cadres, 222 n.14
Bureaucracy: activity of, 24 n.38
bargaining in, 21
organization of, 69 -70, 71
Bureaucratic authoritarianism, 62 -63
Bureaucratic clusters, 17 , 20
Bureaucratic systems, 3 , 25
fragmentation of, 20
and levels of power, 5
Burford, Ann, 61
C
Cadre retirement: and bargaining, 236
financial burden of, 239
and provincial governments, 235 , 239
retirement to "second line," 226 -27
retirement to "third line," 227 a2standards, 225 , 234
See also Cadre retirment policy
Cadre retirement policy, 15 , 218 , 220 , 221 -23, 232 , 243
deviations from, 235 -41
effects of, 224
and Party support, 228 , 241
for postrevolutionaries, 238
targets of, 220
Cadres, 218
Cellular model, 11
Center. See Central government
Center for International Studies, 131 , 132 , 135 , 139 n.35, 145
influence of, 141 , 147 -48
Central Advisory Commission, 106 , 115
Central Bureau of Taxation, 317
Central-cities policy, 289 , 290 , 291 , 294 , 305
and decentralization, 307
and interurban economic networks, 301
and structural reform, 286 -91
Central Committee of Chinese Communist Party, 61 , 74 , 97 , 167
and cadre retirement, 225 , 229 , 232 , 233 , 240 -41
military membership in, 170
and People's Liberation Army, 82
and provincial governments, 43 , 82
Central Foreign Affairs Small Group, 118
Central government, 13 , 20 , 38 , 262
and bargaining, 262
control of resources, 262
and educational system, 17 , 196
guidelines from, 297
and information access, 261 -62, 263 , 275
investment quotas, 320 n.27
and investment resources, 276
priorities of, 57
projects of, 255 -56
and provincial governments, 84 n.27, 276
and rural industry, 334
and rural urbanization, 335 , 350
and taxation, 317
and Wuhan-Hubei conflict, 293 , 294 -95, 296 , 303
Central Intelligence Agency, 170
Central Organization Department, 104 , 113 , 166 , 219 , 223
and cadre retirement, 225 , 228 , 229 , 233
Central Political Structure Reform Study Group, 123
Changchun, 292
Chen Junsheng, 110 , 124
Chen Yeping, 228
Chen Yi, 118
Chen Yizi, 107
Chen Yun, 108 n.18, 122
Chen Zhongjing, 141 n.40
Chengdu, 292
Chengdu Conference, 49
Chengdu Military Region, 165
Chenggu county, 356
Chequiao, 354 n.35
Chi Haotian, 162 , 179
China Association of Science and Technology, 136
China International Engineering Consulting Corporation, 143
China International Trade and Investment Corporation, 175
"China to the Year 2000," 136 -38, 139 n.35, 140 -41
"China's Energy Policy Outline Recommendations," 138
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 , 134
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 117 n.37, 132 , 134 , 135 , 136
Institute of World Economics and Politics, 136 , 139 n.35
Chinese Communist Party, 25 , 27 -29, 64 n.8, 97 , 306 , 336
accountability of, 62
authority of, 62
and cadre retirement, 219 , 233
cadres, 60
Central Advisory Commission, 66
and Central Military Commission, 160
centralization of, 250
committees of, 64 -65, 97 , 98 , 99
constitution of, 66
control of society by, 62 , 95 , 98
dual rule of, 64 , 286 , 306
and economic policy, 68
and educational system, 17 , 211
functional departments of, 63
and government, 59 , 61 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 74 , 98 , 242
and Great Leap Forward, 7
Investigation Department, 113
leadership of, 72 , 87
leading groups of, 64 , 66
68 , 96
membership of, 60
and municipal institutions, 317 n.22
oversight bodies of, 61
personnel system of, 222
power of, 68 , 107 , 340
propaganda apparatus of, 4 -5
and provincial governments, 66 , 82
Secretariat of, 97 , 98 , 106 , 120 , 123
secretaries of, 3 , 5 , 99
and subcounty controls, 336
and teachers, 204
territorial committees, 3
Veteran Cadre Bureau, 223
Chinese Education Union, 203 n.25
Chinese People's Institute for Foreign Affairs, 118
Chinese People's Political Consultative Congress, 111
Chongqing, 49 , 291 , 292
Civilian coercive bureaucracies, 3
Cohen, Michael D., 183 , 190
Collectivization, 336
Comintern, 119
Comisso, Ellen, 70 n. 16 , 309
Command-bureaucratic economy, 247 -51
Command economy, 250 , 266 , 274 , 289 , 357
and bargaining, 247 -48
and "command-bureaucratic" economy, 246
information flow in, 245 , 247 -49
limitations of, 264
Command model, 126
Commission on Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense, 161 , 167 , 172 -74, 175 , 177
Commissions: and research centers, 133
Commune system, 337 , 340
Competitive persuasion, 126 , 139 , 140 n.36
and research centers, 147
Compulsory Education Law (1986), 183 , 200 , 203 , 209
Computer Leading Group, 116 n.30
Consensus and policy, 76 -77
Construction Bank, 314 , 315 , 354
Contracting system, 268
Coordination groups, 317
Council of Economic Advisors, 105
County governments, 271 , 336 , 338 , 342 -43, 345 -46, 346
land-use plans, 340 n.12
powers of, 346 , 347
and rural settlements, 357
and taxation, 342 , 350 -51, 358
County Labor Bureau, 346
County Land Management Bureau, 344
County seats, 359
County-towns, 336 , 338 , 342 , 345 -46, 360
and access to funds, 354 , 357
development of, 346 , 349
developmental label of, 344
government of, 347 , 358
County Urban Construction Leadership Small Group, 343
County Urban Development Bureau, 344
Court system, 284
Cultural Revolution, 13 , 75 , 99 , 236 , 244 , 250 , 251
bureaucratic decline during, 129 , 266
damage from, 58
and education, 181 , 188 , 189
and information flow, 135
and military, 152
and veteran cadres, 229
D
Dahl, Robert, 36 , 37
Dalian, 292 , 317 , 320 n.26
Danjiangkou Dam, 44 , 45 -48, 56
Decentralization, 6 , 7 , 16 , 20 , 82
and decision making, 6
and distribution of resources, 6
fiscal, 8 , 83 -84
Decision making: and bargaining, 36
and economic management, 8 n.19
and sharing of authority, 283
Decision to Establish a Veteran Cadre Retirement System (1982), 233
Defense industries, 154 , 154 n.1
Deng Liqun, 108
Deng Xiaoping, 66 , 75 , 87 , 98
and bargaining, 53
and cadre retirement, 229
and economic reforms, 60 , 67 , 115
and economic system, 25
and foreign affairs, 114
and leadership system, 106
and military, 151 , 164 -65, 167 , 178 , 179
and Military Commission, 160 , 161 , 169
and military reform, 155 , 156 -58, 164
and political reform, 107
political strategy of, 86 -87
and political system, 304
and provincial officials, 83
provincial support of, 82
and reforms, 17 -18, 77
tenure of, 111
and Three Gorges Dam, 49
Designated towns, 359
Destler, I. M., 126
Ding Guangen, 103
Ding Henggao, 161
Discipline Inspection Commission, 108 n.18, 112 , 113 , 115 , 165 , 166 -67
Dongliu, 346
Dongting, 342 n.18
Dongzhi, 346
Downs, Anthony, 212 , 286 , 301 , 307
Du Runsheng, 113 n.24
Dual rule, 286 , 306
Dual-track system, 78
E
East China Normal, 193 , 198
Economic bureaucracies, 2 , 4
Economic commissions, 316 -17
Economic development, 254
Economic Legislation Center, 131
Economic Reform Bureau, 73 n.20
Economic Reform Decision (1984), 199
Economic Reform Leading Group, 117
Economic reforms, 13 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 287
and decentralization, 251 -63
and Party control, 67
and political system, 59 , 86 -87
Economic Research Center, 131
Economic system, 19
and outside world, 2
Economic System Reform Commission, 117 , 120
Economic System Reform Institute, 117
Economic, Technical, and Social Development Research Center, 117 , 131 , 132 , 135 , 140 , 148
influence of, 139 , 141
and long-term planning, 136
resources of, 142
Economy: marketization of, 264
Education Conference (1985), 200
Education Decision. See Education Reform Decision
Education Reform Decision (1985), 183 , 190 , 194 , 200 , 209
Educational system, 17 , 181 , 184 , 187 , 198
and curriculum reform, 192
finances of, 182
fragmentation of, 182
local, 187 , 194 , 195 , 211
and local governments, 210
municipal level of, 188
and the Party, 212
policy, 210
provincial, 187 -88, 194
research centers, 197
resources of, 182 , 198
reward structure in, 199
and teacher attrition, 202 -3
and teacher credentials, 188 -201, 192 n. 12 , 193 n. 14 , 199 , 199 n. 19
and teacher life, 201 -10
Eighth Party Congress, 64 , 106
Electrical Power Bureau, 47
Electrical Power Ministry, 47 , 53
Electronic Vitalization Leading Group, 116 n.30
Electronics Leading Group, 120
Employment substitution, 240 -41
Energy production, 254
Energy Research Association, 138
Enterprise Management Bureau, 73 n.20
Enterprises, 311 -12
accountability of, 275 -76
autonomy of, 310 , 319
bargaining position of, 326 -28
and decentralization, 272
decision making in, 272
financial activities of, 313
internal organization of, 274
ownership of, 310 n.9
and profits, 42 , 267
reforms of, 263
and relations with superiors, 268 , 270 , 271 , 273 , 330
revenues of, 318
risk in, 324
taxation of, 311 , 321 -22
and two-track system, 264 -65
Essence of Decision (Allison), 10
F
Fei Xiaotong, 344 , 345 n.25
Fifth National People's Congress, 289
Finance and Economics Commission See State Finance and Economics Commission
Finance and Economics Leadership Small Group, 65
Finance and Economics Leading Group, 101 , 103 , 114 , 115 , 117 , 119 , 120 , 132
Finance bureaus, 313 -14, 315
Finance Ministry, 317
"Finance responsibility system," 342 n.18, 348 , 351
Fiscal responsibility and autonomy, 331
Five-Year Plans: First, 7
Sixth, 262
Seventh, 140 , 177 , 285
Foreign affairs, 118
Foreign Affairs Leading Group, 102 , 103 , 114 , 121
Foreign Cultural Liaison Committee, 124
Foreign Investment Leading Group, 101 , 120
Foreign Ministry Sales program, 176
Foreign Ministry's Comprehensive Issues Bureau, 119
Four Modernizations, 171
Fragmentation: as policy, 310
Fragmented authoritarianism, 5 , 6 -12, 24 , 126
and economic decision making, 2
modification of, 20 -21
France, 69
Fujian province, 83 , 101 , 341
Functional departments: authority of, 221
Fuzhou Military Region, 158
G
Gan Ziyu, 122
Gang of Four, 155
Gansu highlands, 43
Gao Gang, 97
Gao Yang, 108 n.19
Gao Yi, 193
General Bureau for Taxation, 314
General Labor Bureau, 222 n.14
Geng Biao, 116 n.30
Gezhouba Dam, 41
Gilmour, Robert, 127
Government Organs Personnel Bureau, 222 n.14
Grain Bureau, 337
Great Leap Forward, 7 , 98 , 249
and agricultural cooperatives, 337
Guan Guangfu, 292 , 299 , 303 , 306
Guangdong province, 83 , 101 , 309 n.5, 341 , 351 n.30, 353 n.34, 355
Guangdong township, 339
Guangzhou, 291 , 292
Guangzhou Peugeot, 265
Guizhou province, 236
Guo Linxiang, 166
Guomindang, 226 , 336
Gustafson, Thane, 183
H
Hainan Island, 101
Halpern, Nina, 5 , 13 , 21 , 24 , 197
on research institutes, 14 -15, 68
Hamrin, Carol Lee, 5 , 13 -14, 21 , 29 , 65
Han River, 45
Harbin, 292
He Dongchang, 202 n.23
He Guanghui, 122 , 123 , 124
He Long, 175
He Pengfei, 175
He Ping, 175
Heavy-industry ministries, 79 , 80
Henan province
and Danjiangkou Dam, 45 , 46 -47, 48
"Hoarding" behavior, 329
Hong Kong-Macao Work Committee, 113
Hong Xuezhi, 161
Hongqi , 229 , 232
Hough, Jerry F., 37
Hu Qiaomu, 108 n.18
Hu Qili, 40 , 108 , 109 , 123
Hu Yaobang, 87 , 106 , 112 , 114 n.24, 115 , 157
fall of, 107 -8
and Military Commission, 162
Hua Guofeng, 155 , 169
Huan Xiang, 135 , 139 n.35, 141 n.40, 148 , 171
Huang Hua, 116 n.30
Huang Zhen, 116 n.30
Huang Zhizhen, 292
Huangshi, 293 , 305
Hubei province, 16 , 18 -19, 283 , 285 , 286 , 301
and Danjiangkou Dam, 45 , 46 -47, 48
revenue of, 295
and Wuhan, 292 -98, 301 , 305 , 307
Hubei Provincial Party Committee, 306
Hunan province, 123 , 229 , 354 , 356
Hungary, 69 , 268 , 308 , 317 n.22
I
Ideology: as instrument of control, 9
Incentive systems, 9
Industrial and Commercial Bureau, 355
Industrial bureaus, 311 , 312 -13, 316 , 320 , 323 , 325
and project proposals, 325
Industrial-Commercial Bank, 314 , 315
Industrialization: policy of, 70
Information: availability of, 12
as resource, 127
Information systems, 9
Inner cabinet, 105 , 106
Inner Mongolia, 204
Institute of Contemporary International Relations, 119 , 141 n.40
Institute of International Relations, 119
International Liaison Department, 118
International Studies Center, 119
Investment funds: and local governments, 269
Investment projects: responsibility for, 326
risk of, 325
Investment resources: government control of, 252
J
J-8 II avionics, 176
Japan, 6 , 69
Japanese Development Bank, 257
Jiang Zemin, 148 , 169
Jiangpu county, 339 , 341 , 342 , 342 n.18, 343 , 344 , 345 , 346 , 349 , 351 , 352 , 355 , 356 nn.41, 42
Jiangsu province, 269 , 339 , 341 -42, 346 -47, 349 , 351 n.30, 352 n.33, 353 -54, 355 -56
Jiangxi province, 351 n.30, 352 n.33, 358
Jiao Shanmin, 238 , 240
Jiefangjun Bao , 155 , 156 , 169
Jinan Military Region, 179
Jingmen, 305
Jinzhou, 205
Judiciary, absence of, 76
Jun Xian, 48
Junsheng, Chen, 76 n.23
K
Keohane, Robert, 145
Kingdon, John W., 198 , 199
Korean War, 163
Kornai, Janos, 268
Kunming Military Region, 158
L
Lampton, David M., 29 , 72 , 217 , 292
Land Law (April 1987), 343
Law of Countervailing Goal Pressures, 307
Leadership system: evolution of, 97 -99
norms of, 99 -105
and Politburo, 111
political abuse of, 107 -9
reforms of, 95
Leading groups, 14 , 16 , 96 , 219
control of, 96
lines of authority in, 104 -5
membership of, 115
and Politburo, 102
responsibilities of, 99
tasks of, 103
Leading small groups, 99
Lee, Yok-shiu, 352
Legal system, 19 , 284
Li Chonghuai, 289 -91, 305
Li Da, 116 n.30
Li Fuchun, 122
Li Kenong, 118
Li Peng, 40 , 66 , 108 , 114 n.26, 123 , 148 , 179
and economic reform, 115 , 116
and State Education Commission, 184
and Three Gorges Dam, 49
Li Ruihuan, 85
Li Tieying, 185
Li Xiannian, 102 , 114 n.24, 122 , 292 , 295
Liao Chengzhi, 118
Liaoning province, 274 , 294
teachers in, 202 n.24
Liaowang , 128 , 129 , 285
Lieberthal, Kenneth G., 42 , 53 , 72 , 130 , 310 , 357
Lifelong tenure system, 220 , 228 , 229 , 243
Lin Biao, 63 , 153 , 155 , 159
and Military Commission, 161
Lindblom, Charles E., 36 , 37 , 127
Liu Bin, 185 , 199
Liu Huaqing, 162 , 163 , 164 , 169
Liu Ningyi, 118
Loans, 323 -24
Local governments: and central government, 260 -61
size of, 85
Long March, 166
Longgang, 355
Lu Dingyi, 122
Lushan Plenum, 249 n.2
M
Ma Hong, 115 , 133 n.21, 136 , 139
McCubbins, Mathew, 62 , 69 n.15
Machine Building Commission, 44
Machinery Research Institute of the Wuhan Machinery Bureau, 287
Management-by-exception, 68 , 69 n.15, 71 , 72 , 75 -76, 81
and bargaining, 73
conservative bias of, 77
and ministries, 73
performance of, 74
and reform policies, 87
Management-worker relations, 273
Manion, Melanie, 15 , 30
Mao Zedong, 35 , 38 , 75 , 341
authority of, 25
and bargaining, 35 , 53
bureaucratic practice of, 26
and economic policy, 72
and foreign affairs, 114
and ideological indoctrination, 6
and military system, 152
provincial support for, 82
retirement of to "second line," 226 n.23
and Three Gorges Dam, 49
March, James, 183 , 190
Market reform, 81
Market towns, 336 , 337 , 338 , 339 , 360
Martial Law Command, 179
Material allocation system, 256
Mayor's office, 317 -18
Meicun, 342 n.18
Military Affairs Committee, 3
Military Commission of Chinese Communist Party, 98 , 112 , 119 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 164 -65, 167 -68
changes in, 162 -63
and Tiananmen Square, 179
See also State Military Commission
Military industrial system, 176
Military Legislation Bureau, 163
Military system, 3
budget of, 170
command and control of, 17 , 160 -69, 180
and military-service legislation, 159
and nuclear weapons, 168 n.30
personalistic character of, 18 , 178
ranks in, 159
regional commanders of, 168
See also People's Liberation Army
Ministries, 44 , 71 , 143
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry, 47
Ministry of Civil Affairs, 222 n.14
Ministry of Communications, 41 , 44
Ministry of Education, 184 , 191 , 193 , 194 , 204 , 208
and reforms, 201
Teacher Education Bureau, 194
Ministry of Electric Power, 53
Ministry of Energy Resources, 53
Ministry of Finance, 42 , 53 , 71 , 186 , 209 , 314
and economic reforms, 79 , 86
organization of, 70
and State Education Commission, 185
and taxation, 80 -81
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 124 , 148
influence of, 139 n.35, 145
Institute of International Studies, 140 n.36
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, 86
Ministry of Foreign Trade, 124
Ministry of Justice, 98
Ministry of Labor and Personnel, 186 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 220 , 222 n.14, 238
and cadre retirement, 225
and State Education Commission, 185
Ministry of Light Industry, 43
Ministry of Machine Building, 43 , 44
Ministry of Metallurgy, 64
Ministry of National Defense, 49 , 118 , 124 , 162
Ministry of Railways, 136
Ministry of Water Conservancy [Water Resources], 47 , 53
Ministry of Water Conservancy [Water Resources] and Electric Power, 41 , 47 , 52 -53
Municipal government, 18
and economic reforms, 85
Municipal institutions, 311
and the Party, 317 n.22
N
Nanhai county, 353 n.34
Nanjing, 292 , 341 , 344
Nanjing Military Region, 165
Nanyang Special District, 48
National Defense Industries Office, 173
National Defense University, 165 , 166
National Education Work Conference (1978), 191
National Finance Conference, 53
National People's Congress, 53 -54, 61 , 68 n.13, 69 n.15, 109 , 111 , 113 , 135
and bargaining, 51
election of, 107
and provincial representation, 72
National Planning Conference, 53
National Research Center for Science and Technology for Development, 131 , 133 , 140 , 148
influence of, 141
and long-term planning, 137
resources of, 142
National Science Planning and Technical Commissions, 124
National Security Council, 105
National Teacher Education Work Conference (1980), 191 , 193
National Work Meeting on Elementary and Secondary School Teachers, 202 n.23, 204
Naughton, Barry, 12 , 13 , 29 , 30 , 38 , 55 , 217
on investment allocation, 41
Nie Li, 161
Nie Rongzhen, 122 , 161 , 167 , 173
Ningbo, 292
Ningxia, 204
Ninth Party Congress, 170
O
Office of Management and Budget, 105
Oksenberg, Michel, 42 , 44 , 52 , 53 , 72 , 130 , 131 , 140 n.36, 310 , 357
Olsen, Johan P., 183 , 190
"On the Reform of the System of Party and State Leadership" (Deng Xiaoping), 75 , 106 n.16
Organization and Personnel bureaucracies, 3
Organization and Personnel Leading Group, 113
Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, 124
P
Paine, Lynn, 17 , 21 , 30 , 71
Parliamentary systems, 69
Party History Research Institute, 97
Party History Research Office, 109
Party Rectification Commission, 108 n.18, 113
Peasants, 358
Peng Chong, 123
Peng Dehuai, 161
Peng Peiyuan, 205
Peng Zhen, 68 n.13, 108 nn.18, 19, 109
People's Communes, 337
People's Daily,81
People's Liberation Army, 3 , 17 , 151 , 168 , 172
access of to resources, 153 , 170
and Chinese Communist Party, 82 , 151 , 152 , 163 , 178
and defense-technology planning, 177 -78
and Deng Xiaoping, 178
General Logistics Department, 3 , 161 , 166
General Political Department, 161 , 163 , 166
General Staff Department, 161 , 166 , 168
leadership of, 152 , 153 -54, 170
manpower of, 157 , 170
ranks in, 76 -77
and retirement, 159
social control by, 154 , 172
Soviet influence on, 152
technical cadres in, 159
See also Military system
Personnel system, 222
and cadre retirement, 15
in local government, 223
Pingdu County Education Commission, 195 n.16
Planning commissions, 316 -17, 320
See also State Planning Commission
Policy coordination, 126 -28
and information flow, 125
institutions of, 129
lack of, 127
problems for, 128
Policy decisions, 76
Policy implementation: and authority relations, 242
at local levels, 217 -18
and middlemen, 218 -19
and policy targets, 243
Politburo, 13 , 40 , 65 , 97 , 98 , 114
and bargaining, 51
decision making in, 53 , 101 , 102
leadership arrangements in, 111 -21
and People's Liberation Army, 170
Standing Committee of, 60 , 68
Political and Legal Affairs Commission, 101 , 113 , 119 , 121 -22
Political and Legal Affairs Leading Group, 119
Political organizations: grouping of, 2
Political Reform Study Group, 107
Political system, 21 , 304
reform of, 305
Pollack, Jonathan, 76
on military system, 17 -18, 30
Polytechnologies, 175
Price, Don K., 144
Price Research Center, 131 , 132 n.18, 135 , 137
Prices, 266 , 327
control of, 266 -67
reform of, 79 , 81 , 319
Priority projects, 256 -57
Production brigade, 337 n.5
Production team, 337 n.5
"Professional guidance," 221
Propaganda and education bureaucracies, 2
Propaganda and Ideology Leading Group, 113 , 122
Propaganda Department, 104 , 113
Provinces: export revenues of, 296
and foreign trade, 84
representation of, 72
and State Council, 72
See also Provincial governments; names of provinces
Provincial Bureau of Education, 201 , 205
Provincial Education Commission, 187 n.5
Provincial governments, 18 , 286
and central-cities policy, 290
and central government, 284 , 305
and decentralization, 288
decision-making power of, 284 , 305 n.75
and economic reforms, 85
and interprovincial competition, 285
resources of, 284 , 296
and rural urbanization, 350
See also Provinces names of provinces
Public supervision, 110 -11
Q
Qian Jiaju, 54
Qiao Shi, 40 , 108
Qin dynasty, 284
Qin Jiwei, 108 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 169
Qing dynasty, 336
Qingdao, 292
Qingyang, 350
R
Rao Shushi, 97
Rationality model, 10
Redistributional bargaining, 268 -70
Reforms, 26 , 55
and bargaining, 39 , 245
and bureaucratic practice, 25 , 36
and consensus decision making, 80 -81
and corruption, 24
and ideology, 25
local experimentation with, 270
and military system, 18
objectives of, 23 -24
policy of, 16 , 20 , 84
strategy of, 263 -64
"Relation of leadership," 221
Renmun Jiaoyu , 195
Research centers, 130 -34, 131 , 132 , 146 -47
authority of, 138 -43, 147
and commissions, 133 , 139
and competitive persuasion, 147
and coordination, 134 -46
incentives for, 143 -46
influence of, 147 -48
and ministries, 139 , 144 -45
purpose of, 131
and State Council, 139
See also National Re-
search Center for Science and Technology for Development
Research institutes: effectiveness of, 15
Resources, 40 , 357
allocation of, 9
control of, 12
economic, 19 , 20
fragmentation of, 125
redistribution of, 319 -22
Retirement system, 220
Revenues: division of, 318
Rosen, Stanley, 216 -17
Rural Affairs Work Department, 113 n.24
Rural Development Research Center, 113 n.24, 131 , 134 , 147 , 148
influence of, 141
Rural Industry Bureau, 352
Rural Policy Research Center, 113 n.24
Rural towns, 338
Rural-urban migration, 354 -56
Rural urbanization, 19 , 334 -35, 350 , 358 , 359
and central government, 335
and distribution of power, 340 -48
S
Sanqiao county, 355
Schroeder, Paul, 16 , 18 -19, 20 , 30
Schwartz, Tom, 62
Science and Technology Commission. See State Science and Technology Commission
Science and Technology Conference, 103
Science and Technology Daily , 119
Science and Technology Development Research Center, 117
Science and Technology Leading Group, 101 , 114 , 117 , 120 , 122
Science and Technology System Reform (1985), 199
Seidman, Harold, 127
Seventh Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 50 , 113
Shaanxi province, 356
Shandong province, 195 n.16, 259 -60
Shanghai, 44 , 83 , 187 n.5, 251 , 289 , 291 , 293 , 304 , 356
Shanghai Institute of International Studies, 119
Shangrao county, 352 n.33, 358
Shanxi province, 42 , 134
Shashi, 293 , 305
Shenyang, 292 , 294 , 317 n.23, 322 n.33, 323 n.36
Shenyang Military Region, 179
Shenzhen, 292 , 304
Shirk, Susan, 3 , 16 , 28 , 29 , 39 , 52
Shue, Vivienne, 38
Shurmann, Franz, 82
Sichuan province, 48 , 355
Sino-Vietnamese War, 170
Siu, Helen, 355
Sixth National Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 54
Solinger, Dorothy J., 217 , 295 , 298 , 301 , 302
Solomon, Richard, 36
Song Jian, 138 n.34
Song Ping, 123
Song Renqiong, 108 n.19
Soviet Communist Party, 63
Soviet Union, 63 , 64 , 171 , 250
decentralization of, 82
and reform, 86
Special Economic Zones work group, 101
Stakhanovite movement, 248 , 249 n.3
State Capital Construction Commission, 135
State Commission on Restructuring the Economy, 292
State Council, 45 , 53 , 65 , 66 , 98 , 106 , 120 -21, 143 , 251 , 253 , 292
and bargaining, 52
and cadre retirement, 225 , 229 , 241
leading groups, 96
meetings of, 102
and Ministry of Education, 184
position of, 71
Standing Committee of, 51 , 68 , 73
State Council Foreign Affairs Leading Group, 119
State Council Foreign Affairs Office, 118
State Council Foreign Trade Office, 118
State Council General Office, 101
State Council Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, 118
State Council Small Group Office on Settlement of Demobilized Military Personnel, 222 n.14
State Council Temporary Measures on Arrangements for Aged, Weak, Ill, and Disabled Cadres, 225 n.20, 231
State Council Temporary Measures on Worker Retirement, 231
State Council Temporary Regulations on Veteran Cadre Special Retirement, 225 n.20
State Economic Commission, 51 , 70 , 135 , 137 , 138 , 186
and annual planning, 136
function of, 73
and ministries, 71
and State Education Commission, 185
State Education Commission, 182 , 184 , 190 , 194 , 204 , 207 , 208 , 209
Capital Construction Bureau, 186
and Chinese Communist Party, 212
Educational Development and Research Policy Center, 197
and Finance Ministry, 186 , 195 n.16
Office of Policy Study, 197
organization of, 185 -88
Planning and Financial Affairs Bureau, 186
Political and Ideological Education Department, 186
power of, 186
Precollegiate Education Department, 186
and reforms, 201
research centers, 197
resources of, 205 , 210
role of, 206
and social position of teachers, 203
Teacher Education Department, 186
and teacher preparation, 193 , 195 , 200
State Establishment Commission, 222 n.14
State Finance and Economics Commission, 117 , 119
State Military Commission, 163 -64
State Personnel Bureau, 222 n.14
State Planning Commission, 41 , 43 , 53 , 129 , 135 , 137 , 138 , 143 , 186 , 313 n.15
and bargaining, 52
and five-year planning, 136
function of, 73
funding, 141 -42
and ministries, 71
organization of, 70
and reform policies, 79 , 86
and State Education Commission, 185
and taxation, 317
and Three Gorges Dam, 50
State Price Commission, 132 n.18
State Science and Technology Commission, 117 , 129 , 131 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 142 , 186
and ministries, 71
organization of, 70
and State Education Commission, 185
State Statistical Bureau, 12 , 250 , 253
Subcounty level, 18
Sun Yatsen: and Three Gorges Dam, 49
Sunan township, 342
Supply and Marketing Co-ops, 337 , 341 , 355 n.37
Suzhou district, 341 , 345 , 350
T
Taishan county, 355
Taiwan Work Leading Group, 113
Taiyuan, 271
Tang dynasty, 48
Tang Tsou, 67
Tangquan, 344 , 345 , 351 , 356
Tax-for-profit system, 268 , 318
Taxation, 267 , 269 , 318 , 350
and adjustment tax, 81
and annual quotas, 314
and bargaining, 308
and concentration of funds, 322
and county governments, 339 n.11
of enterprises, 311
and industry, 80
and loan repayment, 324
rates of, 319 , 320 , 321 , 322
and tax bases, 357
and tax breaks, 312 , 321 -22, 324 -25
and tax evasion, 329
and tax forgiveness, 269
and township governments, 339 n.11
Taxation bureaus, 313 -14, 315
Teachers: assaults on, 203
attrition among, 202
and Chinese Communist Party, 204
health care of, 206
housing of, 205 -6, 210
political legitimacy of, 204
preparation of, 193 , 195 , 200 , 210
wages of, 206 -10, 211
Teachers' Day, 203 , 204
Technical Economic Research Center, 131 , 134 , 135 , 143
influence of, 139 , 141 , 147
long-term planning, 136
Ten-Year Plan, 252
Territorially based organizations, 221
"Third Front," 249
Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee, 183 , 188
Thirteenth Party Congress, 28 , 102 , 107 , 108 , 115 , 121 , 161 , 170
and constitution, 33
Three Gorges Dam, 44 , 48 -50, 55 -56, 57 , 140 n.37, 141
Tian Jiyun, 59 , 109 , 120 , 123
Tiananmen, 34 , 126 , 131 , 134 , 148 , 180
Tianjin, 83 , 85 , 187 n.5, 289 , 293 , 304
Tongli, 345 n.25, 346
Town development: resources for, 348 -56
and taxation, 350
Township enterprises, 351
Township governments, 338 , 339 , 340
access to funds, 354 , 358
Townships, 336 , 340 , 342 , 348 , 357
Twelfth Communist Party Central Committee, 289
Twelfth Party Congress, 108
Twenty-seventh Army, 179
Two-track system, 252 , 264 -65, 271
and command economy, 275
and information flow, 275
U
United Front Leading Group, 113
United Front Work Department, 104 , 113
United States, 43 , 171 , 176 , 198
defense
planning, 168
Environmental Protection Agency, 61
Urban Planning Ministry, 344
Urumqi Military Region, 158
V
Value integration: among officials, 8
Vietnam, 155
Villages: enterprises in, 351
in Great Leap Forward, 337
W
Walder, Andrew, 18 , 19 , 20 , 29 , 30 , 77 , 217
Wan Li, 66 , 108 n.19, 109 , 110
Wang Jiaxiang, 118
Wang Xicheng, 122
Wang Zhen, 109 n.19
Weber, Max, 127
Wen Jiabo, 123
White House staff organizations, 105
World Bank, 2 , 257 , 351 n.30
Wu Mingyu, 122
Wu Xiuquan, 109 n.19
Wuhan, 16 , 18 -19, 73 n.20, 158 , 283 , 285 , 286 , 292
and Danjiangkou Dam, 45 , 47 , 48
development of, 291
and Hubei, 292 -98, 305 , 306 , 307
municipal government of, 288
population of, 300 n.62
production in, 305
provincial-level status of, 283 , 289 , 297 , 304
revenue of, 294 -95, 296
Wuhan Economic Commission, 288
Wuhan Economic Cooperation Region, 301
Wuhan-Hubei conflict, 292 -304
and materials distribution, 298
and personnel problems, 300 -301
and price structure, 299
Wuhan Hydraulic and Pneumatic Industry Corporation, 287 , 288
Wuhan Hydraulic Cylinder Plant, 287
Wuhan Iron and Steel, 48 , 293
Wuhan Machinery Bureau, 287 , 288
Wuhan University, 289 , 300 n.62
Wujiang county, 341 , 342 , 343 , 345 , 346 , 351 , 352 , 353 , 358
Wuxi county, 341 , 342 , 352 n.33, 358
X
Xi Zhongxun, 108 nn.18, 19
Xiamen, 292
Xian, 292
Xiangyang Special District, 48
Xingdian, 356 n.42
Xinhua , 54
Xu Penghang, 305
Xu Xiangqian, 161
Xue Muqiao, 289
Y
Yan Jiaqi, 123
Yang Baibing, 162 , 164 , 169
Yang Dezhi, 161 , 162
Yang Lieyu, 54
Yang Shangkun, 108 n.19, 157 , 158 , 162 , 165 , 171 , 179
and military affairs, 167
and Military Commission, 160 , 161 , 169 , 172
and military rank, 164 -65
Yang Zhong, 61
Yangtze River, 45 , 291 , 292 , 301 , 304
Yangtze River bridge, 293
Yangtze River Joint Transportation Company, 301
Yangtze River Valley Planning Office, 50 , 55
Yao Yilin, 40 , 108 n.19, 109
and economic reform, 115
Yu Qiuli, 56 , 109 n.19, 161 , 162
Yueyang district, 354 , 355
Z
Zhang Aiping, 161 , 162 , 167 , 173 , 177
Zhang Jingfu, 103 , 122
Zhang Wentian, 118
Zhao Donghuan, 124
Zhao Nanqi, 162 , 163
Zhao Ziyang, 28 , 40 , 64 , 87 , 102 , 106 , 108 , 112 , 114 n.26, 122 , 123 , 125 , 147 , 179 , 289
and administrative decentralization, 84
and decision-making apparatus, 24
and economic reforms, 60 , 67 , 77 -79, 81 , 115 , 116 , 288
and education, 184
and Finance and Economics Leading Group, 120
and Military Commission, 161 -62
and military rank, 164 -65
and the Party, 66
political strategy of, 86 -87
and political system, 65 , 109 -11
and research centers, 131 , 133 n.23
and research institutes, 14 , 15
and Three Gorges Dam, 49
Zhechuan Xian, 48
Zheng Yunfei, 285 , 288 , 291 , 299 , 306
Zhengzhou, 48
Zhongguo Jiaoyubao , 195
Zhongnanhai, 65 , 130
Zhou Jie, 123
Zhou Taihe, 122 , 292 , 293
Zhujiang, 343 , 355
Zweig, David, 16 , 18 , 19 -20, 22 , 29 , 30
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