Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China
  Acknowledgments

 collapse sectionOne  Introduction: The "Fragmented Authoritarianism" Model and Its Limitations
 •The Starting Point: The "Fragmented Authoritarianism" Model
 •Fragmented Authoritarianism In Broader Perspective
 collapse sectionThe Volume In Perspective
 •How Constant Has China's Bureaucratic Practice Remained?
 •What About the Communist Party?
 •How About Chinese Culture and Society?
 •Organization Of The Volume

 collapse sectionPart One  National Issues
 collapse sectionTwo  A Plum for a Peach:Bargaining, Interest, and Bureaucratic Politics in China
 •A Comparative Framework For Viewing Bargaining
 •The Systematic Causes Of Bargaining Activity
 •What Do Leaders Bargain Over?
 collapse sectionWater Projects: The Bargaining Process Up Close
 •The Danjiangkou Dam
 •The Three Gorges Project
 collapse sectionWho Bargains, In What Arenas, And What Strategies Are Employed?
 •Who Bargains?
 •In What Arenas Does Bargaining Occur?
 collapse sectionStrategies for Bargaining and the Necessary Resources
 •Foot-In-The-Door And "Fishing Projects."
 •Whipping Up Support and Faits Accomplis
 •Painting a Rosy or a Black Picture—Cooking the Books
 •A Little Something for Everyone
 •Getting to Key Decision-Makers, "Old Friends," and Relatives
 •The Implications Of A Bargaining System View
 collapse sectionThree  The Chinese Political System and the Political Strategy of Economic Reform
 •The Relationship Between The Communist Party And The Government: Principal And Agent
 •The Policy-Making Process: Management By Exception
 •Policy Outcomes Under Management-By-Exception
 •Center And Locality: Federalism In A Unitary State
 •Conclusion: Evaluating The Political Record Of Economic Reform
 •References

 collapse sectionPart Two  The Center
 collapse sectionFour  The Party Leadership System
 •Evolution Of The Leadership System
 collapse sectionNorms Of The Leadership System
 •Functional Systems and Coordinating Points
 collapse sectionDivision of Responsibilities
 •Policy-making
 •Coordination
 •Innovation
 •Supervision
 •Personnel
 •Lines of Authority
 collapse sectionChronic Problems And Post-Mao Reforms
 •Continued Political Abuse of the Leadership System
 •Trends under Zhao Ziyang
 collapse sectionPolitburo Leadership Arrangements
 •The Sub-Politburo Leadership Structure
 •A Working Model
 •Variations and Conundrums
 •Conclusion
 •Appendix A: Typical Central Leading Units
 •Appendix B: Leadership Mechanisms
 •Appendix C: Evolution Of Political Reform Group
 •Appendix D: Coordination Points For Management Of International Activities (1958)
 collapse sectionFive  Information Flows and Policy Coordination in the Chinese Bureaucracy
 •The Problem Of Policy Coordination
 •The Coordination Problem In The Chinese Bureaucracy
 •Research Centers: Organization And Mission
 collapse sectionResearch Centers: Impact On The Coordination Problem
 •Information Effects
 •Authority Effects
 •Incentive Effects
 •Conclusion: The Structure Of Authority And Models Of Chinese Bureaucratic Behavior

 collapse sectionPart Three  Bureaucratic Clusters
 collapse sectionSix  Structure and Process in the Chinese Military System
 •The Inherited Military System
 •Revamping The Personnel System
 •Military Command And Control
 •The Budgetary And Resource Allocation Process
 •Some Preliminary Conclusions
 collapse sectionSeven  The Educational Policy Process: A Case Study of Bureaucratic Action in China
 •The Issue: Policy Related To Teachers
 collapse sectionFormal And Informal Structures In Teacher Policy
 •The Formal Organization: A Horizontal View
 •The Vertical View
 collapse sectionCase Study I: Standards For Teachers
 •The Problem of Standards and Quality
 •The Groping Pace of Bureaucratic Action
 collapse sectionActors in the Process: The Power of Subordinates
 •Experimentation
 •Interpretation
 •Undermining Policy
 •Shaping Conceptualization of Policy
 collapse sectionMultiple Coping Strategies
 •Linking To Other Agendas
 •Using Momentum of Other Educational Reforms
 •Closet Reforms and the Spreading of Success Stories
 collapse sectionCase Study II: Improving The Lot Of Teachers
 •The Problem
 collapse sectionStrategies for Improving the Teacher's Lot
 •Social Work
 •Political Efforts
 •Economic and Material Reforms
 •Summary And New Directions For Education Policy
 •References
 collapse sectionEight  The Behavior of Middlemen in the Cadre Retirement Policy Process
 •Sources
 •Players And Organizational Context
 •Policy Without Action Implications
 •Execution Of Policy
 •Deviation From Policy
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionNine  Hierarchy and the Bargaining Economy: Government and Enterprise in the Reform Process
 •The Command-Bureaucratic Economy
 •The Central Government And The Control Of Investment
 •Enterprises And The Two-Track System
 •Bilateral Monopoly
 •Conclusion
 •Appendix

 collapse sectionPart Four  Subnational Levels
 collapse sectionTen  Territorial Actors as Competitors for Power: The Case of Hubei and Wuhan
 •Structural Reform And The Central-Cities Policy
 •Negotiation
 •Problems In Relations
 •Financial Problems
 •Implementation
 •Distribution
 •Prices
 •Personnel
 •Stalemate
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionEleven  Local Bargaining Relationships and Urban Industrial Finance
 collapse sectionCorporate Ties In Local Industry
 collapse sectionInstitutional Actors
 •Enterprises
 •Industrial Bureaus
 •Finance and Taxation Bureaus
 •Local Bank Branches
 •Planning and Economic Commissions
 •The Mayor's Office
 collapse sectionMunicipal Budgetary And Fiscal Processes
 •The Redistribution of Local Resources
 •Sharing Risk
 •The Shared Responsibility of Collective Decisions
 collapse sectionRedistributive Politics: Bargains And Strategies
 •Bargaining Positions
 •Bargaining Strategies
 •Conclusion: Bargaining In Perspective
 collapse sectionAppendix: Classified List Of Interviews
 •Government Commissions
 •Functional Bureaus
 •Banks
 •Industrial Bureaus (Corporations) and Companies
 •Enterprises
 collapse sectionTwelve  Urbanizing Rural China: Bureaucratic Authority and Local Autonomy
 •Rural Urbanization As An Issue Area
 •The Prereform Structure Of Authority And Settlements
 •Administrative Structures And Changes Since 1983
 collapse sectionAuthority And Hierarchy Under Rural Urbanization
 •The Special Case of Jiangsu Province
 •Indicators of the Persistence of County Control
 •Planning and Bureaucratic Control
 •Labeling County Towns
 •Nesting and Bureaucratic Authority
 collapse sectionControl Of Resources For Town Development
 •Taxes and Small-town Development
 •Profits from Rural Industry and Small-town Development
 •Banking and Small-town Development
 •Migration Policy and Access to Towns
 •Conclusion: The Politics Of Rural Urbanization

 collapse sectionAppendix
 •Types and Characteristics of Small Towns in China
  Bibliography
  Contributors
 collapse sectionIndex
 •A
 •B
 •C
 •D
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •O
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
 •V
 •W
 •X
 •Y
 •Z
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