N
Nagel, Charles, 33 -34
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA): ending of, 153
and foreign-born female voters, 50 , 52 , 52 n18
National League of Women Voters as department of, 85 n13, 153 n3
and nationality-rights reform, 56 , 92
Paul's split with, 152
and Rankin bill, 74
and voting-standards plan, 48 , 48 n8
National Association of Women Lawyers, 169 n35, 213 , 215 n55, 227 , 229 , 234 , 240 n117
National Association of Women Physicians, 240 n117
National Association of Women Real Estate Operators, 240 n117
National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 71 n61
National Council of Chilean Women, 211
National Council of Jewish Women, 87 , 89 , 163 , 163 n19, 166 n24, 169 , 169 n35, 180 , 215 n55, 240 n117
National Council of Women, 71 n61
National Federation of Business and Professional Women, 87 , 169 , 169 n35, 216 n55, 240 n117
National Federation of College Women, 74 , 166 n24
National League of Women Voters (NLWV): and Cable Act, 89 , 90 n25, 144 , 164 , 191 , 218 n60
and children's nationality rights, 229 , 236 n105, 240
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180 , 182
and citizenship training programs, 164
conflict with National Woman's Party, 217 -18, 223 , 237
and equal-nationality bills, 228 , 229 , 230 , 236 n104, 239 -40, 240 n118
and equal-nationality treaty, 217 -21, 235 , 236 -37, 236 n105, 240 n118, 251 -52
and equal rights amendment, 8
formation of, 85 , 85 n13, 53 n3
and Hague Codification Conference, 207
and immigrant women, 163 -64
and immigration legislation, 138
and ineligible-alien clause revocation, 215 n55
and international issues, 198 -99, 205 -7, 217 -19, 218 -19n60, 231 n
League of Nations supported by, 202 n12
as member of International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 198 -99
name change of, 8 n6
and nationality-rights movement, 8 , 81 n2, 92 -93, 155 -57, 166 n24, 169 , 169 n35, 205 -6, 215 n55, 217 -19, 218 -19n60, 228 , 236 n104
and peace movement, 191 , 191 n95
postsuffrage reform agenda of, 153
and Shelley case, 186 , 190 , 191
and Sheppard-Towner Infancy and Maternity bill, 92
and Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC), 86 -87
National Origins Act, 119 -25, 127 -29, 132 n51, 133 , 136 , 139 -40n73, 149
National Soroptimists, 240 n117
National Woman's Party (NWP): accomplishments of, 248 -49
aloofness of, from assimilationist efforts, 165
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180 , 182
conflicts with National League of Women Voters, 217 -18, 223 , 237
and Eleanor Roosevelt, 236 , 247
and equal-nationality bills, 222 , 227 -33, 238 -41
and equal-nationality treaty, 7 , 217 -18, 251
and equal rights amendment, 8 , 153 -55, 229 -30
formation of, 152
goal of, 165
and Hague Codification Conference, 207 , 211 , 213 , 215
and immigration legislation, 132 , 132 n52, 137 , 138
and ineligible-alien clause revocation, 215 n55
and Inter-American Commission of Women, 248 , 248 n11
and international nationality-rights campaign, 7 , 194 , 198 -205, 207 , 213 , 219 , 221 -23, 222 n69, 223 n72, 244 -45, 250
and Larch deportation case, 173
and League of Nations, 221 , 22
and nationality-rights movement, 7 , 8 , 14 , 74 , 80 , 87 , 137 , 137 -38n65, 138 , 142 , 155 -56, 165n, 168 -70, 168 -69n33-35, 194 , 205 -6, 215 n55
and protective labor legislation, 228 -29
and repatriation, 168 -69n33
administration, 241 , 244 , 246
and Shelley case, 186 , 186 n74, 189 , 249
split with NAWSA, 152 -53
and woman suffrage, 152 -53
and Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality, 219
National Women's Trade Union League, 71 n61, 75 , 87 , 89 , 166 n24, 169 , 247 n9
National Zonta Clubs, 240 n117
Nationality Act Of 1930, 215 -16, 222
Nationality Act of 1940, 147 n92, 192
Nationality-rights movement: and Anthony bill, 84 -85
communitarian perspective on, 11 -12
compared with woman suffrage movement, 250
conflicts within, 7 -8, 11 -12, 216 -18, 223 , 237 , 255 -56
countries protecting independent citizenship, 109 n, 171n, 195 , 195 n1
equalitarian perspective on, 11 , 156 , 169 n34, 217 -18
equal-nationality bills, 222 , 227 -33, 236 n104, 243
equal-nationality treaty, 7 , 217 -21, 219 n61, 231n, 232 -39, 236 n105, 243 -46, 247 , 250 -52
and Expatriation Act of 1907, 4 -6, 4 n, 9 , 12 , 16 , 17
goals of, 150
and Hague Codification Conference, 202 -16, 221 , 223
international perspectives on, 109 , 157 , 170 -71, 170 -71n37, 194 -242
and Mackenzie case, 65 -70, 76 , 77
Maguire's objections to, 85 -86
media treatment of Mackenzie's case, 68 -70, 68 n57, 76
overview of crusade for equal nationality rights, 4 -13
and Pan-American Union treaty (1934), 7
reform bills introduced before Cable Act, 68 , 82 -89, 89 n21
and Rogers bill, 82 -84, 85 , 89 n23
and woman suffrage, 8 , 9 , 17 , 42 , 43 -44, 81 -82
Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC) support for, 86 -90, 87 n17, 105 , 107
women's rights advocates for, 3 -13, 86 -93, 105 , 109 -12, 155 -57, 167 -70, 205 -6, 248 -56
See also Cable Act; Independent citizenship
Native Americans. See American Indians
Naturalization: and Cable Act's impact on foreign women, 158 -63
failures of women to achieve, 161 -63
female petitioners for, in 1920s-1930s, 157 -58
of pacifists, 186 n73
screening process for, 163
statistics on petitions for, 129
See also Marital naturalization; Naturalization Act of 1855
Naturalization Act of 1855
benefits and liabilities of, 9 , 20 -21, 41 -44
and children's nationality, 19
defense of, 21 -22
federal debate over, 17 -18, 22 -42
feminist assault against, 43
and fraudulent marriages, 29 -34
and inheritance by immigrant women, 21
provisions of, 4 -5, 5 n, 15 -16, 18 -19, 38 , 55
repeal of Section 2 of, 41
and "right" to expatriation, 20
and State Department, 24 -29, 26 n21, 38
and Supreme Court, 18
and woman suffrage, 9 , 17 , 42 , 43 -44
Naturalization Bureau. See Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization; Bureau of Naturalization
NAWSA. See National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Nelson, Walter, 190
New York State League of Women Voters, 186 n74
New York State Woman Suffrage Party, 51 n16
Nicola, Thakla, 37 -39
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 186
Nielsen, Fred K., 102 n48
Nineteenth Amendment: and derivative citizenship/marital naturalization, 9 , 10 -11, 17 , 22 , 42 , 43 , 80 -82, 87 , 97
and image of new female voter, 78
and immigrant women, 165
and independent citizenship, 6 -7, 80 -82, 87 , 111
ratification of, 105 , 153 , 255
and Shelley case, 186 -87, 188 , 190
NLWV. See National League of Women Voters (NLWV)
Nonresidence and expatriation, 25 -29, 26 n20
NWP. See National Woman's Party (NWP)