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N

Nagel, Charles, 33 -34

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA): ending of, 153

and foreign-born female voters, 50 , 52 , 52 n18

National League of Women Voters as department of, 85 n13, 153 n3

and nationality-rights reform, 56 , 92

Paul's split with, 152

and Rankin bill, 74

and voting-standards plan, 48 , 48 n8

National Association of Women Lawyers, 169 n35, 213 , 215 n55, 227 , 229 , 234 , 240 n117

National Association of Women Physicians, 240 n117

National Association of Women Real Estate Operators, 240 n117

National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 71 n61

National Council of Chilean Women, 211

National Council of Jewish Women, 87 , 89 , 163 , 163 n19, 166 n24, 169 , 169 n35, 180 , 215 n55, 240 n117

National Council of Women, 71 n61

National Federation of Business and Professional Women, 87 , 169 , 169 n35, 216 n55, 240 n117

National Federation of College Women, 74 , 166 n24

National League of Women Voters (NLWV): and Cable Act, 89 , 90 n25, 144 , 164 , 191 , 218 n60

and children's nationality rights, 229 , 236 n105, 240

and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180 , 182

and citizenship training programs, 164

conflict with National Woman's Party, 217 -18, 223 , 237

and equal-nationality bills, 228 , 229 , 230 , 236 n104, 239 -40, 240 n118

and equal-nationality treaty, 217 -21, 235 , 236 -37, 236 n105, 240 n118, 251 -52

and equal rights amendment, 8

formation of, 85 , 85 n13, 53 n3

and Hague Codification Conference, 207

and immigrant women, 163 -64

and immigration legislation, 138

and ineligible-alien clause revocation, 215 n55

and international issues, 198 -99, 205 -7, 217 -19, 218 -19n60, 231 n

League of Nations supported by, 202 n12

as member of International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 198 -99

name change of, 8 n6

and nationality-rights movement, 8 , 81 n2, 92 -93, 155 -57, 166 n24, 169 , 169 n35, 205 -6, 215 n55, 217 -19, 218 -19n60, 228 , 236 n104

and peace movement, 191 , 191 n95

postsuffrage reform agenda of, 153

and Rogers bill, 85 , 89 n23

and Shelley case, 186 , 190 , 191

and Sheppard-Towner Infancy and Maternity bill, 92

and Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC), 86 -87

National Origins Act, 119 -25, 127 -29, 132 n51, 133 , 136 , 139 -40n73, 149

National Soroptimists, 240 n117

National Woman's Party (NWP): accomplishments of, 248 -49

aloofness of, from assimilationist efforts, 165

and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180 , 182

conflicts with National League of Women Voters, 217 -18, 223 , 237

criticisms of, 12 , 153

and Eleanor Roosevelt, 236 , 247

and equal-nationality bills, 222 , 227 -33, 238 -41

and equal-nationality treaty, 7 , 217 -18, 251

and equal rights amendment, 8 , 153 -55, 229 -30

formation of, 152

goal of, 165

and Hague Codification Conference, 207 , 211 , 213 , 215

and immigration legislation, 132 , 132 n52, 137 , 138

and ineligible-alien clause revocation, 215 n55

and Inter-American Commission of Women, 248 , 248 n11

and international nationality-rights campaign, 7 , 194 , 198 -205, 207 , 213 , 219 , 221 -23, 222 n69, 223 n72, 244 -45, 250

and Larch deportation case, 173

and League of Nations, 221 , 22

and nationality-rights movement, 7 , 8 , 14 , 74 , 80 , 87 , 137 , 137 -38n65, 138 , 142 , 155 -56, 165n, 168 -70, 168 -69n33-35, 194 , 205 -6, 215 n55

and protective labor legislation, 228 -29

and repatriation, 168 -69n33


290

administration, 241 , 244 , 246

and Shelley case, 186 , 186 n74, 189 , 249

split with NAWSA, 152 -53

and woman suffrage, 152 -53

and Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality, 219

National Women's Trade Union League, 71 n61, 75 , 87 , 89 , 166 n24, 169 , 247 n9

National Zonta Clubs, 240 n117

Nationality Act Of 1930, 215 -16, 222

Nationality Act of 1940, 147 n92, 192

Nationality-rights movement: and Anthony bill, 84 -85

communitarian perspective on, 11 -12

compared with woman suffrage movement, 250

conflicts within, 7 -8, 11 -12, 216 -18, 223 , 237 , 255 -56

countries protecting independent citizenship, 109 n, 171n, 195 , 195 n1

equalitarian perspective on, 11 , 156 , 169 n34, 217 -18

equal-nationality bills, 222 , 227 -33, 236 n104, 243

equal-nationality treaty, 7 , 217 -21, 219 n61, 231n, 232 -39, 236 n105, 243 -46, 247 , 250 -52

and Expatriation Act of 1907, 4 -6, 4 n, 9 , 12 , 16 , 17

goals of, 150

and Hague Codification Conference, 202 -16, 221 , 223

international perspectives on, 109 , 157 , 170 -71, 170 -71n37, 194 -242

and Mackenzie case, 65 -70, 76 , 77

Maguire's objections to, 85 -86

media treatment of Mackenzie's case, 68 -70, 68 n57, 76

overview of crusade for equal nationality rights, 4 -13

and Pan-American Union treaty (1934), 7

reform bills introduced before Cable Act, 68 , 82 -89, 89 n21

and Rogers bill, 82 -84, 85 , 89 n23

study of, 2 -3, 8 -9

and woman suffrage, 8 , 9 , 17 , 42 , 43 -44, 81 -82

Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC) support for, 86 -90, 87 n17, 105 , 107

women's rights advocates for, 3 -13, 86 -93, 105 , 109 -12, 155 -57, 167 -70, 205 -6, 248 -56

See also Cable Act; Independent citizenship

Native Americans. See American Indians

Naturalization: and Cable Act's impact on foreign women, 158 -63

failures of women to achieve, 161 -63

female petitioners for, in 1920s-1930s, 157 -58

of pacifists, 186 n73

screening process for, 163

statistics on petitions for, 129

See also Marital naturalization; Naturalization Act of 1855

Naturalization Act of 1855

benefits and liabilities of, 9 , 20 -21, 41 -44

and children's nationality, 19

defense of, 21 -22

federal debate over, 17 -18, 22 -42

feminist assault against, 43

and fraudulent marriages, 29 -34

and inheritance by immigrant women, 21

provisions of, 4 -5, 5 n, 15 -16, 18 -19, 38 , 55

repeal of Section 2 of, 41

and "right" to expatriation, 20

and State Department, 24 -29, 26 n21, 38

and Supreme Court, 18

and woman suffrage, 9 , 17 , 42 , 43 -44

Naturalization Bureau. See Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization; Bureau of Naturalization

NAWSA. See National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Nelson, Walter, 190

New York State League of Women Voters, 186 n74

New York State Woman Suffrage Party, 51 n16

Nicola, Thakla, 37 -39

Nicola case, 38 , 39 n55

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 186

Nielsen, Fred K., 102 n48

Nineteenth Amendment: and derivative citizenship/marital naturalization, 9 , 10 -11, 17 , 22 , 42 , 43 , 80 -82, 87 , 97

and image of new female voter, 78

and immigrant women, 165

and independent citizenship, 6 -7, 80 -82, 87 , 111

ratification of, 105 , 153 , 255

and Shelley case, 186 -87, 188 , 190

NLWV. See National League of Women Voters (NLWV)

Nonresidence and expatriation, 25 -29, 26 n20

NWP. See National Woman's Party (NWP)


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