Index
A
Abbott, Edith, 164
Abeldt-Fricker, Elisabeth, 27 -28, 29
Absentee citizen population, 167 n, 224 -26, 224 -25nn74-75
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Adams, Mildred, 237
Addams, Jane, 52 n18, 183 , 186 , 191
African Americans, 7 , 17 n3, 135 n58
Afroyim v. Rusk,243 n
Ainslie v. Martin,66 n49
Alien Enemy Act, 72 n63
Alien Property Custodian, 68 , 72 n64, 78
All-Asian Conference of Women, 219 , 246
American Association of University Women, 87 , 89 , 166 n24, 169
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 186 , 189 -90
American Federation of Labor, 169 , 229 , 230
American Home Economics Association, 166 n24, 169
American Institute of International Law, 204 , 204 n19, 205 n21, 219 n61, 227 , 229 , 238
American Legion Women's Auxiliary, 184
American Society for International Law, 106 , 106 n61, 139 n70, 205
American University School of Law. See Washington College of Law
Americanization movement, 46 -47, 50 -56, 50n, 51 n16, 52 n18, 75 , 82 , 91 -92, 94 -96, 156 , 164 -65
Americans living abroad, 167n, 224 -26, 224 -25nn74-75
See also Expatriation
Americans married to foreign born. See Transnational marriages
Anthony, Daniel R., 84
Anthony (Nineteenth) Amendment. See Nineteenth Amendment
Anthony bill, 84 -85
Ashby, Margery Corbett, 220 n63
B
Bacon bill, 137 n64
Baker, Abby Scott, 180
Balch, Emily Greene, 186
Baldwin, Roger, 190
Bankhead, William B., 239
Banning v. Penrose,99 n
Barrett, Kate Waller, 73
Beck v. McGillis,19 n
Beecher, Catharine, 52
Bell-Bielski, Ruth, 178
Belmont, Alva, 138 , 148 n94, 151 , 205 , 215
Bennet, William, 41
Berger, Victor, 121
Berrien, Laura M., 227
Biddle, Francis J., 189 n86
Black, Eugene, 113
Blackwell, Alice Stone, 186
Blackwell, Henry, 51 n16
Blaine, James, 45
Blake, Kate Devereaux, 73
Bland v. United States,186 n73
Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 151
Boas, Franz, 186
Borah, William, 223
Borchard, Edwin, 107
Bouvé, Clement, 204 n17
Boyd, Mary Sumner, 75 -76
Braden, Spruille, 238 n110
Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 158 -63, 186 , 207 n25, 238 n110
Brincken, Baroness von, 69
Broadis v. Broadis et al.,17 n3
Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization: admissions policy concerning citizens' immigrant wives following Cable Act, 117 -19, 117 -18n9, 118 n11, 149
and Bacon bill, 137 n64
Citizenship Training Division of, 54 -55
and decisions about immigrant wives, 35 , 35 n42, 37 -40
exclusion of family members by, 122
and Kelly case, 24
and marital naturalization, 18 , 22 , 29 -31, 36 n47
support for ending or modifying derivative citizenship for women, 75
See also Bureau of Naturalization
Bureau of Naturalization, 157 -58, 239
See also Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
Burke, Edward R., 248
Burkett v. McCarty,66 n49
Burns, Lucy, 151
Burton, v. Burton,23 n16
C
Cable, John L., 87 , 89 , 94 -95, 98 n41, 104 -5, 106 n60, 165 , 168 -69, 213 , 222 , 229 , 230
Cable Act: amendments to, 165 -71, 165 -66n24, 197 , 215 -16, 218 n60, 222 , 227 , 229
Congressional support for, 105 -6
debate on revised Cable bill, 93 -96
and denaturalization, 134 -35
different versions of bill, 89 -91, 93 -96
and dual citizenship, 101 , 102 -3, 196
effectiveness and impact of, 108 -12, 148 -50, 157 -63
and expatriation policy during interwar years, 98 n41, 143 -49, 166 -67
and immigration regulations, 117 -19, 118 n11, 124 , 126 -27, 131 , 133 -35
impact of, on foreign women, 158 -63
international implications of, 108 -9
and Labor Department, 103 -5, 133 , 137 n63, 166 -67
legal responses to, 106 -8, 123
Lemons's study of, 3
and marital expatriation, 143 -49, 166 -67
media reactions to, 96 -97, 111
provisions of, 9 , 97 -102, 142 -43
and repatriation, 100 -101, 105 , 134 -44, 159 -60, 166 , 169 , 184 -85
residency requirements in, 98 -99, 101 -2, 105 , 133 , 144 -48, 166 , 216
restrictive nature of, 100 -101
and Shelley case, 184 , 187 , 188 , 190 , 191
and State Department, 101 , 102 -3, 102 n48, 106 , 109 , 144 -45, 146 -47n91, 196
women's response to, 109 -12, 133 -34, 164
See also Independent citizenship; Nationality-rights movement
Campbell, J. Maud, 50
Carnegie Corporation, 108
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 205 n21
Carr, Wilbur, 178 -79, 179 n55, 230 -31
Castle, William, 179 n55, 231 n
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 48 , 49 , 191 , 191 n95
Central Conference of American Rabbis, 180
Chan Shee et al., Ex parte,126 n31
Chang Chan, Wong Hung Kay, Yee Sin Jung et al. v. Nagle,127 -28, 127 n37
Cheung Sum Shee et al., Ex parte,126 , 126 nn31-32, 127
Cheung Sum Shee et al. v. Nagle,126 n32
Children's citizenship: and deportation of children, 226 n77
and Expatriation Act of 1907, 35 n44, 241 n121
and National League of Women Voters (NLWV), 229 , 236 n105, 240
native-born children of undocumented aliens, 242 n122
and Naturalization Act of 1855, 19
1934 legislation on, 241 -42, 241 n121
in nineteenth century, 17 -19, 26 n30
not transferred through mother's citizenship, 168 ,
in other countries, 209 n32
and residency requirement, 35 n44, 39
State Department's concerns over, 208 -9, 225 -27, 230 -31, 236 , 238 , 238 -39n112
statistics on foreign- versus native-born father or mother, 225 n76
through father's citizenship, 39 , 209 n32, 226 n78
through mother's citizenship, 84 , 84 n11, 209 n32
Chinese immigrants, 29 -31, 30 n31, 114 , 124 -28, 137 , 228
Chiu Shee, Ex parte,125 n29
Christian Science Monitor,97
Chung Fook v. White,37 n51, 126 n31
Chung Funk v. White,37 n51
Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 174 -83, 178 n51, 179 n55, 186 , 193 , 194 , 254
Citizenship: definition of, in Fourteenth Amendment, 18
desertion from armed forces during war and loss of, 136 , 136 n62
dual citizenship, 26 -27, 26 n21, 101 , 102 -3, 192 -93, 196
equalitarian versus communitarian views of, 11 -14, 11 -12nn9-10, 253
feminist citizenship, 252 -56
and individualism, 11 -14, 11 -12nn9-10
and jus sanguinis,18 , 84 , 208 , 230 , 239 n112
Marshall on political citizenship, 254 , 254 n23
pre- and postsuffrage images of model woman citizen, 178 -79, 250
and "republican motherhood," 12 -13, 95 , 252
residency requirements for, 25 -29, 26 n20, 57 -60, 98 -99
volitional citizenship, 110 , 110 n, 112
of widows and divorcees, 1 -2, 27 -29, 116 , 116 n7, 172 -74
See also Cable Act; Children's citizenship; Independent citizenship; International perspectives; Nationality-rights movement
Citizenship Training Division, Bureau of Naturalization, 54 -55
Citizenship-training programs, 48 -49, 51 -55, 91 n28, 164 , 165
Clark, J. Reuben, 238 n110
Comitis v. Parkerson et al.,58 n37
Commerce and Labor Department, 34 , 37
See also Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization; Labor Department
Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, 181
Conference of American States (Lima conference), 246 -47, 247 n9
Conference of American States (Montevideo conference), 203 , 233 -38, 238 n110
Congress. See headings beginning with House and Senate; specific laws
Congressional Union (CU), 152
Conscientious objectors, 183 -87, 186 n73, 193
Coolidge, Calvin, 131 -32, 136 n62
Copeland, Royal, 168 , 232 , 241
Copeland-Jenkins Act, 132 -33, 132 n51, 173
Cott, Lebaron, 102
Cotton, Joseph, 207 n28, 208 , 210 , 212 , 213
Coverture doctrine, 5 , 17 , 19 , 56
Coxe, Alfred C., 38 -39
Crane, Lucius, 147
Crist, Raymond, 55 , 228 , 239
CU. See Congressional Union (CU)
CWO. See Citizen Wives Organization (CWO)
D
Das, Mary, 135 -36
Daughters of the American Revolution, 71 , 74
Davies, In re,188 n83
Davis, James J., 103 -5, 113 , 121 , 121 n21, 125 , 129 , 132 n52, 137 n63, 145 n86, 146 -47n91
D.C. Woman's Bar Association, 169 n35, 216 n55, 227
De la Rodia, Mrs. Marced, 27 -28n24
De Montagut, Claire, 142
Democrats, 81 n2, 82 , 97 , 152 , 230 , 241
Denaturalization, 65 -66, 66 -67n52, 134 -38, 215
See also Expatriation; Marital expatriation
Dennis, William, 204
Department of Justice. See Justice Department
Department of Labor. See Labor Department
Department of State. See State Department
Dependent/derivative citizenship. See Children's citizenship; Marital expatriation; Marital naturalization
Deportation: and children, 226 n77
classes of aliens subject to, 36 n46
court cases on, 122 n24
fraudulent marriages as cause of, 34
fraudulent marriages to avoid, 31 -33
of Emma Goldman, 172 n38
of Larch family, 172 -74
of prostitutes, 30 n31, 31 n33
of widows previously married to foreigners, 1 , 2 , 172 -74
Derivative citizenship. See Children's citizenship; Marital expatriation; Marital naturalization
Desertion by alien husbands, 83 , 141
Desertion from military, 25 n19
Dewey, John, 186
Dewson, Mary (Molly), 247 -48, 248 n11
Dickstein, Samuel, 138 , 180 , 182 -83, 182 n62, 228 -32, 241
Dies, Martin, 233
Dillingham Commission, 29 , 31 -33
Divorce, effect on citizenship, 1 -2, 27 -29
Domicile of wives, 84 -85, 84 n12, 86
Dorto, Emilie, 123 -24
Dorto v. Clark,123 -24, 123 n26
Dred Scott v. Sandford,66 n49
Dreier, Mary, 51
Dual citizenship, 26 -27, 26 n21, 58 , 101 , 102 -3, 192 -93, 196
DuBois, Ellen Carol, 8 n7
DuBois, W. E. B., 186
E
Eastman, Crystal, 80
Eastman, Elizabeth, 180
Eckerson, Helen F., 121 n22
Ellis, Wade H., 34
Equal-nationality bills, 222 , 227 -33, 236 n104, 243
Equal nationality rights. See Nationality-rights movement
Equal-nationality treaty, 7 , 217 -21, 219 n61, 231 n, 232 -39, 236 n105, 243 -46, 247 , 250 -52
Equal rights amendment, 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 153 -55, 163 n19, 191 , 216 , 217 , 229 -30, 236 , 250 , 254
Equal Rights International, 216 , 216 n57, 219 , 222 , 246
Evans, Sara, 253
Evarts, William, 27 -28n24
Expatriation: British law on, 101
and desertion from military, 25 n19
expatriation by residence, 144 -48, 145 n87
native-born women falling under presumptive expatriation rule, 166 -67
as natural and inherent right, 20 , 20n
and nonresidence, 25 -29, 26 n20, 98 -99, 99 n
policy on, during interwar years, 98 n41
State Department policy on American women in transnational marriages, 59 -60, 59 nn38-39
See also Americans living abroad; Expatriation Act of 1907; Marital expatriation
Expatriation Act of 1907: and anxiety about immigration, 6 , 9
and children's citizenship, 35 n44, 241 n121
court cases on, 65 -67
feminist response to, 4 , 12 , 16 , 47 , 63 -79
and image of postsuffrage female expatriate, 79
and immigration laws, 68
and Kelly doctrine, 36 n47
motives behind, 56 -64
and Nineteenth Amendment, 186 -87
political climate at passage of, 17
postwar responses to, 77 -79
provisions of, 4n, 98 -99, 136
public awareness of, 76
Rankin bill to amend Section 3 of, 70 -77, 82
Root on, 144 n83
and State Department, 66 -67n52
and transnational marriages, 34 -35, 58 -63, 66
and woman suffrage, 5 , 47 , 64 -79, 67 n53
F
Faulkenstein, Countess von, 69
Federation of Polish Jews in America, 180
Fish, Hamilton, 25 , 58 , 216 n56
Fisher, Dorothy Canfield, 186
Fitzroy, In re,66 n52
Flournoy, Richard, Jr., 106 , 107 , 204 n17, 209 , 209 n34, 212 , 214
Ford Peace Expedition, 183
Foreign born. See Immigrant men; Immigrant women; Immigration; Marital expatriation
Foreign Language Information Bureau, 121 , 164 , 182
Foster, John W., 26 n21
Fourteenth Amendment, 17 , 18 , 135 n58
Fraudulent marriages, 29 -34
Free, Arthur M., 138 , 139 , 182
Fung Sing, Ex parte,136 , 136 n61
G
Garner, Besse Moron, 186 n74
Garner, James, 204 n17
Gendering, Bertha 37 -39
General Federation of Women's Clubs, 72 , 74 , 87 , 89 , 169 , 169 n35, 216 n55, 240 n117
Goldman, Emma, 172 n38
Gomez v. Nagle,122 n24
Goon Dip et al., Ex parte,125 n29
Gorelick et al., Ex parte,116 n7
Gossin, Nazara, 99 n
Grant, U. S., 75 n76
Greathouse, Rebekah, 227
Gregory, T. W., 59 n39
Gual, Florence Bain, 81
Guignet, Loretta, 140 , 148 n95, 167
Guyton, Mary, 164
H
Hackworth, Greene, 212 , 231 n, 239
Hague Conference on Codification of International Law, 197 , 202 -16, 221 , 223 , 244
Hague convention on nationality, 212 -16, 220 -23, 221 n67, 233 , 244 , 245
Hand, Learned, 35 , 37 -39, 39 n55
Harding, Warren G., 103 -4, 105 , 106 , 137
Harrison, Gladys, 107 , 166 n24, 167 -68
Harvard Research Committee, 203 -4, 204 n17
Hatch, Blaine, 185
Hay, John, 29
Headman v. Rose et al.,22 n, 24 n
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society of New York, 177 , 180
Heemskerk, Theodorus, 210 -11
Heimatlos. See Statelessness
Henning, Edward J., 140
Hill, Cyril, 108
Hill, David Jayne, 57 n
Hill, Elsie, 232
Hilles, Florence Bayard, 207 , 235
Home-law rule, 26 -27
Hooker, Edith Houghton, 233
Hoover, Herbert, 168 , 169 n35, 175 -81, 177 n49, 205 -6, 208 , 213 , 221 , 222
Hopkins v. Fachant,38 n52
House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 213 , 216 n56
House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization: and Cable Act, 101 -2 and Cable Act amendments, 165 , 165 -66n24, 168 , 222
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180 , 182
and consul investigation, 181
and Copeland-Jenkins Act, 133
and equal-nationality bills, 218 , 227 -33, 239
and independent citizenship, 87 , 89 , 90
and Larch deportation case, 173
and Nineteenth Amendment, 81
and quota system, 119
and Rankin bill, 70 -74
and statelessness, 101 -2
Wold's criticisms of, 138 -39
House Rules Committee, 239
Hudson, Manley O., 204 n17, 206 -7, 214
Hughes, Charles Evans, 102 , 105 , 200 -201
Hughes v. Techt,68 n56
Hull, Cordell, 230 -31, 235 , 236 n104, 238 , 238 n110, 239 , 241 , 248
Hull, Harry, 132 n52
Hunt, Gaillard, 57 n
Husband, W. W., 117
Hyde, Charles Cheney, 126 , 146 n88, 204 nn17-18
I
Immigrant men: admissions policy concerning immigrant husbands after Cable Act, 130 -32, 132 n52
American wives of Chinese men, 137
Citizen Wives Organization (CWO) activities for their foreign-born husbands, 174 -83, 186 , 193 , 194
citizens' husbands as preference immigrants, 183
literacy test for, 115 n4
native-born Americans' attitudes toward, 5 -6, 9 , 49 , 61 , 68 , 117 n8, 131
nonquota status for citizens' husbands otherwise qualified to enter U.S. as immigrant, 182 -83
voting privileges for, 45 -50, 46 n2, 48 n6
woman suffrage movement and alien male voters, 45 -50, 46 n2, 48 n6
Immigrant women: admissions policy concerning citizens' immigrant wives following Cable Act, 117 -30, 117 -18n9, 118 n11, 149
Americanization of, 90 -91, 94 -96, 164 -65
Breckinridge study of, 158 -63
Chinese wives, 29 -31, 30 n31, 124 -28, 125 n29
citizens' wives as preference immigrants, 114 -16, 116 n6
citizenship-training programs for, 48 -49, 51 -55, 91 n28, 164 , 165
denial of visa to citizens' wives, 122 -23
domestic image of, as mother, 93 -96
failures of, to achieve naturalization, 61 -63
fraudulent marriages by, 29 -34
impact of Cable Act on, 158 -63
preference toward, 115 n4
stereotypes of, 91 -92, 91 n28
voting privileges for, 48 -56, 52 -53n20, 75 -76, 80 -81, 93
woman's rights activists' responses to, 47 , 92 -93, 156 -57, 163 -64
women's rights as interest of, 164 -65
Immigrants in America Review,55
Immigrants' Protective League, 158 , 169
Immigration: admissions policy concerning citizens' immigrant wives following Cable Act, 117 -19, 117 -18n9, 118 n11, 149
admissions policy concerning immigrant husbands of American women after Cable Act, 130 -32, 132 n52
and Americanization movement, 46 -47, 50 -56, 50n, 51 n16, 52 n18, 75 , 82 , 91 -92, 94 -96, 156 , 164 -65
attitudes toward immigrants during World War I, 49 , 68 , 70 -71
Chinese exclusion laws, 29 -31, 30 n31, 114 , 124
and Copeland-Jenkins Act, 132 -33, 132 n51, 173
distinction between "new" and "old" immigrants, 144 , 114 n3
family considerations in, 116 -33, 120 n19, 121 nn21-22, 131 n50
Johnson-Reed (National Origins) Act, 119 -25, 127 -29, 132 n51, 133 , 136 , 139 -40n73, 149
and literacy test, 144 , 115 n4, 119
McCarran-Walter Act, 119 n17
native-born Americans' anxiety about, 5 -6, 9 , 49 , 61 , 68 , 117 n8, 131 , 211 -12
preference immigrants, 114 -16, 116 n6, 120 , 150 , 183
and Quota Act of 1921, 104 , 113 -15, 133 , 163 n19
statistics on, 5 , 55 , 114 , 114 n2, 167 n, 175
studies of interwar policies on, 9 -10
See also Immigrant men; Immigrant women; Marital naturalization; headings beginning with Immigration Act
Immigration Act of 1875, 30 -31
Immigration Act of 1903, 31 n33, 34
Immigration Act of 1917, 40 -41, 114 , 114 n3, 126 n31, 168
Immigration Act of 1921. See Quota Act of 1921
Immigration Act of 1924. See National Origins Act
Immigration Act of 1926, 131 , 131 n50
Immigration Act of 1930, 122 -23, 128 , 168 , 168 n31
Immigration Act of 1932, 194
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 24 n2
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 24 n2
Immigration and Naturalization Bureau. See Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
Independent citizenship: Cable bill on, 89 -91, 90 n25, 93 -96
countries with legislation protecting, 109 n, 171 n, 195 , 195 n1
definition of, 3
international perspectives on, 109 , 157 , 170 -71, 170 -71n37, 194 -242
Mackenzie case, 65 -70, 68 n57, 76 , 77
Maguire's objections to, 85 -86
media treatment of Mackenzie's case, 68 -70, 68 n57, 76
reform bills introduced before Cable Act, 68 , 82 -89, 89 n21
and woman suffrage, 81 -82, 97
Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC) support for, 86 -90, 87 n17, 105 , 107
women's rights advocates for, 3 -13, 86 -93, 105 , 109 -12, 155 -57, 167 -70
See also Cable Act; Nationality-rights movement
Individualism and citizenship, 11 -14, 112 nn9-10
Inter-American Commission of Women: creation and purpose of, 201
and equal-nationality treaty, 216 , 232 -34, 245
and Hague Codification Conference, 203 -6, 211 , 213
membership of, 201
and Montevideo conference, 238
and National Woman's Party, 244 , 246 -48
rotation of presidency of, 238 n110
U.S. lack of support for, 234 n100
Winslow's appointment as U.S. representative to, 246 -48, 247 n9
and Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality, 219
Intermarriage between citizens and noncitizens. See Transnational marriages
International Alliance of Women, 203 , 206 , 210 , 211 , 216 -20, 220 n63, 229 , 245 -46
International Alliance of Women's Committees on the Nationality of Married Women, 207 n25
International Council of Women, 74 , 210 , 211 , 216 -19, 246
International Federation of University Women, 219 , 220 , 220 n63, 246
International Federation of Women Lawyers, 246
International perspectives: countries with independent-citizenship legislation, 109 n, 171 n, 195 , 195 n
disagreements among women's organizations over nationality-reform strategies, 216 -18
equal-nationality treaty, 217 -21, 219 n61, 231 n, 232 -39, 236 n105, 243 -46, 247 , 250 -52
on expatriation, 74 -75, 108 -9, 109 n, 197 -98
Hague Conference on Codification of International Law, 197 , 202 -16, 221 , 223
Inter-American Commission of Women, 201 , 203 , 204 -5
League of Nations, 157 , 170 -71, 194 , 197 , 201 -4, 202 n12, 219 -22, 233 , 244 -46, 245 n5
on nationality rights, 109 , 109n, 157 , 170 -71, 170 -71n37, 194 -242
Pan American Union, 7 , 157 , 194 , 199 -201, 232 , 233 -38
International Soroptimists Clubs, 245
International Union of Societies for the League of Nations, 203
International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), 198 -99, 198 n4
Irwin, Inez Haynes, 186
IWSA. See International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA)
J
Jessup, Philip, 204 n17
Jews, 177 -80
Johnson, Albert, 87 , 89 , 133 , 138 , 139 , 173
Johnson-Reed Act. See National Origins Act
Johnstone, Lucy B., 52 -53n20
Jus sanguinis,18 , 84 , 108 , 230 , 239 n112
Justice Department, 34
K
Kallen, Horace, 186
Kane v. McCarthy,22 n
Kaprielian, Ex parte,37
Keefe, Daniel, 39 -40
Keller v. United States,31 n33
Kelley, Florence, 154
Kellogg, Frank, 207
Kelly v. Owen et al.,18 , 22 -24, 22n, 23 n16, 24 n, 36 n47, 37
Kendall, N. E., 67
Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez,193 n100
Kenyon, Dorothy, 186 n74, 190 , 190 n92
Kerber, Linda, 12 n11
Kerrigan, Frank H., 126
Kettner, James, 110 n
Kingsbury, Howard Thayer, 139 n70
Know-Nothing Party, 4
Kraditor, Aileen S., 52 n18
Kramer, Charles, 232 -33
Krausmann, In re,143 n82
Kuhn, Arthur, 204 n17
L
Labor Department: and admissions policy concerning citizens' immigrant wives following Cable Act, 117 -19, 117 -18n9
and American wives of aliens, 143 n82, 145 nn85-86
and Cable Act, 103 -5, 133 , 137 n63, 166 -67
and Chinese wives, 124 , 126 -29
and consul investigation by House Committee, 181
and equal-nationality bill, 239
and Larch deportation case, 173
and marital naturalization, 36 n47
monitoring of naturalized Americans by, 224
and naturalization screening, 163
support for expatriated women by, 132 n52
Women's Bureau of, 199 , 248 n11
See also Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
Labor legislation for women, 228 -29, 236 , 254
LaFollette, Robert M., Jr., 137
Lambie, Margaret, 204
Lape, Esther, 51 n16
Larch, Lillian, 1 , 2 , 172 -74, 190 , 193
Larned, Frank H., 39 n55
Lassonne, Louisa, 28 -29
Lathrop, Julia, 164
Lazarus, In re,66 -67n52, 143 n82
League of Nations: and Hague Conference on Codification of International Law, 197 , 201 -4
and Hague convention on nationality, 233 , 244 -45, 245 n5
National League of Women Voters' support for, 202 n12
and National
Woman's Party, 221 -22
and Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality, 219 -21, 245
and women's nationality rights, 157 , 170 -71, 194 , 207 , 219 -22, 233 , 244 -46, 245 n5
World Court, 201 -2, 222 -23, 222 n69, 223 n72
League of Women Voters. See National League of Women Voters
Lebret, Elise, 15
Lemons, J. Stanley, 3
Leong Shee, Ex parte,126 n31
Lewis, Sinclair, 186
Life and Labor,75
Lima conference. See Conference of American States (Lima conference)
Literacy test, 88 , 114 , 115 n4, 119
Look Tin Sing, In re,66 n49
Low Wah Suey v. Backus,30 n31
Lowell, James Arnold, 125 , 125 n30, 126
L.p.c. ("likely to become public charges") exclusions, 175 -77, 177 n49, 181 , 182
Luhrs v. Eimer,22 n
Luria v. United States,144 n84
Lynch, In re,143 n82
M
MacArthur, Rev. Dr. R. S., 62 -63
MacCormack, D. W., 187 -88
Macintosh v. United States,186 n73
Mack, Julian, 48 n8
Mackenzie, Ethel, 1 -2, 65 -70, 77 , 185
Mackenzie, Gordon. See Gordon, Mackenzie
Mackenzie v. Hare,65 -70, 65 nn46-48, 67 n53, 76 , 123 , 132 n26, 143 , 185 , 190 , 193 , 193 n100, 209 , 243 , 243 n, 249
MacMillan, Chrystal, 220 n63
Maguire, John M., 85 -86, 86 n16
Mann, James R., 40 -41
Marital expatriation: and Cable Act, 143 -49
court cases on, 65 -67, 99 n, 136 -37, 143 , 143 n82, 243 , 243 n, 249
feminist argument against, 223
and Hague Conference, 212 n41
image of postsuffrage female expatriate, 79
international perspectives on, 74 -75, 108 -9, 109 n, 197 -98
Shelley case, 183 -94
Supreme Court support for, 6
vignettes on, 1 -2
and woman suffrage, 81
and World War I, 197 -98
See also Expatriation Act of 1907
Marital naturalization: benefits and liabilities of, 9 , 20 -22, 41 -44, 53 , 93
and Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, 18 , 29 -31
court cases on, 18 , 22 -24, 34 -39
and Dillingham Commission reports, 29 , 31 -33
federal debate on, 17 -18, 22 -42
feminist assault against, 43 , 49 , 50 , 55 -56, 75 -76, 156 -57
and fraudulent marriages, 29 -34
and home-law rule, 26 -27
and Immigration Act of 1917, 40 -41
international perspectives on, 108 -9, 109 n
and Naturalization Act of 1855, 4 -5, 5n, 9 , 15 -16
and "right" to expatriation, 20
and State Department, 18 , 24 -29, 26 n21, 38
and woman suffrage, 8 , 9 , 17 , 42 , 43 -44, 81 , 97
Marriage and the Civic Riqhts of Women (Breckinridge), 158 -63
Marriages between Americans and foreigners. See Transnational marriages
Married Women's Independent Citizenship Act. See Cable Act
Marshall, T. H., 254 , 254 n23
Martin, Emily, 100n, 141 -42, 144
Maternalism. See Motherhood
Matrimonial domicile, 84 -85, 84 n12, 86
Matthews, Burnita Shelton, 142 , 189 , 204 , 227 , 228 -29, 232 -33
McCarran-Walter Act, 119 n17
McCarthy, Joseph, 190 n92
McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 186
McGerr, Michael, 249
McKenna, Joseph, 66
Meller, Eugenie, 219 -20, 220 n63
Mencken, H. L., 186
Miller, David Hunter, 208 , 209 , 212 , 213
Miller, Mrs. John O., 67 n53
Minors' citizenship. See Children's citizenship
Montevideo conference. See Conference of American States (Montevideo conference)
Montgomery, Maureen, 61 n
Moore v. Tisdale,59 n39
Morrison, Charles Clayton, 191
Motherhood: of immigrant women, 93 -96
"republican motherhood," 12 -13, 95 , 252
Mott amendment. See Equal rights amendment
Mussey, Ellen Spencer, 71 -73, 71 n62
N
Nagel, Charles, 33 -34
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA): ending of, 153
and foreign-born female voters, 50 , 52 , 52 n18
National League of Women Voters as department of, 85 n13, 153 n3
and nationality-rights reform, 56 , 92
Paul's split with, 152
and Rankin bill, 74
and voting-standards plan, 48 , 48 n8
National Association of Women Lawyers, 169 n35, 213 , 215 n55, 227 , 229 , 234 , 240 n117
National Association of Women Physicians, 240 n117
National Association of Women Real Estate Operators, 240 n117
National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 71 n61
National Council of Chilean Women, 211
National Council of Jewish Women, 87 , 89 , 163 , 163 n19, 166 n24, 169 , 169 n35, 180 , 215 n55, 240 n117
National Council of Women, 71 n61
National Federation of Business and Professional Women, 87 , 169 , 169 n35, 216 n55, 240 n117
National Federation of College Women, 74 , 166 n24
National League of Women Voters (NLWV): and Cable Act, 89 , 90 n25, 144 , 164 , 191 , 218 n60
and children's nationality rights, 229 , 236 n105, 240
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180 , 182
and citizenship training programs, 164
conflict with National Woman's Party, 217 -18, 223 , 237
and equal-nationality bills, 228 , 229 , 230 , 236 n104, 239 -40, 240 n118
and equal-nationality treaty, 217 -21, 235 , 236 -37, 236 n105, 240 n118, 251 -52
and equal rights amendment, 8
formation of, 85 , 85 n13, 53 n3
and Hague Codification Conference, 207
and immigrant women, 163 -64
and immigration legislation, 138
and ineligible-alien clause revocation, 215 n55
and international issues, 198 -99, 205 -7, 217 -19, 218 -19n60, 231 n
League of Nations supported by, 202 n12
as member of International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 198 -99
name change of, 8 n6
and nationality-rights movement, 8 , 81 n2, 92 -93, 155 -57, 166 n24, 169 , 169 n35, 205 -6, 215 n55, 217 -19, 218 -19n60, 228 , 236 n104
and peace movement, 191 , 191 n95
postsuffrage reform agenda of, 153
and Shelley case, 186 , 190 , 191
and Sheppard-Towner Infancy and Maternity bill, 92
and Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC), 86 -87
National Origins Act, 119 -25, 127 -29, 132 n51, 133 , 136 , 139 -40n73, 149
National Soroptimists, 240 n117
National Woman's Party (NWP): accomplishments of, 248 -49
aloofness of, from assimilationist efforts, 165
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180 , 182
conflicts with National League of Women Voters, 217 -18, 223 , 237
and Eleanor Roosevelt, 236 , 247
and equal-nationality bills, 222 , 227 -33, 238 -41
and equal-nationality treaty, 7 , 217 -18, 251
and equal rights amendment, 8 , 153 -55, 229 -30
formation of, 152
goal of, 165
and Hague Codification Conference, 207 , 211 , 213 , 215
and immigration legislation, 132 , 132 n52, 137 , 138
and ineligible-alien clause revocation, 215 n55
and Inter-American Commission of Women, 248 , 248 n11
and international nationality-rights campaign, 7 , 194 , 198 -205, 207 , 213 , 219 , 221 -23, 222 n69, 223 n72, 244 -45, 250
and Larch deportation case, 173
and League of Nations, 221 , 22
and nationality-rights movement, 7 , 8 , 14 , 74 , 80 , 87 , 137 , 137 -38n65, 138 , 142 , 155 -56, 165n, 168 -70, 168 -69n33-35, 194 , 205 -6, 215 n55
and protective labor legislation, 228 -29
and repatriation, 168 -69n33
administration, 241 , 244 , 246
and Shelley case, 186 , 186 n74, 189 , 249
split with NAWSA, 152 -53
and woman suffrage, 152 -53
and Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality, 219
National Women's Trade Union League, 71 n61, 75 , 87 , 89 , 166 n24, 169 , 247 n9
National Zonta Clubs, 240 n117
Nationality Act Of 1930, 215 -16, 222
Nationality Act of 1940, 147 n92, 192
Nationality-rights movement: and Anthony bill, 84 -85
communitarian perspective on, 11 -12
compared with woman suffrage movement, 250
conflicts within, 7 -8, 11 -12, 216 -18, 223 , 237 , 255 -56
countries protecting independent citizenship, 109 n, 171n, 195 , 195 n1
equalitarian perspective on, 11 , 156 , 169 n34, 217 -18
equal-nationality bills, 222 , 227 -33, 236 n104, 243
equal-nationality treaty, 7 , 217 -21, 219 n61, 231n, 232 -39, 236 n105, 243 -46, 247 , 250 -52
and Expatriation Act of 1907, 4 -6, 4 n, 9 , 12 , 16 , 17
goals of, 150
and Hague Codification Conference, 202 -16, 221 , 223
international perspectives on, 109 , 157 , 170 -71, 170 -71n37, 194 -242
and Mackenzie case, 65 -70, 76 , 77
Maguire's objections to, 85 -86
media treatment of Mackenzie's case, 68 -70, 68 n57, 76
overview of crusade for equal nationality rights, 4 -13
and Pan-American Union treaty (1934), 7
reform bills introduced before Cable Act, 68 , 82 -89, 89 n21
and Rogers bill, 82 -84, 85 , 89 n23
and woman suffrage, 8 , 9 , 17 , 42 , 43 -44, 81 -82
Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC) support for, 86 -90, 87 n17, 105 , 107
women's rights advocates for, 3 -13, 86 -93, 105 , 109 -12, 155 -57, 167 -70, 205 -6, 248 -56
See also Cable Act; Independent citizenship
Native Americans. See American Indians
Naturalization: and Cable Act's impact on foreign women, 158 -63
failures of women to achieve, 161 -63
female petitioners for, in 1920s-1930s, 157 -58
of pacifists, 186 n73
screening process for, 163
statistics on petitions for, 129
See also Marital naturalization; Naturalization Act of 1855
Naturalization Act of 1855
benefits and liabilities of, 9 , 20 -21, 41 -44
and children's nationality, 19
defense of, 21 -22
federal debate over, 17 -18, 22 -42
feminist assault against, 43
and fraudulent marriages, 29 -34
and inheritance by immigrant women, 21
provisions of, 4 -5, 5 n, 15 -16, 18 -19, 38 , 55
repeal of Section 2 of, 41
and "right" to expatriation, 20
and State Department, 24 -29, 26 n21, 38
and Supreme Court, 18
and woman suffrage, 9 , 17 , 42 , 43 -44
Naturalization Bureau. See Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization; Bureau of Naturalization
NAWSA. See National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Nelson, Walter, 190
New York State League of Women Voters, 186 n74
New York State Woman Suffrage Party, 51 n16
Nicola, Thakla, 37 -39
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 186
Nielsen, Fred K., 102 n48
Nineteenth Amendment: and derivative citizenship/marital naturalization, 9 , 10 -11, 17 , 22 , 42 , 43 , 80 -82, 87 , 97
and image of new female voter, 78
and immigrant women, 165
and independent citizenship, 6 -7, 80 -82, 87 , 111
ratification of, 105 , 153 , 255
and Shelley case, 186 -87, 188 , 190
NLWV. See National League of Women Voters (NLWV)
Nonresidence and expatriation, 25 -29, 26 n20
NWP. See National Woman's Party (NWP)
O
Oath of allegiance, 88 , 185 , 189 , 189 n85, 192 , 192 n99
O'Neill, William L., 52 n18
Oppenheimer, Reuben, 181
Owen, Ruth Bryan, 170
P
Pacifism, 183 -87, 186 n73, 191 , 193
Palmer, Mildred, 239 -40
Pan American Union, 7 , 157 , 194 , 199 -201, 219 n61, 232 -38, 247 , 248
Pankhurst, Christabel, 151
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 151
Panoner, Anna, 137
Papanastasion, Helen, 80 -81, 81 n1
Park, Maud Wood: and Cable bill, 90 n25, 105
on children's nationality rights, 229
on gradualist approach of National League of Women Voters, 251 , 251 n16
and Hague Codification Conference, 207
on immigrant women, 92
as National League of Women Voters president, 85 , 87 , 251 , 251 n16
and Rogers bill, 85
and woman's right to petition for naturalization despite husband's ineligibility for citizenship, 138
as Women's Joint Congressional Committee president, 87 , 92
Paul, Alice: and equal-nationality bill, 232 , 240
and equal-nationality treaty, 237
and equal rights amendment, 153
on global movement for women's equality, 153 n5
and Hague Codification Conference, 204 , 210
and Hague convention, 210 , 222
and Inter-American Commission of Women, 204 , 219
on Scott as ally, 205
and woman suffrage movement, 151 -52
Peace movement. See Pacifism
Pepper, George Wharton, 67 n53
Pequignot v. Detroit,59 n39
Perez v. Brownell,193 n100, 243 n
Perkins, Frances, 164 , 188 , 239 , 241 , 247
Perkins et al. v. Elg,242 n122
Permanent Court of International Justice, 201 -2, 222 -23, 222 n69, 223 n72
Perpetual allegiance, 19 -20
Pezzi, Renee, 140
Phillips, William, 235
Politis, M., 211
Pollitzer, Anita, 232
Potter, Mrs. Pittman, 207
Pozarsky, Mrs. Vincente, 116
Preference immigrants, 114 -16, 116 n6, 120 , 150 , 183
President Lincoln steamship, 125 -28
President's Interdepartmental Commission on Nationality, 234 , 234 n97, 239 , 242 n122
Prohibition Party, 81 n2
Prostitution, 17 , 22 , 29 -34, 36 n46, 37 , 38
Protective labor legislation for women, 228 -29, 236 , 254
Puerto Rican women, 241 n120
Q
Quakers. See Religious Society of Friends
Quota Act of 1921, 104 , 113 -15, 133 , 163 n19
R
Racial issues, 17 , 17 n3, 22 -23, 98 , 135 -36, 135 n58, 244 , 244 n2
See also Chinese immigrants
Raker, John, 72 , 73 , 82 -83, 87 , 89 n23, 94 , 95
Raker bill, 89 n23
Rankin, Jeanette, 70
Redding, Elsie Hill, 228
Reeves, Jesse, 204 n17
Religious Society of Friends, 188
Renner v. Muller,23 n15
Repatriation: and Cable Act, 100 -101, 105 , 134 -44, 159 -60, 166 , 169 , 184 -85
and National Woman's Party (NWP), 168 -69, 168 -69n33
and Nationality Act of 1940, 147 n92, 192
of Puerto Rican women, 241 n120
Shelley case, 183 -94
"Republican motherhood," 12 -13, 95 , 252
Republicans, 81 n2, 82 , 97 , 104 , 213 , 230
Residency requirements: and Cable Act, 98 -99, 101 -2, 105 , 133 , 144 -48, 166 , 216
for citizenship, 25 -29, 26 n20, 57 -60, 98 -99
Root on, 144 n83
Rich, Adelbert P., 45
Risley, Theodore, 104 , 173 , 212
Riva, Louise, 141
Roche, Josephine, 164
Roelofs, H. Mark, 13
Rogers, Elizabeth Seldon, 213
Rogers, John Jacob, 82 -84
Rogers bill, 82 -84, 85 , 89 n23
Rogers v. Bellei,243 n
Rojak v. Marshall,99 n
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 236 , 244 , 247 , 251
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 231 -36, 241 , 243 , 244 , 246
Root, Elihu, 27 , 99 n, 144 n83
Rotter, Anne, 173
Ruckgaber v. Moore,59 n38
Rustigian, Egsha, 35 -36
Rustigian, In re,36 -38, 36 n47
Ryder et al. v. Bateman,59 n39
S
Sabath, Adolph, 138
Sapiro, Virginia, 3
Sartoris, Nellie Grant, 75 n76
Sarvasy, Wendy, 254 n22
Schar, Rose, 136 -37
Schwimmer, Rosika, 184
Scott, James Brown, 57 n, 106 n61, 108 , 204 -5, 205 n21, 213 , 227 -28
Senate Committee on Immigration, 102 , 138 , 166 , 232
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 213 , 221 -23, 223 n72, 248
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments, 46 n2
Seward, William, 26 n20
Shanks v. Dupont,19 n
Shelley, Abraham, 183
Shelley, Rebecca, 151 , 183 -94, 249 , 254
Shelley Repatriation Committee, 186 , 186 n75, 191
Shelley v. United States,188 n83
Sherman, John, 28
Sherry, Suzanna, 11 -12nn9-10
Sherwin, Belle, 191 , 206 , 218 , 228 , 236 n104
Shipley, Ruth B., 187 n76, 207 , 212 , 226
Shklar, Judith, 1
Smith, Jane Norman, 199 , 200 , 207 n26
Smith, Rogers M., 11 n9
Smith v. United States ex rel. Grisius,122 n24
Southern Women's National Democratic Association, 240 n117
State Department: and absentee citizen population, 224 -25
and alien wives of citizens ineligible for naturalization, 127 n38
and American women in transnational marriages, 58 -60, 135 , 143 n82, 144 -45
and Bacon bill, 137 n64
and Cable Act, 101 , 102 -3, 102 n48, 106 , 109 , 144 -45, 146 -47n91, 196
and children's citizenship, 208 -9, 225 -27, 230 -31, 236 , 238 , 238 -39n112
and Chinese wives, 124 -27
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 177 -82, 179 n55
and consul investigation by House Committee, 181 , 182 n62
and denial of visa to citizens' wives, 122
and dual citizenship, 101 , 102 -3, 196
and equal-nationality bills, 227 , 230 -31, 232 , 238 -39, 238 -39n112
and equal-nationality treaty, 221 , 231 n90, 234 , 235 , 235 n103, 237
and establishment of foreign domicile, 147 n92
and Expatriation Act of 1907, 66 -67n52
and feminist involvement in nationality-rights campaign, 82
and Hague Codification Conference, 206 , 207 -9, 214
and Inter-American Commission of Women, 247 -48
and marital naturalization, 18 , 24 -29, 26 n21, 38
and U.S. citizens living permanently abroad, 144 , 147
Visa Division of, 75 -82, 179 n55
Statelessness, 20 -21, 27 -29, 101 -2, 101 n, 157 , 196 , 209 n34, 212 n41
Stevens, Doris: in American Society for International Law, 106 n61, 219 n61
and equal-nationality treaty and bill, 219 , 222 , 240 n118
and Hague Codification Conference, 202 -7, 207 n26, 207 n28, 211 -13
on Inter-American Commission of Women, 201 , 219 , 238
and Montevideo conference, 238
at Pan American Union conference, 199 -200
removal of, from Inter-American Commission of Women, 246 -48
and Shelley Repatriation Committee, 186
Stimson, Henry, 22 n69, 180 , 206 , 207 -8
Straus, Dorothy, 144 , 207 n25, 218 -19n60, 236 -37, 239 , 251 , 252
Suffrage. See Woman suffrage
Sunshine-Cypin, Fanny, 176 -77
Supreme Court: and deportation of immigrant prostitutes, 30 n31
and exclusion of Chinese wives, 125 -28
and expatriation cases from 1958-1980, 193 n100, 243 n
on explusion of alien prostitutes, 31 n33
and Mackenzie case, 65 -70, 65 nn46-48, 67 n53, 76 , 123 ,
132 n26, 143 , 185 , 193 , 193 n100, 209 , 243 , 243 n, 249
and marital naturalization, 18 , 22 -24
and naturalization of conscientious objectors, 186 n73 and Schwimmer case, 184
and Shelley case, 189 n86
Sutliff v. Forgey , 42 n
T
Takao Ozawa P. United States , 135 n58
Takuji Yamashita v. Hinkle , 135 n58
Talbot P. Jansen , 58 n37
Taylor, Mary Caroline , 207
Techt v, Hughes , 68 n56
Terrazas v. Vance , 243 n
Thirteenth Amendment, 17
Tinker v. Colwell , 123 , 132 n26
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 251 , 251 n15
Transnational marriages: admissions policy concerning citizens' immigrant wives following Cable Act, 117 -30, 117 -18ng, 118 n11
admissions policy concerning immigrant husbands of American women after Cable Act, 130 -32, 132 n52
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 174 -83, 186 , 193 , 194
citizens' husbands as preference immigrants, 183
citizens' wives as preference immigrants, 114 -16, 116 n6
denaturalization of women married to men ineligible for citizenship, 134 -38, 216
and desertion by alien husbands, 83
and Expatriation Act of 1907, 58 -63
and independent domicile for wife, 84 -85, 84 n12, 86
and Naturalization Act of 1855, 4 -5, 5n, 9 , 15 -16
negative impact on female expatriots and citizens following Cable Act, 132 -50, 171 -94
nonquota status for citizens' husbands otherwise qualified to enter U.S. as immigrant, 182 -83
postwar responses to, 77 -78
prejudice against American women married to foreigners, 6 , 61 -63, 61 n, 73 , 77 -78, 91 , 105 -6, 138 , 143 , 148 n94
statistics on, 4 n
and World War I, 68 , 70 -71, 72 n64
See also Cable Act; Expatriation Act of 1907; Immigrant women; Marital expatriation; Marital naturalization; Nationality-rights movement
Trimbles v. Harrison et al. , 59 n38
Trop P. Dulles , 193 n100, 243 n
Tsoi Sim P. United States , 30 n31, 124 n28
U
Ulrich, Anna Minna Venzke, 122 -23, 168 n31
Underwood, Mell G., 228
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America, 180
United Nations Convention on the Nationality of Married Women, 245 n6
United States ex. rel. Anderson v. Howe , 99 n
United States ex. rel. Bosny et al. v. Williams , 35 n42
United States ex. rel. Gendering v. Williams , 38 n52,
United States ex. rel. Nicola v. Williams , 37 -38, 38 n52, 39 n55
United States ex. rel. Ulrich v. Kellogg , 123 n25
United States v. Bland , 186 n73
United States v. Cohen , 67 n53
United States v. Dorto , 124 , 124 n27
United States v. Eliasen , 99 n
United States v. Kellar , 22 n, 44 n
United States v. Martin , 100 n, 141 , 141 n77
United States v. Mrs. Gue Lim et al. , 127 n35
United States v. Schwimmer , 184 , 185
United States v. Thind , 135 n58
United States v. Wong Kim Ark , 66 n49
U.S. Department of Justice. See Justice Department
U.S. Department of Labor. See Labor Department
U.S. Department of State. See State Department
Upton, Harriet Taylor, 104
V
Van Eck, Baroness, 69
Van Eeghen, Louise, 210
Vanderbilt, Consuelo, 148 n94
Vernon, Mabel, 206 n23
Vietnam War, 193
Visa Division, State Department, 175 -82, 179 n55
Volitional citizenship, 110 , 110 n, 112
Voting privileges: for alien male voters, 45 -50, 46 n2, 48 n6
for immigrant
Voting privileges (continued) women, 48 -56, 51 n16, 52 -53n20, 75 -76, 80 -81, 93
See also Woman suffrage
W
Wallenburg v. Missouri Pacific Railway Co. , 58 -59n37
Ware v. Wisner , 24 n
Washington College of Law, 71 , 71 n62
Weddell, Alexander, 234 n100, 238 n110
White, Robe Carl, 118 -19, 118 n11, 129 , 166 -67
White, William Allen, 186
Whittemore, Margaret, 206 n23, 207 , 219
Wickersham, George, 33 -34, 36 n47, 38 n52, 204 n17
Widows' citizenship, 1 -2, 27 -29, 116 , 116 n7, 172 -74
Wiley, Anna Kelton, 173
Williams, William, 39 , 39 n55
Wilson, Woodrow, 152
Winslow, Mary, 246 -48, 247 n9, 248 n11
Winter, Mrs. Valentine, 199
Wixon, I. F., 118
WJCC. See Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC)
Wohlgemuth, In re , 143 n82
Wold, Emma, 106 n61, 132 n52, 137 -39, 144 -45, 151 , 204 , 207 , 207 n26, 222 , 227
Woman Citizen (Boyd), 75 -76
Woman Citizen (periodical), 50 -51, 96 , 136 , 163 -64
Woman suffrage: and alien male voters, 45 -50, 46 n2, 48 n6
compared with nationality-rights movement, 250
concluding years of woman suffrage movement, 10 -11, 151 -53
demonstrations for, 45 -46, 46 n1
and Expatriation Act of 1907, 5 , 47 , 64 -79, 67 n53
in Great Britain, 151
and immigrant women, 48 -56, 52 -53n20, 75 -76
and independent citizenship, 81 -82, 97
and marital naturalization, 9 , 7 , 42 , 43 -44, 50 , 81 , 97
and new image of woman citizen, 78 , 250
and "republican motherhood," 12 -13
split between NAWSA and the NWP, 151 -53
and World War I, 70
See also Nineteenth Amendment
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 87 , 169
Woman's Home Companion , 55
Woman's Journal , 50 , 62 , 65 n47, 75 , 75 n76
Woman's Party. See National Woman's Party
Woman's Relief Corps, 74
Women's Auxiliary of American Legion, 184
Women's Bureau, Labor Department, 199 , 248 n11
Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality, 219 -21, 226 , 245
Women's International Congress, 183
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 191 , 191 n95, 216 , 219 -20, 240 n117, 245
Women's Joint Congressional Committee (WJCC): and Cable Act amendments, 163 n19, 165 , 165 -66n24, 167 -70, 169 n34
and Citizen Wives Organization (CWO), 180
and equal-nationality bill, 240 n118
gradualist strategy of, 153 , 217 , 249
and independent citizenship, 86 -90, 87 n17, 92 , 105 , 107
and National League of Women Voters (NLWV), 86 -87
and National Woman's Party (NWP), 155 , 165 , 169 n34
purpose of, 86 -87
Women's nationality rights. See Nationality-rights movement
Women's Social and Political Union, 151 -52
Wood, Mary, 72 -73
Woodward, Elizabeth A., 53 n20
Woolsey, Lester, 204 n17
World Committee of Women Against War and Fascism, 245
World Court, 201 -2, 222 -23, 222 n69, 223 n72
World Union of Women for Intemational Concord, 219
World War I, 49 , 68 , 70 -71, 72 n64, 136 n62, 183 , 97 -98
Wright, J. Butler, 238 n110
Y
Z
Zogbaum, Petition of , 143 n82
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