Frontiers of Supercomputing II

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1 PREFACE
  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

9collapse section1—  OPENING, BACKGROUND, AND QUESTIONS POSED FOR THIS CONFERENCE
1collapse sectionWelcome
 Reference
1Supercomputing As a National Critical Technologies Effort
5collapse sectionGoals for Frontiers of Supercomputing II and Review of Events since 1983
31983 Conference Summary
1Events in Supercomputing since 1983
1Conference Goals
 Questions
2collapse sectionCurrent Status of Supercomputing in the United States
 The Global Imperative
2Importance of Computers—The Knowledge Economy
 Computers—A Historic Perspective
 collapse sectionCorrective Action
 Human Resources
 R&D Investment
 Technology Strategy
 International Cooperation
 Summary

2collapse section2—  TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
 Overview
1Supercomputing Tools and Technology
 High-Performance Optical Memory Technology at MCC
1Digital Superconductive Electronics
 collapse sectionEnabling Technology:  Photonics
 Introduction
 A Thousand Interconnections, Each at One Gigabit per Second
 One Connection at One Terabit per Second
 References

23collapse section3—  VECTOR PIPELINE ARCHITECTURE
10Vector Architecture in the 1990s
2In Defense of the Vector Computer
5Market Trends in Supercomputing
3Massively Parallel SIMD Computing on Vector Machines Using PASSWORK
 Vectors Are Different

32collapse section4—  SCALABLE PARALLEL SYSTEMS
8collapse sectionSymbolic Supercomputing
 References
1Parallel Processing:  Moving into the Mainstream
3It's Time to Face Facts
1Large-Scale Systems and Their Limitations
9collapse sectionA Scalable, Shared-Memory, Parallel Computer
 References
8Looking at All of the Options

33collapse section5—  SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
3Parallel Software
5collapse sectionSupercomputer Systems-Software Challenges
1Abstract
 Introduction
 Distributed Computing
1High-Speed Networks
 Virtual Memory
1Resource Management
1Parallel Processing
1Progress
8Future Supercomputing Elements
7Compiler Issues for TFLOPS Computing
7collapse sectionPerformance Studies and Problem-Solving Environments
 References
3Systems and Software

17collapse section6—  USER-INTERFACE SOFTWARE
10Parallel Architecture and the User Interface
1collapse sectionObject-Oriented Programming, Visualization, and User-Interface Issues
 collapse sectionObject-Oriented Parallel Programming
 Distributed Computing
 Data Parallel Programming
 Visualization Requirements
 References
4collapse sectionSoftware Issues at the User Interface
 Abstract
 Introduction
1collapse sectionCompilers and Communication
 Myrias SPS-2:  Virtual Memory on a Distributed System
 Myrias SPS-2:  A Concrete Example
 Myrias SPS-2:  Efficiency of Virtual Memory
 The Connection Machine CM-2:  Overlapping Communication with Computation
 Debugging Tools
 High-Level Languages, Extensions, Libraries, and Graphics
1Future Supercomputing Environments:  Heterogeneous Systems
1An Application for a Heterogeneous System
 Conclusions
1References
2What Can We Learn from Our Experience with Parallel Computation up to Now?

17collapse section7—  ALGORITHMS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING
5collapse sectionParallel Algorithms and Implementation Strategies on Massively Parallel Supercomputers
3Introduction
 Some Developments in Parallel Algorithms
1Some Developments in Parallel Applications
1Some Developments in Parallel Applications II
 Closing Remarks
 References
5The Interplay between Algorithms and Architectures:  Two Examples
5collapse sectionLinear Algebra Library for High-Performance Computers
 Introduction
 LINPACK
1collapse sectionLINPACK Benchmark
 Transfer Rate
 Memory Latency
 Development of Standards
 LAPACK
 collapse sectionAlgorithm Design
 Divide-and-Conquer Approach
 Accuracy
 Tools
 Testing
1Future Directions for Research
1References
1Design of Algorithms
 Computing for Correctness

21collapse section8—  THE FUTURE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
 Interactive Steering of Supercomputer Calculations
4A Vision of the Future at Sun Microsystems
3On the Future of the Centralized Computing Environment
 collapse sectionMolecular Nanotechnology
 References
13collapse sectionSupercomputing Alternatives
1Less Is More
 Supersubstitutes Provide More Overall Capacity
4collapse sectionHow Supers Are Being Niched
 Workstations
 Minicomputers and Superminis
1Mainframes
2Massively Data-Parallel Computers
 Minisupercomputers
1Superworkstations
1Why Supercomputers Are Becoming Less General Purpose
 The Supercomputer Industry
1Is the Supercomputer Industry Hastening Its Own Demise?
6A Smaller, Healthier Supercomputer Industry
 collapse sectionPolicy Issues
 Supporting Circuit and Packaging Technology
 Supers and Security
 Supers for Competitiveness
 Conclusions
 Epilogue, June 1992

10collapse section9—  INDUSTRIAL SUPERCOMPUTING
2collapse sectionOverview of Industrial Supercomputing
 Abstract
 Introduction
1Why Use Supercomputing at All?
1Impediments to Industrial Use of Supercomputers
 Technology Transfer and Collaboration
 Conclusion
 References
1Shell Oil Supercomputing
 Government's High Performance Computing Initiative Interface with Industry
7collapse sectionAn Overview of Supercomputing at General Motors Corporation
 Abstract
 Introduction
 People and the Machine Environment
 History of Supercomputing at GM
 Automotive Industry Interest in Supercomputers
1Applications
 Long-Term Benefits
5Needs and Challenges
1References
 Barriers to Use of Supercomputers in the Industrial Environment

13collapse section10—  GOVERNMENT SUPERCOMPUTING
 Planning for a Supercomputing Future
5collapse sectionHigh-Performance Computing at the National Security Agency
 Introduction
 Characterization of HPC
3HPC Architecture
 Software Environment
1Mass-Storage Requirements
1Summary of Issues
5collapse sectionThe High Performance Computing Initiative:  A Way to Meet NASA's Supercomputing Requirements for Aerospace
 Reference
 The Role of Computing in National Defense Technology
3NSF Supercomputing Program

10collapse section11—  INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY
10collapse sectionA Look at Worldwide High-Performance Computing and Its Economic Implications for the U.S.
 Abstract
10collapse sectionA Brief Technical Overview of the Present-Day Landscape
8The Soviet Union
1Western Europe
1Japan
 collapse sectionThe Japanese Challenge and "McAdams's Laws"
 collapse sectionIntroduction
 Law 1—  That Which Is Currently Taking Place Is Not Impossible
 Japan:  Vertical Integration, Keiretsu, and Government Coordination
 collapse sectionThe U.S.:  Rugged Individualism and Trade-War Losses
 Law 2—  You Don't Catch up without Catching Up
 collapse sectionTrade:  "Successful" Negotiations and "Potato Chips"
 Law 3—  When Two Countries Are in a Trade War and One Does Not Realize It, That Country Is Unlikely to Win
 collapse sectionRemedies
 Law 4—  An Important Aspect of Change Is That Things Are Different Afterward
 The Future
 References and Bibliography
 collapse sectionEconomics, Revelation, Reality, and Computers
 References

33collapse section12—  EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNED
2Supercomputing since 1983
14collapse sectionLessons Learned
 Abstract
 Introduction
3Parallel Processing:  1980 to 2000
 The Attack of the Killer Micros
1Programmer Productivity on Massively Parallel Systems
1Front End/Back End Versus Native UNIX
 Single User versus Multiple Users
4Interconnect Performance, System Versatility, and Delivered Performance
3Challenges and Directions for the Future
1Summary
1Appendix:  BBN Parallel-Processing Systems
 References
1collapse sectionThe John von Neumann Computer Center:  An Analysis
 collapse sectionIntroduction
 The "Pre-Lax Report" Period
 The Lax Report
 Establishment of the Centers
1collapse sectionThe John von Neumann Center
 The Proposal
 Consortium for Scientific Computing
 The Universities
 The State of New Jersey
 The NSF
1ETA
 Zero One
 JVNC
 collapse sectionWhat Went Wrong?
 The Analysis
 Location
 Corporate Problems
 NSF, Funding, and Funding Leverage
 Governance
 Conclusions
9Project THOTH:  An NSA Adventure in Supercomputing, 1984–88
3collapse sectionThe Demise of ETA Systems
 In the Beginning
 Hardware
 Software
3Industry Observations
4FPS Computing:  A History of Firsts

7collapse section13—  INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE:  POLICY AND ECONOMICS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING
 collapse sectionWhy Supercomputing Matters:  An Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Proposed Federal High Performance Computing Initiative
 Introduction
 collapse sectionPhase I Methodology
 Scenario A
 Scenario B
 Phase II Methodology
 Government As Buyer and Leader
 Concerns about Policies and Economics for High-Performance Computing
1High-Performance Computing in the 1990s
 A High-Performance Computing Association to Help the Expanding Supercomputing Industry
1collapse sectionThe New Supercomputer Industry
 Reference
2The View from DEC
3Industry Perspective:  Remarks on Policy and Economics for High-Performance Computing

6collapse section14—  WHAT NOW?
4collapse sectionConference Summary
 Introduction
 Skilled, Imaginative Users and a Broad Spectrum of Applications
 Workstations and Visualization Engines
 Mass Storage and Accessible Knowledge Bases
3Heterogeneous High-Performance Computer Engines
 Fast, Local, Wide-Area, and National Networks
1Software Environment
 Concluding Remarks
 The High Performance Computing Initiative
 Government Bodies As Investors
 Realizing the Goals of the HPCC Initiative:  Changes Needed
1The Importance of the Federal Government's Role in High-Performance Computing
 Legislative and Congressional Actions on High-Performance Computing and Communications
 The Federal Role As Early Customer
1A View from the Quarter-Deck at the National Security Agency
 Supercomputers and Three-Year-Olds
 NASA's Use of High-Performance Computers:  Past, Present, and Future
 A Leadership Role for the Department of Commerce
 Farewell

1 CONTRIBUTORS

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