Frontiers of Supercomputing II |
1 | PREFACE |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
9 | 1— OPENING, BACKGROUND, AND QUESTIONS POSED FOR THIS CONFERENCE |
1 | Welcome |
• | Reference |
1 | • | Supercomputing As a National Critical Technologies Effort |
5 | Goals for Frontiers of Supercomputing II and Review of Events since 1983 |
3 | • | 1983 Conference Summary |
1 | • | Events in Supercomputing since 1983 |
1 | • | Conference Goals |
• | Questions |
2 | Current Status of Supercomputing in the United States |
• | The Global Imperative |
2 | • | Importance of Computers—The Knowledge Economy |
• | Computers—A Historic Perspective |
Corrective Action |
• | Human Resources |
• | R&D Investment |
• | Technology Strategy |
• | International Cooperation |
• | Summary |
2 | 2— TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE |
• | Overview |
1 | • | Supercomputing Tools and Technology |
• | High-Performance Optical Memory Technology at MCC |
1 | • | Digital Superconductive Electronics |
Enabling Technology: Photonics |
• | Introduction |
• | A Thousand Interconnections, Each at One Gigabit per Second |
• | One Connection at One Terabit per Second |
• | References |
23 | 3— VECTOR PIPELINE ARCHITECTURE |
10 | • | Vector Architecture in the 1990s |
2 | • | In Defense of the Vector Computer |
5 | • | Market Trends in Supercomputing |
3 | • | Massively Parallel SIMD Computing on Vector Machines Using PASSWORK |
• | Vectors Are Different |
32 | 4— SCALABLE PARALLEL SYSTEMS |
8 | Symbolic Supercomputing |
• | References |
1 | • | Parallel Processing: Moving into the Mainstream |
3 | • | It's Time to Face Facts |
1 | • | Large-Scale Systems and Their Limitations |
9 | A Scalable, Shared-Memory, Parallel Computer |
• | References |
8 | • | Looking at All of the Options |
33 | 5— SYSTEMS SOFTWARE |
3 | • | Parallel Software |
5 | Supercomputer Systems-Software Challenges |
1 | • | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
• | Distributed Computing |
1 | • | High-Speed Networks |
• | Virtual Memory |
1 | • | Resource Management |
1 | • | Parallel Processing |
1 | • | Progress |
8 | • | Future Supercomputing Elements |
7 | • | Compiler Issues for TFLOPS Computing |
7 | Performance Studies and Problem-Solving Environments |
• | References |
3 | • | Systems and Software |
17 | 6— USER-INTERFACE SOFTWARE |
10 | • | Parallel Architecture and the User Interface |
1 | Object-Oriented Programming, Visualization, and User-Interface Issues |
Object-Oriented Parallel Programming |
• | Distributed Computing |
• | Data Parallel Programming |
• | Visualization Requirements |
• | References |
4 | Software Issues at the User Interface |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
1 | Compilers and Communication |
• | Myrias SPS-2: Virtual Memory on a Distributed System |
• | Myrias SPS-2: A Concrete Example |
• | Myrias SPS-2: Efficiency of Virtual Memory |
• | The Connection Machine CM-2: Overlapping Communication with Computation |
• | Debugging Tools |
• | High-Level Languages, Extensions, Libraries, and Graphics |
1 | • | Future Supercomputing Environments: Heterogeneous Systems |
1 | • | An Application for a Heterogeneous System |
• | Conclusions |
1 | • | References |
2 | • | What Can We Learn from Our Experience with Parallel Computation up to Now? |
17 | 7— ALGORITHMS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING |
5 | Parallel Algorithms and Implementation Strategies on Massively Parallel Supercomputers |
3 | • | Introduction |
• | Some Developments in Parallel Algorithms |
1 | • | Some Developments in Parallel Applications |
1 | • | Some Developments in Parallel Applications II |
• | Closing Remarks |
• | References |
5 | • | The Interplay between Algorithms and Architectures: Two Examples |
5 | Linear Algebra Library for High-Performance Computers |
• | Introduction |
• | LINPACK |
1 | LINPACK Benchmark |
• | Transfer Rate |
• | Memory Latency |
• | Development of Standards |
• | LAPACK |
Algorithm Design |
• | Divide-and-Conquer Approach |
• | Accuracy |
• | Tools |
• | Testing |
1 | • | Future Directions for Research |
1 | • | References |
1 | • | Design of Algorithms |
• | Computing for Correctness |
21 | 8— THE FUTURE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT |
• | Interactive Steering of Supercomputer Calculations |
4 | • | A Vision of the Future at Sun Microsystems |
3 | • | On the Future of the Centralized Computing Environment |
Molecular Nanotechnology |
• | References |
13 | Supercomputing Alternatives |
1 | • | Less Is More |
• | Supersubstitutes Provide More Overall Capacity |
4 | How Supers Are Being Niched |
• | Workstations |
• | Minicomputers and Superminis |
1 | • | Mainframes |
2 | • | Massively Data-Parallel Computers |
• | Minisupercomputers |
1 | • | Superworkstations |
1 | • | Why Supercomputers Are Becoming Less General Purpose |
• | The Supercomputer Industry |
1 | • | Is the Supercomputer Industry Hastening Its Own Demise? |
6 | • | A Smaller, Healthier Supercomputer Industry |
Policy Issues |
• | Supporting Circuit and Packaging Technology |
• | Supers and Security |
• | Supers for Competitiveness |
• | Conclusions |
• | Epilogue, June 1992 |
10 | 9— INDUSTRIAL SUPERCOMPUTING |
2 | Overview of Industrial Supercomputing |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
1 | • | Why Use Supercomputing at All? |
1 | • | Impediments to Industrial Use of Supercomputers |
• | Technology Transfer and Collaboration |
• | Conclusion |
• | References |
1 | • | Shell Oil Supercomputing |
• | Government's High Performance Computing Initiative Interface with Industry |
7 | An Overview of Supercomputing at General Motors Corporation |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
• | People and the Machine Environment |
• | History of Supercomputing at GM |
• | Automotive Industry Interest in Supercomputers |
1 | • | Applications |
• | Long-Term Benefits |
5 | • | Needs and Challenges |
1 | • | References |
• | Barriers to Use of Supercomputers in the Industrial Environment |
13 | 10— GOVERNMENT SUPERCOMPUTING |
• | Planning for a Supercomputing Future |
5 | High-Performance Computing at the National Security Agency |
• | Introduction |
• | Characterization of HPC |
3 | • | HPC Architecture |
• | Software Environment |
1 | • | Mass-Storage Requirements |
1 | • | Summary of Issues |
5 | The High Performance Computing Initiative: A Way to Meet NASA's Supercomputing Requirements for Aerospace |
• | Reference |
• | The Role of Computing in National Defense Technology |
3 | • | NSF Supercomputing Program |
10 | 11— INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY |
10 | A Look at Worldwide High-Performance Computing and Its Economic Implications for the U.S. |
• | Abstract |
10 | A Brief Technical Overview of the Present-Day Landscape |
8 | • | The Soviet Union |
1 | • | Western Europe |
1 | • | Japan |
The Japanese Challenge and "McAdams's Laws" |
Introduction |
• | Law 1— That Which Is Currently Taking Place Is Not Impossible |
• | Japan: Vertical Integration, Keiretsu, and Government Coordination |
The U.S.: Rugged Individualism and Trade-War Losses |
• | Law 2— You Don't Catch up without Catching Up |
Trade: "Successful" Negotiations and "Potato Chips" |
• | Law 3— When Two Countries Are in a Trade War and One Does Not Realize It, That Country Is Unlikely to Win |
Remedies |
• | Law 4— An Important Aspect of Change Is That Things Are Different Afterward |
• | The Future |
• | References and Bibliography |
Economics, Revelation, Reality, and Computers |
• | References |
33 | 12— EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNED |
2 | • | Supercomputing since 1983 |
14 | Lessons Learned |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
3 | • | Parallel Processing: 1980 to 2000 |
• | The Attack of the Killer Micros |
1 | • | Programmer Productivity on Massively Parallel Systems |
1 | • | Front End/Back End Versus Native UNIX |
• | Single User versus Multiple Users |
4 | • | Interconnect Performance, System Versatility, and Delivered Performance |
3 | • | Challenges and Directions for the Future |
1 | • | Summary |
1 | • | Appendix: BBN Parallel-Processing Systems |
• | References |
1 | The John von Neumann Computer Center: An Analysis |
Introduction |
• | The "Pre-Lax Report" Period |
• | The Lax Report |
• | Establishment of the Centers |
1 | The John von Neumann Center |
• | The Proposal |
• | Consortium for Scientific Computing |
• | The Universities |
• | The State of New Jersey |
• | The NSF |
1 | • | ETA |
• | Zero One |
• | JVNC |
What Went Wrong? |
• | The Analysis |
• | Location |
• | Corporate Problems |
• | NSF, Funding, and Funding Leverage |
• | Governance |
• | Conclusions |
9 | • | Project THOTH: An NSA Adventure in Supercomputing, 1984–88 |
3 | The Demise of ETA Systems |
• | In the Beginning |
• | Hardware |
• | Software |
3 | • | Industry Observations |
4 | • | FPS Computing: A History of Firsts |
7 | 13— INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE: POLICY AND ECONOMICS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING |
Why Supercomputing Matters: An Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Proposed Federal High Performance Computing Initiative |
• | Introduction |
Phase I Methodology |
• | Scenario A |
• | Scenario B |
• | Phase II Methodology |
• | Government As Buyer and Leader |
• | Concerns about Policies and Economics for High-Performance Computing |
1 | • | High-Performance Computing in the 1990s |
• | A High-Performance Computing Association to Help the Expanding Supercomputing Industry |
1 | The New Supercomputer Industry |
• | Reference |
2 | • | The View from DEC |
3 | • | Industry Perspective: Remarks on Policy and Economics for High-Performance Computing |
6 | 14— WHAT NOW? |
4 | Conference Summary |
• | Introduction |
• | Skilled, Imaginative Users and a Broad Spectrum of Applications |
• | Workstations and Visualization Engines |
• | Mass Storage and Accessible Knowledge Bases |
3 | • | Heterogeneous High-Performance Computer Engines |
• | Fast, Local, Wide-Area, and National Networks |
1 | • | Software Environment |
• | Concluding Remarks |
• | The High Performance Computing Initiative |
• | Government Bodies As Investors |
• | Realizing the Goals of the HPCC Initiative: Changes Needed |
1 | • | The Importance of the Federal Government's Role in High-Performance Computing |
• | Legislative and Congressional Actions on High-Performance Computing and Communications |
• | The Federal Role As Early Customer |
1 | • | A View from the Quarter-Deck at the National Security Agency |
• | Supercomputers and Three-Year-Olds |
• | NASA's Use of High-Performance Computers: Past, Present, and Future |
• | A Leadership Role for the Department of Commerce |
• | Farewell |
1 | CONTRIBUTORS |