Frontiers of Supercomputing II |
PREFACE |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
![]() | 1— OPENING, BACKGROUND, AND QUESTIONS POSED FOR THIS CONFERENCE |
![]() | Welcome |
• | Reference |
• | Supercomputing As a National Critical Technologies Effort |
![]() | Goals for Frontiers of Supercomputing II and Review of Events since 1983 |
• | 1983 Conference Summary |
• | Events in Supercomputing since 1983 |
• | Conference Goals |
• | Questions |
![]() | Current Status of Supercomputing in the United States |
• | The Global Imperative |
• | Importance of Computers—The Knowledge Economy |
• | Computers—A Historic Perspective |
![]() | Corrective Action |
• | Human Resources |
• | R&D Investment |
• | Technology Strategy |
• | International Cooperation |
• | Summary |
![]() | 2— TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE |
• | Overview |
• | Supercomputing Tools and Technology |
• | High-Performance Optical Memory Technology at MCC |
• | Digital Superconductive Electronics |
![]() | Enabling Technology: Photonics |
• | Introduction |
• | A Thousand Interconnections, Each at One Gigabit per Second |
• | One Connection at One Terabit per Second |
• | References |
![]() | 3— VECTOR PIPELINE ARCHITECTURE |
• | Vector Architecture in the 1990s |
• | In Defense of the Vector Computer |
• | Market Trends in Supercomputing |
• | Massively Parallel SIMD Computing on Vector Machines Using PASSWORK |
• | Vectors Are Different |
![]() | 4— SCALABLE PARALLEL SYSTEMS |
![]() | Symbolic Supercomputing |
• | References |
• | Parallel Processing: Moving into the Mainstream |
• | It's Time to Face Facts |
• | Large-Scale Systems and Their Limitations |
![]() | A Scalable, Shared-Memory, Parallel Computer |
• | References |
• | Looking at All of the Options |
![]() | 5— SYSTEMS SOFTWARE |
• | Parallel Software |
![]() | Supercomputer Systems-Software Challenges |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
• | Distributed Computing |
• | High-Speed Networks |
• | Virtual Memory |
• | Resource Management |
• | Parallel Processing |
• | Progress |
• | Future Supercomputing Elements |
• | Compiler Issues for TFLOPS Computing |
![]() | Performance Studies and Problem-Solving Environments |
• | References |
• | Systems and Software |
![]() | 6— USER-INTERFACE SOFTWARE |
• | Parallel Architecture and the User Interface |
![]() | Object-Oriented Programming, Visualization, and User-Interface Issues |
![]() | Object-Oriented Parallel Programming |
• | Distributed Computing |
• | Data Parallel Programming |
• | Visualization Requirements |
• | References |
![]() | Software Issues at the User Interface |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Compilers and Communication |
• | Myrias SPS-2: Virtual Memory on a Distributed System |
• | Myrias SPS-2: A Concrete Example |
• | Myrias SPS-2: Efficiency of Virtual Memory |
• | The Connection Machine CM-2: Overlapping Communication with Computation |
• | Debugging Tools |
• | High-Level Languages, Extensions, Libraries, and Graphics |
• | Future Supercomputing Environments: Heterogeneous Systems |
• | An Application for a Heterogeneous System |
• | Conclusions |
• | References |
• | What Can We Learn from Our Experience with Parallel Computation up to Now? |
![]() | 7— ALGORITHMS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING |
![]() | Parallel Algorithms and Implementation Strategies on Massively Parallel Supercomputers |
• | Introduction |
• | Some Developments in Parallel Algorithms |
• | Some Developments in Parallel Applications |
• | Some Developments in Parallel Applications II |
• | Closing Remarks |
• | References |
• | The Interplay between Algorithms and Architectures: Two Examples |
![]() | Linear Algebra Library for High-Performance Computers |
• | Introduction |
• | LINPACK |
![]() | LINPACK Benchmark |
• | Transfer Rate |
• | Memory Latency |
• | Development of Standards |
• | LAPACK |
![]() | Algorithm Design |
• | Divide-and-Conquer Approach |
• | Accuracy |
• | Tools |
• | Testing |
• | Future Directions for Research |
• | References |
• | Design of Algorithms |
• | Computing for Correctness |
![]() | 8— THE FUTURE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT |
• | Interactive Steering of Supercomputer Calculations |
• | A Vision of the Future at Sun Microsystems |
• | On the Future of the Centralized Computing Environment |
![]() | Molecular Nanotechnology |
• | References |
![]() | Supercomputing Alternatives |
• | Less Is More |
• | Supersubstitutes Provide More Overall Capacity |
![]() | How Supers Are Being Niched |
• | Workstations |
• | Minicomputers and Superminis |
• | Mainframes |
• | Massively Data-Parallel Computers |
• | Minisupercomputers |
• | Superworkstations |
• | Why Supercomputers Are Becoming Less General Purpose |
• | The Supercomputer Industry |
• | Is the Supercomputer Industry Hastening Its Own Demise? |
• | A Smaller, Healthier Supercomputer Industry |
![]() | Policy Issues |
• | Supporting Circuit and Packaging Technology |
• | Supers and Security |
• | Supers for Competitiveness |
• | Conclusions |
• | Epilogue, June 1992 |
![]() | 9— INDUSTRIAL SUPERCOMPUTING |
![]() | Overview of Industrial Supercomputing |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
• | Why Use Supercomputing at All? |
• | Impediments to Industrial Use of Supercomputers |
• | Technology Transfer and Collaboration |
• | Conclusion |
• | References |
• | Shell Oil Supercomputing |
• | Government's High Performance Computing Initiative Interface with Industry |
![]() | An Overview of Supercomputing at General Motors Corporation |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
• | People and the Machine Environment |
• | History of Supercomputing at GM |
• | Automotive Industry Interest in Supercomputers |
• | Applications |
• | Long-Term Benefits |
• | Needs and Challenges |
• | References |
• | Barriers to Use of Supercomputers in the Industrial Environment |
![]() | 10— GOVERNMENT SUPERCOMPUTING |
• | Planning for a Supercomputing Future |
![]() | High-Performance Computing at the National Security Agency |
• | Introduction |
• | Characterization of HPC |
• | HPC Architecture |
• | Software Environment |
• | Mass-Storage Requirements |
• | Summary of Issues |
![]() | The High Performance Computing Initiative: A Way to Meet NASA's Supercomputing Requirements for Aerospace |
• | Reference |
• | The Role of Computing in National Defense Technology |
• | NSF Supercomputing Program |
![]() | 11— INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY |
![]() | A Look at Worldwide High-Performance Computing and Its Economic Implications for the U.S. |
• | Abstract |
![]() | A Brief Technical Overview of the Present-Day Landscape |
• | The Soviet Union |
• | Western Europe |
• | Japan |
![]() | The Japanese Challenge and "McAdams's Laws" |
![]() | Introduction |
• | Law 1— That Which Is Currently Taking Place Is Not Impossible |
• | Japan: Vertical Integration, Keiretsu, and Government Coordination |
![]() | The U.S.: Rugged Individualism and Trade-War Losses |
• | Law 2— You Don't Catch up without Catching Up |
![]() | Trade: "Successful" Negotiations and "Potato Chips" |
• | Law 3— When Two Countries Are in a Trade War and One Does Not Realize It, That Country Is Unlikely to Win |
![]() | Remedies |
• | Law 4— An Important Aspect of Change Is That Things Are Different Afterward |
• | The Future |
• | References and Bibliography |
![]() | Economics, Revelation, Reality, and Computers |
• | References |
![]() | 12— EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNED |
• | Supercomputing since 1983 |
![]() | Lessons Learned |
• | Abstract |
• | Introduction |
• | Parallel Processing: 1980 to 2000 |
• | The Attack of the Killer Micros |
• | Programmer Productivity on Massively Parallel Systems |
• | Front End/Back End Versus Native UNIX |
• | Single User versus Multiple Users |
• | Interconnect Performance, System Versatility, and Delivered Performance |
• | Challenges and Directions for the Future |
• | Summary |
• | Appendix: BBN Parallel-Processing Systems |
• | References |
![]() | The John von Neumann Computer Center: An Analysis |
![]() | Introduction |
• | The "Pre-Lax Report" Period |
• | The Lax Report |
• | Establishment of the Centers |
![]() | The John von Neumann Center |
• | The Proposal |
• | Consortium for Scientific Computing |
• | The Universities |
• | The State of New Jersey |
• | The NSF |
• | ETA |
• | Zero One |
• | JVNC |
![]() | What Went Wrong? |
• | The Analysis |
• | Location |
• | Corporate Problems |
• | NSF, Funding, and Funding Leverage |
• | Governance |
• | Conclusions |
• | Project THOTH: An NSA Adventure in Supercomputing, 1984–88 |
![]() | The Demise of ETA Systems |
• | In the Beginning |
• | Hardware |
• | Software |
• | Industry Observations |
• | FPS Computing: A History of Firsts |
![]() | 13— INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE: POLICY AND ECONOMICS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING |
![]() | Why Supercomputing Matters: An Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Proposed Federal High Performance Computing Initiative |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Phase I Methodology |
• | Scenario A |
• | Scenario B |
• | Phase II Methodology |
• | Government As Buyer and Leader |
• | Concerns about Policies and Economics for High-Performance Computing |
• | High-Performance Computing in the 1990s |
• | A High-Performance Computing Association to Help the Expanding Supercomputing Industry |
![]() | The New Supercomputer Industry |
• | Reference |
• | The View from DEC |
• | Industry Perspective: Remarks on Policy and Economics for High-Performance Computing |
![]() | 14— WHAT NOW? |
![]() | Conference Summary |
• | Introduction |
• | Skilled, Imaginative Users and a Broad Spectrum of Applications |
• | Workstations and Visualization Engines |
• | Mass Storage and Accessible Knowledge Bases |
• | Heterogeneous High-Performance Computer Engines |
• | Fast, Local, Wide-Area, and National Networks |
• | Software Environment |
• | Concluding Remarks |
• | The High Performance Computing Initiative |
• | Government Bodies As Investors |
• | Realizing the Goals of the HPCC Initiative: Changes Needed |
• | The Importance of the Federal Government's Role in High-Performance Computing |
• | Legislative and Congressional Actions on High-Performance Computing and Communications |
• | The Federal Role As Early Customer |
• | A View from the Quarter-Deck at the National Security Agency |
• | Supercomputers and Three-Year-Olds |
• | NASA's Use of High-Performance Computers: Past, Present, and Future |
• | A Leadership Role for the Department of Commerce |
• | Farewell |
CONTRIBUTORS |