Chapter 3 Planning and Organizing the Occupation
1. James, The Years of MacArthur , vol. 2, 775; FRUS, 1945 , vol. 6, 648; U.K. Public Records Office F 5735/631/23, FO 371/46455, FO memo, Aug. 25, 1945; FRUS, 1946 , vol. 8, 150-151. [BACK]
2. U.S. Senate, Military Situation , part 1, 54; SCAP, History of the Non-Military Activities , monograph 2. [BACK]
3. MacArthur, Reminiscences , 282-283. [BACK]
4. DOS, Occupation , 53-55; Borton, "The Allied Occupation," 34, fn. 3. [BACK]
5. FRUS, The Conference of Berlin, 1945 , vol. 1, 894-897, 900-901; vol. 2, 68-69, 1268; Wolfe (ed.), Americans as Proconsuls , 42-44. The provision regarding possible retention of the emperor system was modified several days later by the State Department. See Masumi, Postwar Politics , 17-19. General MacArthur thought this provision should have been retained (James, The Years of MacArthur , vol. 2, 775). [BACK]
6. DOS, Occupation , 56-58; Matsumoto and Ando, "Daitoa senso," 237-238; Amakawa, "Senryo seisaku," 217-222. [BACK]
7. PRJ , 423-426; Takemae, Senryo sengoshi , 30. Much of the presurrender U.S. planning was done by a small group of experts on Japan led by George H. Blakeslee and Hugh Borton. Former ambassador to Japan Joseph C. Grew had a minor advisory role. See Borton, "American Presurrender Planning," 22-23. A considerable degree of consensus existed in planning for postwar Japan, with little evidence of factionalism between so-called Japan hands and China hands in the State Department, although this categorization seems embedded in much occupation historiography. [BACK]
8. Whitney, MacArthur's Rendezvous , 246-247. [BACK]
9. FRUS, 1945 , vol. 6, 581-584. [BACK]
10. YM , 127; Reischauer, Japan , 222; PRJ , 774. Masumi termed the Potsdam Declaration and initial policy "ambiguous and contradiction-laden" ( Postwar Politics , 41). [BACK]
11. DOS, Activities of the FEC , 49-58; PRJ , 774. [BACK]
12. PRJ , 428-439; letter from Hull of War Department to Sutherland, SCAP chief of staff, OPD 381, Aug. 22, 1945, NRAW, Sutherland file; MacArthur message to Marshall, CA 51630, Sept. 3, 1945, NRAW, Sutherland file. [BACK]
13. War Dept. message to MacArthur, WX 59245, Sept. 4, 1945, NRAW, Sutherland file; int. with Borton, who served in the Office of Japanese Affairs in the State Department for several years after the war. [BACK]
14. FRUS, 1945 , vol. 3, 483-503. Named after Roosevelt's last secretary of treasury, the "Morgenthau concept" proposed the breakup of large industries and the "pastoralization" of Germany after the war. [BACK]
15. T. Cohen, Remaking Japan , 4. Cohen was an important official in the ESS and headed the labor division for a year. [BACK]
16. Memo of conversation between Bishop of POLAD and Chamberlain, DCOS, SCAP, Feb. 11, 1946, NRAS, DS file 500. [BACK]
17. Okita, Japan's Challenging Years , 25-29; Okita, Watakushi no rirekisho , 51-65. [BACK]
18. Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 61-63; Kosaka, Saisbo Yoshida , 19-20. [BACK]
19. James, The Years of MacArthur , vol. 1, 564. [BACK]
20. Letter from Compton to Truman, Oct. 4, 1945, 6, NRAW, RG 59, Box 3812; "Japan's Fanatics Are MacArthur's Number One Problem," NYT, Aug. 26, 1945, E3; Truman, Memoirs , vol. 2, 520-521. [BACK]
21. PRJ , 742. MacArthur's gesture in permitting the Japanese to disarm their forces was much appreciated by the Japanese military leaders. SCAP had initially opposed this ( FRUS, 1945 , vol. 6, 666-669, 671). [BACK]
22. Bowers, "The Late General MacArthur," 164. Bowers served as a military aide to the general in 1945-1946 and has continued to be a great admirer of MacArthur, even if this irreverent article presents more "warts" than do most accounts about the supreme commander (int. with Bowers). [BACK]
23. SCAP, Selected Data , contains charts, and descriptions of the SCAP/FEC organization (2, 6, 8, and 9). [BACK]
24. Int. with Sackton, former chief of joint staff, GHQ, SCAP/FEC, Tokyo. [BACK]
25. CLO memo, to SCAP, Sept. 8, 1945, MMA, RG 9, Box 41; Hata (ed.), Amerika no tai-nichi , 530, 532; Nanto, "The United States Role," 66, 145. The best information seems to be that depending on the method of calculation, Japan paid between $4.23 and $4.98 billion in occupation costs, while it received $1.95 billion in U.S. economic assistance. [BACK]
26. FRUS, 1945 , vol. 6, 655-656; FRUS, 1946 , vol. 8, 95-98; Atcheson memo to MacArthur, Sept. 24, 1945, regarding POLAD status, NILAS, RG 84, Box 2275. POLAD had a limited operational role for much of the occupation. In 1950 it was permitted to establish direct telegraphic communications with the State Department, thus acquiring independence and a degree of freedom from the watchful eye of SCAP officials. [BACK]
27. See Mason, "The Liaison Offices." [BACK]
28. PRJ , 192-193; Oppler, Legal Reform , 42, 330-331; McNelly, Politics and Government , 28. Imperial ordinances issued to carry out the instrument of surrender were popularly known as Potsdam ordinances. [BACK]
29. Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 80-82; NYT , Oct. 7, 1945, 29; Sebald, With MacArthur , 98-99. [BACK]
30. FRUS, 1945 , vol. 6, 741; Amakawa, "Senryo seisaku," 226-227. [BACK]
31. Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 85; Uchino, Japan's Postwar Economy , 253. [BACK]
32. Kojima, Nihon senryo , vol. 1, 158; PRJ , 741; FO 371/46450, Sansom ltr. to FO, Oct. 12, 1945. MacArthur, Reminiscences , 293-294, gives a somewhat different version of the list, omitting any reference to the constitutional issue and putting some stress on "full employment in useful work of everyone." [BACK]
33. Eto (ed.), Senryo shiroku , vol. 3, 105-111; YM , 7. [BACK]
34. Masumi, Postwar Politics , 19; "The Japanese Constitution," NYT, Oct. 28, 1945, E6; Editorial, New York Herald Tribune , Oct. 31, 1945; FRUS , 1945, vol. 6, 841, 969; J. Williams, Japan's Political Revolution , 272; Eto (ed.), Senryo shiroku , vol. 3, 114-115; Koseki, Shinkempo no tanjo , 8-29. See Emmerson, The Japanese Thread , 264-267. [BACK]
35. J. Williams, Japan's Political Revolution , 101-102, 175-177; Masumi, Postwar Politics , 139; McNelly, "Limited Voting," 2-5. [BACK]
36. Masumi, Postwar Politics , 133-138; Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 99-100; Emmerson, The Japanese Thread , 270; "Political Parties' Situation," desp. 17 from POLAD Tokyo to DOS, Oct. 15, 1945, NRAS, DOS file 800. [BACK]