U

Ulama (sing. alim; lslantic clerics and scholars):

definition of, 337 , 338 ;

description of, 184 , 199 , 200 -207, 281 , 326 -27n2;

opposition to traditional practices by, 219 -26, 227 , 233 ;

political clout of, 248 -50, 281 , 282 ;

popular scrutiny of, 226 -29, 282 -83;

"prayer rally" organized by, 242 -45

Ulipun ("disenfranchised" persons; debtbondsmen):

conversion of, 63 , 71 ;

description of, 51 , 338 ;

obligations of, 71 , 102 , 271

United Nationalist Democratic Organizations (UNIDO), 237 , 238 , 240 , 241

United States:

colonialism by, 3 -4, 6 , 69 -70, 86 -112, 269 , 272 -78, 300 n3;

foreign aid from, 236

Unti, Zamin, 242 , 255 , 261

Upi, sectarian violence in, 150 -51

Ustadzes (Islamic teachers), 184 , 338 .

See also Ulama

Utang na loob (debts of gratitude), 264

Utu (sultan of Buayan), 64 , 73 , 79 , 88 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 271 , 305 n33, 314 n20

"U2" units (special intelligence units), 180