1. Laura Miller, "Women and Children First: Gender and the Settling of the Electronic Frontier," in Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information, ed. James Brook and Iain A. Boal (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1995), 49–57, 53.

2. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).

3. John Perry Barlow, "Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace," e-mail forward from barlow@eff.org (February 9, 1996).

4. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, "Epidemics of Will," in Zone 6: Incorporations, ed. Jonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter (New York: Urzone, 1992).

5. Tamara Bennett, "Starbright: Best of Broadband," Convergence (Dec. 1995): 36–41.

6. Susan McCarthy, "The Good Deed," Wired, Sept. 1996, 170–75, 230–31.

7. Laurie Flynn, "Prototypes of Virtual Shoppers: ‘Avatars,’ With Your Head on Their Shoulders, Navigate Cyberspace," The New York Times, March 4, 1996, C3; and Rob Schmults, "Issho Iwai, Toppan Printing, and Worlds Inc. Announce Sweeping Alliance, Move to Rapidly Accelerate the Spread of Online Multiuser 3-D in Japan," Worlds Inc. Press Release (March 11, 1996): 2.

8. Robert Rossney, "Metaworlds," Wired, June 1996, 142–46, 202–12; and Marc Laidlaw, "The Egos at Id," Wired, Aug. 1996, 122–27, 186–89.

9. Roger Chartier, "Representations of the Written Word," in Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), 1–24.

10. Sue-Ellen Case, The Domain-Matrix: Performing Lesbian at the End of Print Culture (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996), 189–231.

11. Neal Stephenson, Snowcrash (New York: Bantam Books, 1992).

12. Rossney, 210; Laidlaw, 188.

13. Flynn, C3.

14. Duncan Galloway, Patrick Collins, Eric Wolanski, Brian King, and Peter Doherty, "Visualization of Oceanographic and Fisheries Biology Data for Scientists and Managers," Communique: Data Explorer Newsletter 3 (1995): 1–3.

15. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 13. See also Heinz Pagels, The Dreams of Reason (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988).

16. "New Information Technology for Collective Visualization of the Future," conference handout. Informal conference convened at California Institute of Technology, spring 1996.

17. Dave Gobel et al., "Worlds Incorporated—Education Position Statement," Aug. 1995 (unpublished), 2.

18. Leland Wilkinson, Sygraph: The System for Graphics (Evanston Ill.: Systat, Inc., 1989), 45.

19. Allucquère Rosanne Stone, The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995); and Sherry Turkle, "Artificial Life as the New Frontier," in Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).

20. N. Katherine Hayles, "The Seductions of Cyberspace," in Rethinking Technologies, ed. Verena Andermatt Conley (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 173–90, 177.

21. Gobel et al., 3.

22. Anne Balsamo, Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women (Durham, N.C., and London: Duke University Press, 1996), 144–45.

23. Scott McCloud, Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art (Northampton, Mass.: Kitchen Sink Press, Inc. 1993), 30–32.

24. McCloud, 36.

25. Giles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaux: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987),

26. Deleuze and Guattari, 153.

27. Anne Friedberg, "A Denial of Difference: Theories of Cinematic Identification," in Psychoanalysis and Cinema, ed. E. Ann Kaplan (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 36–45, 36.

28. McCloud, 49.

29. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983), 2–3.

30. Baudrillard, 11.

31. Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" (New York and London: Routledge, 1993).

32. Octavia Butler, Dawn (New York: Popular Library, 1987); Octavia Butler, Adulthood Rites (New York: Popular Library, 1988); and Octavia Butler, Imago (New York: Popular Library, 1989).

33. Deleuze and Guattari, 189–90.

34. Judith Hersko, "Artist's Statement," Europe: Creation and Recreation at LA Art-core, Los Angeles, 1995 (unpublished handout).

35. J. Butler, 27–55.

36. Stone, 40, 93.

37. Balsamo, 144.

38. Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1985), 167–72; Turkle, 149–74.

39. Fox Keller, 168.

40. Ann Weinstone, "Welcome to the Pharmacy: Addiction, Transcendence, and Virtual Reality," (this volume), 163.

41. Hayles, 173–83.

42. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1984), 396.

43. Lefebvre, 313.

44. Ted Nelson, e-mail correspondence with the author (August 17, 1995).