1. A.J.H. Duganne Putnam Pomfret's Ward; or, A Vermonter's Adventures in Mexico (New York: Beadle, 1861), 45. Hereafter cited in text.

2. Bill Brown Reading the West: An Anthology of Dime Westerns (Boston: Bedford, 1997), 32, 31.

3. Ibid., 31.

4. Charles Harvey, “The Dime Novel in American Life,” Atlantic Monthly 100 (July 1907): 39, 43.

5. See the many titles on these topics from the first Beadle's series in Albert Johannsen, The House of Beadle and Adams and Its Dime and Nickel Novels: The Story of a Vanished Literature, vol. 1 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950), 92–99. There are even more examples from later years.

6. José David Saldívar Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1–14, 159–83.

7. David Montejano Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), 33.

8. U.S. Congress, House, Difficulties on the Southwestern Frontier, H. Exec. Doc. 52, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 2 April 1860, 80–81. Cited in U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Oscar J. Martinez (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1996), 75–76. See also Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans, 32.

9. Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans, 26–32.

10. John Emerald Cortina, the Scourge; or, The Lost Diamond (New York: Beadle and Adams, 1872), 9. Hereafter cited in text.

11. Brown, Reading the West, 5.

12. Carol Chomsky, “The United States–Dakota War Trials: A Study in Military Injustice,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 1 (November 1990): 15.

13. Gary Anderson and Alan Woolworth, eds. Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1988), 12; Chomsky, “The United States–Dakota War Trials,” 17.

14. Quoted in Roy W. Meyer, History of the Santee Sioux: United States Indian Policy on Trial, rev. ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), 114.

15. The account in this paragraph is largely drawn from Chomsky's article and the Through Dakota Eyes collection.

16. Chomsky, “The United States–Dakota War Trials,” 13. See also David Nichols Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1978), 65–118.

17. Chomsky, “The United States–Dakota War Trials,” 15.

18. Daryl Jones The Dime Novel Western (Bowling Green, Ohio: Popular Press, 1978), 8.

19. Christine Bold, “Malaeska's Revenge; or, The Dime Novel Tradition in Popular Fiction,” in Wanted Dead or Alive: The American West in Popular Culture, ed. Richard Aquila (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 23. See also Bold, Selling the Wild West: Popular Western Fiction, 1860 to 1960 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 1–36.

20. Edward Ellis, “Seth Jones; or the Captives of the Frontier,” in Brown, Reading the West, 188–89, 198. Hereafter cited in text.

21. Jones,Dime Novel Western, 149.

22. Edward Ellis Indian Jim: A Tale of the Minnesota Massacre (New York: Beadle, 1864), 10. Hereafter cited in text.

23. Edward Ellis The Hunter's Escape: A Tale of the North West in 1862 (New York: Beadle, 1864), 38.

24. Ellis, Hunter's Escape, 13.

25. Michael Paul Rogin Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 151. See also Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (New York: Knopf, 1975).

26. Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, 162.

27. Bold, “Malaeska's Revenge,” 23.

28. Stephens was also an editor for several other magazines during the course of her career, including the Portland Magazine, Graham's Magazine, The Ladies' World, Peterson's Ladies National Magazine, and Mrs. Stephens Illustrated New Monthly, and she had also written several very successful novels, perhaps most

29. “Malaeska,” in Brown, Reading the West, 57.

30. Ann Stephens Myra: The Child of Adoption. A Romance of Real Life (New York: Beadle, 1860), 11; Stern, We the Women, 49.

31. Ann Stephens Esther: A Story of the Oregon Trail (New York: Beadle, 1862), 121. Hereafter cited in text.

32. Ann Stephens Sybil Chase; or, The Valley Ranche. A Tale of California Life (New York: Beadle, 1861), 43. Hereafter cited in text.

33. Bold, “Malaeska's Revenge,” 24.

34. Albert Johannsen The House of Beadle and Adams, vol. 2 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950), 29–30. For more on the sisters and their dime novels, see Henry Nash Smith Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (New York: Vintage, 1950), 264–68.

35. Frances Fuller Barritt Victor Alicia Newcome, or, The Land Claim: A Tale of the Upper Missouri (New York: Beadle, 1862), 5. Hereafter cited in text.

36. Metta Victor The Backwoods' Bride. A Romance of Squatter Life (New York: Beadle, 1860), 14. Hereafter cited in text.

37. Metta Victor The Two Hunters; or The Cañon Camp. A Romance of the Santa Fé Trail (New York: Beadle, 1865), 15. Hereafter cited in text.

38. See Neil Foley The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 19–24; and Tomás Almaguer Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), esp. 46.

39. Alexander Saxton The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London and New York: Verso, 1990), 149.

40. Morris W. Foster Being Comanche: A Social History of the American Indian Community (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991), 46.

41. Foster, Being Comanche, 47.

42. See Curtis Marez, “Signifying Spain, Becoming Comanche, Making Mexicans: Indian Captivity and the History of Chicana/o Popular Performance,” American Quarterly 53, no. 2 (2001): 267–307. According to Foster, the new borderline between the United States and Mexico actually “worked to the advantage of Comanche bands” because “Mexican authorities could not pursue Comanche raiders into Texan and U.S. territory” (45). The phrase “transfrontera contact zone” is José David Saldívar's. See Saldívar, Border Matters, 13.

43. Metta Victor The Unionist's Daughter: A Tale of the Rebellion in Tennessee (New York: Beadle, 1862), 18. Hereafter cited in text.

44. Robert E. May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973), 149.

45. May, Southern Dream, 247.

46. For more on Walker, see Charles Brown Agents of Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Filibusters (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 174–218, 266–457; May, Southern Dream, 77–135; Richard Slotkin The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1985), 242–61; William O. Scroggs, Filibusters and Financiers: The Story of William Walker and His Associates (New York: Macmillan, 1918).

47. William Walker The War in Nicaragua (Mobile, Ala.: S.H. Goetzel and Co., 1860), 263.

48. Ibid., 263–64, 265.

49. Ibid., 265, 266.

50. Ibid., 280.

51. Saxton, Rise and Fall, 261–62.

52. For biographical information on Denison, see Johannsen, House of Beadle and Adams, vol. 2, 79. For quick readings of a few of Denison's 1850s novels, see Baym, Woman's Fiction, 270–72.

53. Johannsen, House of Beadle and Adams, vol. 2, 79.

54. The Prisoner of La Vintresse was the second novel that she wrote for Beadle; she also authored Beadle's Dime Novel no. 6, Chip: The Cave-Child (1860), which was about the daughter of a Delaware Indian woman and a Frenchman in Pennsylvania; Florida; or, The Iron Will (1861), a drama of bigcity life among the elite; Ruth Margerie: A Romance of the Revolt of 1689 (1862), a story of the Puritans; Tim Bumble's Charge (1862), which features a “comical” Irishman; The Mad Hunter (1863), a New York murder mystery; and a novel about the American Revolution, Captain Molly (1856).

55. James Buchanan et al., “The Ostend Conference,” in What Happened in Cuba? A Documentary History, ed. Robert Smith (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963), 65.

56. Buchanan et al., “The Ostend Conference,” 67.

57. Philip Foner, A History of Cuba and Its Relations with the United States, vol. 2 (New York: International Publishers, 1963), 101.

58. May, Southern Dream, 75, 76.

59. “Republican National Platform, 1856,” in What Happened in Cuba?, 75.

60. For more on filibustering's place in American social history, both North and South, see Robert E. May, “Young American Males and Filibustering in the Age of Manifest Destiny: The United States Army as a Cultural Mirror,” Journal of American History 78, no. 3 (December 1991): 857–86.

61. On the first, see Saxton, Rise and Fall, 141–54. On the material interests, see Luis Martínez-Fernández Torn between Empires: Economy, Society, and Patterns of Political Thought in the Hispanic Caribbean, 1840–1878 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994), 24.

62. On López, see May , Southern Dream, 26–27.

63. Ibid., 52.

64. Martínez-Fernández, Torn between Empires, 167–68.

65. Mary Denison The Prisoner of La Vintresse; or, The Fortunes of a Cuban Heiress (New York: Beadle, 1860), 16, 40. Hereafter cited in text.

66. Reginald Horsman Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), 281–83.

67. Martínez-Fernández, Torn between Empires, 227.

68. Ibid., 228.

69. Saldívar, Border Matters, 5.

70. Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, “From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History,” American Historical Review 86, no. 1 (June 1999): 815.

71. Joseph Roach Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). See also Kirsten Silva Gruesz's “New Orleans: Capital of the Nineteenth Century” in her book Ambassadors of Culture: The Transamerican Origins of Latino Writing (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

72. José Límon, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 7–33.

73. Foley, White Scourge, 15, 17.