1. For Twain's debt, see Jan. 15, 1894, notebook entry as quoted in Everett Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 204. Kaplan, 330. Charles Neider, Introduction to Susy Clemens, Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain, ed. Neider (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1985), 34–35. Lifetime, 130.

2. ABP, Biography, 1002.

3. My Father, 138–39.

4. My Father, 159.

5. M. Allen Starr, M.D., to Susan Langdon Crane, Feb. 29, 1896, CFP. Also see SLC, Aug. 5. Saturday [1899]. Jean, ms. pages +i through +10, at ms. +2; hereafter cited as SLC, “Jean's Illness.” (This was apparently an addition to SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” 170 ms. pages. Albert Bigelow Paine created a typescript copy of die “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” incorporating “Jean's Illness” into his typescript. Citations from die typescript copy [tp.] will be distinguished from manuscript citations [ms.]. I believe diese titles—“Jean's Illness,” “Diary…”—are Paine's.) On epilepsy, see Richard Lechtenberg, Epilepsy and the Family (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984).

6. M. Allen Starr, M.D., to Susan Langdon Crane, Feb. 29, Mar. 19, Apr. 16, and May 26, 1896, CFP.

7. These conclusions are based on the letters Dr. Starr wrote to Susan Langdon Crane cited above. While some of Starr's phrasing is ambiguous, Jean's improvement is clearly indicated in the last two extant letters.

8. My Father, 170. It was the royalties from Following the Equator, not the $30,000 diat Twain cleared from die lecture tour, that allowed him to pay off all his debts by the end of January 1898. Emerson, A Literary Life, 222–27.

9. Lifetime, 130–37. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 25–27. Andrew Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain: The Lives of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1997), 411–12.

10. Neider, Introduction, 43–47.

11. My Father, 170–71. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 27. SLC to OLC, Aug. 1896, in Dixon Wecter, ed., The Love Letters of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947), 320–21; hereafter cited as Love Letters.

12. Papa, 54. My Father, 171.

13. Lifetime, 138–39. Actually, Susy was unconscious for two days before she died. What Katy remembers was in fact Susy's last day of consciousness. Though Katy may have confused the time line in her retelling, hers is die only eye-witness account of Susy's demise. I have dierefore preferred hers on details of Susy's death to either Clara's memoir or Twain's autobiography.

14. My Father, 64, 179. Lifetime, 135–37. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +3. If Clara's claim to ignorance of her parents' favoritism in childhood is believed, then she must have discovered their partiality to Susy sometime in early adulthood. She does not date this painful realization. It might have occurred earlier, of course, but I am guessing that Susy's death brought home the point. Also see Lifetime, 140; JC Diary, May 29, 1906.

15. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +3, +4. Jean's doctor sailed for Europe on July i, 1896. “I will try to find Mr. Clemens if I go to London,” Starr wrote Susan Crane in his May 26, 1896, letter. Either he connected with the Clemenses in England before Livy sailed for America or in the States during die brief interval after Susy's deadi when Livy was diere.

16. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +3, +4.

17. Carl Dolmetsch, “Our Famous Guest”: Mark Twain in Vienna (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 105–6. Lifetime, 82–84, 188, 162.

18. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +4 (in ME), +6 (in ME), +5.

19. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +5 to +6. In ME.

20. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +i, +5.

21. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +7. In ME.

22. Emerson, A Literary Life, 222–27. My Father, 212–13. Lifetime, 163.

23. My Father, 193. CC, “Penalties of a Father's Fame,” The London Express, June 3, 1908, as quoted in Caroline Harnsberger, Mark Twain: Family Man (New York: Citadel Press, 1960), 240–41. I have used Harnsberger to reconstruct early aspects of Clara's musical career because this is probably the strongest aspect of her narrative. Her treatment of Jean is unreliable, and in general her book should be used with caution.

24. My Father, 201–2.

25. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 178. My Father, 65, 74.

26. My Father, 214. Harnsberger, Family Man, 183. SLC, “Jean's Illness.” SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. n, 1899, ts., 18.

27. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” ms. 18, 9G, 9H. In a satirical letter dated “Hell, July /99,” Clemens also mocked his experience at the Kellgren sanitarium. See My Father, 214–15.

28. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” ms. 6. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” insert following ms. +2, ms. +9. My Father, 214. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. 7 and n, 1899, ts., 7–8, 18.

29. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. 7, n, 27, 1899, ts., 7–8, 18, 31.

30. JC Diary, Nov. 10, 1900. Throughout her extant diaries (for 1900, 1905, and 1906) Jean makes intermittent comments about being friendless.

31. Jade L. Dell, “Social Dimensions of Epilepsy: Stigma and Response,” in Steven Whitman and Bruce P. Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy: Social Dimensions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 191–92.

32. Ellen Dwyer is one of die few contemporary social historians working on the topic of epilepsy. See her outstanding article, “Stories of Epilepsy, 1880–1930,” in Charles E. Rosenberg and Jane Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 256. JC Diary, Nov. 20, Oct. 27, 1900. If she was cured and still found no one to love her, Jean wrote, die “fair reason for suicide” would actually increase.

33. Bodi Clara and Albert Bigelow Paine believed that die source of Clemens's “deep-seated pessimism” was Susy's death. See My Father, 176; ABP, Biography, 1021–22. See SLC, “Jean's Illness”; at ms. +3, and ms. +6. Clemens originally wrote diat Jean's epilepsy had begun in summer 1896, then corrected that to spring 1896.

34. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. n, 1899, ts., 18. In ME.

35. Livy quoted in ABP, Biography, 1102. On “The Chronicle of Young Satan,” see Emerson, A Literary Life, 248–51, 253; and William M. Gibson, ed., Mark Twain s Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 5–7, 14–19.

36. ABP, Biography, mo. My Father, 216–17.

37. My Father, 217–20. MTHL, 725–27.

38. Macnaughton, 142–43, 149–57, 160–62. See also Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), 280–81.

39. Harnsberger, Family Man, 186–89.

40. JC Diary, Oct. 24-Nov. 28, 1900.

41. JC Diary, Nov. 5, 9, 1900.

42. Leila Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 266. Dwyer, “Stories,” 251.

43. JC Diary, Nov. 10, 1900. On families and stigma, see Dell, “Social Dimensions of Epilepsy,” 185–210, esp. 186; Dwyer, “Stories,” 250; and Nicky Britten, Michael E. J. Wadsworth, and Peter B. C. Fenwick, “Sources of Stigma Following Early-Life Epilepsy: Evidence from a National Birth Cohort Study,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy, 223–44, ^es P-²² 8; Robert J. Mittan, “Fear of Seizures,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psycho-pathology in Epilepsy, 90–119, esp. 90–99; Patrick West, “The Social Meaning of Epilepsy: Stigma as a Potential Explanation for Psychopathology in Children,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy, 250, 198 (hereafter cited as West, “Stigma”). Stigma is a negative cultural attitude directed toward physical and behavioral differences among people. It is a deeply discrediting response that most often creates intense shame in sufferers. Strategies used by families to cope with the stigma of epilepsy in the last half of the twentieth century parallel the reported behaviors of Jean's mother found in JC diaries.

44. WDH to SLC, July 31, 1901, in MTHL, 728. “The United States of Lyncherdom,” in Justin Kaplan, ed., The Great Short Works of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 198–200. Macnaughton, 173.1 think Twain's reputation among his contemporaries was actually more secure than he recognized. But even his friend Howells, one of the most astute critics of the period, had doubts about the persistence of Twain's public acclaim. See ABP, Biography,IIII-I2.

45. MTHL, 730 fn. 3, 732–33 fn. i. WDH to Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Dec. 8, 1901, in MTHL, 735 fn. 2. SLC to Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Sept. n, 1902, in MTHL, 745 fn. 2.

46. SLC to WDH, Jan. 3, 1902, in MTHL, 736–38; MMT, 66–68, and SLC Probate, 3–4. Harnsberger, Family Man, 190.

47. MMT, 74; Lifetime, 220. Emerson, A Literary Life, 261–63.

48. SLC to Henry Rogers, July 7, 1902, in HHR, 489–90.

49. JC Diary, Nov. 27, 1900. Hill, 20.

50. SLC to Henry Rogers, July 7, 1902, in HHR, 489.

51. SLC to Henry Rogers, July 7, 1902, in HHR, 490, and Aug. 7, 1902, in HHR, 496.

52. MTHL, 745 fn. 2. SLC to WDH, dated Sept. 23 [actually written Sept. 24], 1902, in MTHL, 744–45. WDH to Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Nov. 18, 1902, in MTHL, 747 fn. i. MTHL, 745 fn. 2, and SLC to WDH, June 6, 1904, in MTHL, 785. Biographer Justin Kaplan described Livy's illness as “hyperthy-roid heart disease.” See Kaplan, 369. More surprising was biographer Hamlin Hill's medical diagnosis, rejecting heart disease in favor of “nervous breakdown.” The Clemenses had a sick family, he suggested, controlled by Livy through her illness. See Hill, 46–48.

53. SLC to WDH, Dec. 26, 1902, in MTHL, 757–58. Dwyer, “Stories”; Lechtenberg, Epilepsy, 3. Hill, 56.

54. MMT, 7, 63. My Father, 227.

55. SLC, as quoted in My Father, 227–28.

56. OLC quoted in My Father, 230. SLC quoted in Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain, 449. See also Lifetime, 221; My Father, 231–35.

57. Emerson, A Literary Life, 264–67. Mark Twain, “Christian Science,” North American Review, Dec. 1902, 768, and January 1903, 7. Commentators have generally missed that there were four installments in the North American Review, citing only the December 1902 and January 1903 issues. Actually the “Christian Science” series continues in February 1903 (pp. 173–84) and concludes in April 1903 (pp. 505–17) with “Mrs. Eddy in Error.” The book version, Christian Science, was published in February 1907.

58. Sholom J. Kahn, Mark Twain s Mysterious Stranger: A Study of the Manuscript Texts (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1978), 91–94.

59. AL, 8–18 (in ME), 39–44. Hill, 93. Jennifer L. Rafferty, “‘The Lyon of St. Mark’: A Reconsideration of Isabel Lyons Relationship to Mark Twain,” Mark Twain Journal 34 (fall 1996): 43–44.

60. CC's letter of Dec. 10, 1902, quoted in Rafferty, “‘The Lyon of St. Mark,’” 44–45.

61. SLC to Joseph Twichell, July 21, 1903, in ABP, ed., Mark Twain's Letters (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917), 2: 741–42. Hill, 56–58; Kaplan, 369–70. Lifetime, 222. ABP, Biography, 1209–11.

62. Hill, 72–74. My Father, 241–46. Lifetime, 223.

63. Lifetime, 224–25; Hill, 73. My Father, 246. See also SLC to Joseph Twichell, Jan. 7, 1904, as quoted in ABP, Biography, 1211–12.

64. Gibson, Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts, 491, 9–10, 405. Emerson, A Literary Life, 272–74. Kahn, Mysterious Stranger, 94–96.

65. Macnaughton, 195–200, 61. IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts., Feb. 28, July 28, 1904. Webster Notes on IVL, undated. For a perspective on Lyon as “pseudoanalyst”

66. AL, 39. On Lyon's duties, note appended to IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts. by the Websters, under June 5, 1904, entry. IVL Journal 1903–1904, Feb. 28, June 16, 20, 22; May and June 1904 entries refer to her mother's presence.

67. Harnsberger, Family Man, 207–8. Lifetime, 226–27; MMT, 75. SLC to Joseph Twichell, June 8, 1904, in Love Letters, 348–49. Twain had not entirely lost his humorous touch, though perhaps it was tinged with melancholy: after Clara's concert he noted, “Yes, I am passing off the stage, and now my daughter is the famous member of the family”; Harnsberger, Family Man, 208.

68. Lifetime, 227. SLC to Joseph Twichell, June 8, 1904, in Love Letters, 348.

69. Lifetime, 228–29. On Jean's seizure, Hill, 75, quoting from SLC's notebook #37, ts., p. 12. The exact timing of Jean's grand mal is unclear, but it occurred soon after her mother's death.

70. Lifetime, 231–32. JC Diary, June 4, 1905. IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts., July 18, 1904.

71. Lifetime, 233.

72. Lifetime, 233–34. WDH to SLC, June 7, 1904, in MTHL, 786.

73. SLC to Susan Crane, July 25, 1904. In ME. SLC to Joseph Twichell, July 28, 1904. In ME. My Father, 174–75, 251>254-

74. Lifetime, 234. ABP, Biography, 1224. IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts., July 22, 1904. My Father, 256.

75. IVL Journal 1903–1904, written under the July 28, 1904, entry date but obviously postdated from at least the time of the accident, July 31, 1904; SLC to Samuel E. Moffett, Aug. 6, 1904.

76. My Father, 256. IVL 1903–1906 Journal ts., Aug. 2, 5, 1904.

77. Lifetime, 245–46. Harnsberger, Family Man, 213. Opinion differs on whether Clara helped decorate the Fifth Avenue house in fall 1904 or 1905 or both.

78. Hill, 98; Lifetime, 246. See Macnaughton, 202–11. Emerson, A Literary Life, 276–77.

79. IVL 1903–1904 Journal ts., Nov. 30, 1904. Harnsberger, Family Man, 214–17. JC Diary, May 15, 1905. Lifetime, 233–34. AL> 39-ABP, Biography, 1228–29. SLC Probate, 6. Clemens grew so attached to the Orchestrelle that he later shipped it to his summer home in Dublin, N.H.