1. Malcolm H. Kerr, America's Middle East Policy: Kissinger, Carter and the Future, IPS Papers 14(E) (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1980), pp. 8–9.

2. Ibid., p. 8.

3. Ibid., p. 9.

4. Avi Shlaim, "The Debate about 1948," International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 3 (August 1995): 287–304.

5. Peter Theroux, Sandstorms: Days and Nights in Arabia (New York: Norton, 1990), p. 23.

6. William B. Quandt, Decade of Decisions: American Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967–1976 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 16.

7. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (New York: Knopf, 1983), p. 316.

8. Camille Mansour, Beyond Alliance: Israel in U.S. Foreign Policy, trans. James A. Cohen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 277.

9. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), pp. 62, 93–94. Emphasis in original.

10. Henry Kissinger, "Stone's Nixon," Washington Post, 24 January 1996.

11. Dan Kurzman, Genesis 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War (New York: New American Library, 1970), pp. 190–191.

12. Outside the United States, Irish journalist Erskine Childers had investigated the broadcasts myth much earlier and found no evidence of any broadcasts or blanket orders from military commanders. His detailed analysis of the myth appeared in The Spectator, 12 May 1961, reprinted in Walid Khalidi, ed., From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem un til 1948 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1987), pp. 795–803.

13. Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 290, 287.

14. Meron Benvenisti, Intimate Enemies: Jews and Arabs in a Shared Land (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 200.

15. Ha'aretz, English Edition, 12 May 1998; Jerusalem Post, 12 May 1998; New York Times, 15 May 1998.

16. Bernard Reich, ed., An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Con flict (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996). Philip Mattar pointed out the Israel-centered terminology and interpretation in a review of the encyclopedia in the International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 3 (August 1997): 474–476.

17. Mattar review in the International Journal of Middle East Studies.

18. Baruch Kimmerling, "Academic History Caught in the Cross-Fire: The Case of Israeli-Jewish Historiography," History & Memory: Studies in Repre sentation of the Past, spring/summer 1995, 48.

19. Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon (New York: Simon & Schuster Touchstone, 1990), pp. 452–453.

20. Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern Na tional Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 14–15. Khalidi notes that Israel frequently imposes Hebrew or Arabicized Hebrew names on Arab locations. For instance, Jerusalem is called Yerushalaim in Hebrew and al-Quds al-Sharif in Arabic, but official Israeli documents in Arabic, as well as Israel's radio and television broadcasts in Arabic, use the word Urshalim, the Arabic translation of the Hebrew name

21. Kimmerling, "Academic History," pp. 48, 53–54.

22. Robert I. Friedman, "Selling Israel to America: The Hasbara Project Targets the U.S. Media," Mother Jones, February/March 1987, 25.

23. The statement was by Bassam Abu Sharif, a close adviser to Arafat. Martin A. Lee and Norman Solomon, Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Bias in News Media (New York: Carol, 1990), pp. 323–324. For a text of Abu Sharif's statement, see Journal of Palestine Studies 69 (autumn 1988): 272–275.

24. Article in the Israeli paper Davar, 5 August 1983, quoted in Noam Chomsky, Pirates and Emperors: International Terrorism in the Real World (Brattleboro, Vt.: Amana Books, 1990), pp. 27–28.

25. Edward W. Said, The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Pal estinian Self-Determination, 1969–1994 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994), pp. 372–373.

26. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 410–411, 417.

27. Interview with a former government official who asked to remain anonymous.

28. Harold H. Saunders, The Other Walls: The Politics of the Arab-Israeli Peace Process (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1985), p. 10; interview with Saunders, 13 October 1997; and letter from Saunders, 9 July 1998.

29. Jervis, Perception and Misperception, pp. 143, 146.

30. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, The Imperfect Spies: The History of Is raeli Intelligence (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1989), p. 215.

31. Interview with former government official.

32. Jervis, Perception and Misperception, p. 253.

33. Ibid., p. 237.

34. Richard B. Parker, The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), pp. 213–214.

35. Jervis, Perception and Misperception, p. 417.

36. Kissinger, "Stone's Nixon."