Published Sources

Hindi and Urdu

Many of the publications listed here from the pre-1947 period can be found in the extensive vernacular tracts collections of the Oriental and India Office Collection of the British Library (formerly the India Office Library and Records, and the British Library Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books), London. More recent publications are available in a number of major research libraries in the U.S., courtesy of the Library of Congress acquisitions program.

Bhagvan Prasad, Sitaramsharan. Shri Bhaktamal: Tika, Tilak, aur Namavali Sahit [The Bhaktamal: Text, Commentary, and List of Names]. 2d ed. 2 vols. Kashi [Banaras]: Chandraprabha Press, 1903–9.

——————. Shri Bhaktamal. Lucknow: Tejkumar Press, 1962.

Bhagavadacharya (formerly Bhagavaddas). ShriJankikripabhashyasya [The Discourses of Shri Janaki, or Sita]. Ahmedabad: Swami Shri Ramcharitracharya Vyakaranacharya, 1958.

——————. “Shri Ramanandacharya aur Shri Vaishnava Dharma” . [Ramanand and Vaishnava Belief]. In Das, ed., Ramanand-Granth-Mala ka Shri Ramanandank, 9–14.

——————. ShriRamanandabhashyam [The Discourses of Shriramanand]. Ayodhya: Swami Shribhagavadacharya-Smaraksadan, [1963?].

——————. Shriramanandadigvijayah [The World-Conquest of Shri Ramanand]. Ahmedabad: Adhyapika Shrichandandevi, 1967. First edition issued with preface as ShrimadRamanand-digvijayah (Abu: Shri Ramashabhadas Vaishnaven, 1927).

Brajendraprasad. Shri Rupkala Vak Sudha [The Essence of Shri Rupkala’s Sayings]. New Delhi: Dr. Saryu Prasad (author’s son), 1970.

Chaturvedi, Parshuram. Uttari Bharat ki Sant-Parampara [The North Indian Sant Tradition]. 3d ed. Allahabad: Leader Press, 1972.

Chaudhari, Devi Prasad Sinha. Kurmi Kshatriyatva Darpan [Reflections on Kurmi-Kshatriya Valor]. Lucknow: Kashi Ram Varma, 1907.

Chaudhari, Dipnarayan Sinha. Kurmi Kshatriya Nirnay [Rulings of Kurmi Kshatriyas]. Chunar: n.p., 1937–38.

Chaudhari, J. P. . (Pandit). Kushvaha Kshatriya—(Kuiri, Kachhi, Murao, Kachhvaha) Parichay [An Introduction to Kushvaha Kshatriyas—(Koiri, Kacchi, Murav, Kachhvaha)]. Banaras: Chaudhari and Sons, 1926.

Das, Avadh Kishor (“Shri Vaishnava”). “Yogank aur Shri Ramanandacharya ” [Yogank and Shri Ramanandacharya]. In Das, ed., Ramanand-Granth-Mala ka Shri Ramanandank, 75–76.

———, ed. Ramanand-Granth-Mala ka Shri Ramanandank [Special Issue of the Ramanand-Book-Series dedicated to Ramanand] 1, no. 5–6. Ayodhya: Shri Ramanand-Granthmala Prakashan Samiti, 1935–36.

Das, Janki Ballabh. Devivali Pakhand [The Heresy of Sacrifice to the Goddess]. Prayag: J. B. Das, 1937.

Das, Saryu. Shri Vaishnava Dharm Divakar Bhashatika Sahit [Illuminations (lit., the sun) and Commentary on Vaishnava Religion]. Ayodhya, 1920.

Das, Shyamsundar. “Ramavat Sampraday.” . Nagaripracharani Patrika, n.s., 4, no. 3 (1924): 327–43.

Dharnidharacharya (Swami). Shri Awadhvamshi Kshatriya Martandah [Honorable Awadh-lineage Kshatriyas of the Sun]. Allahabad: n.p., 1930; 2d ed., Chapra: Awadhvamshi Kshatriya Sabha, 1936. .

Gangaprasad (see also Gangaprasad Gupta). Kushvaha Kshatriya, urf Koiri, Kachhi, Murao, Kachhvaha (Vivaran) [The Kushvaha Kshatris, also known as Koiri, Kachhi, Murao, and Kachhvaha (An Account)]. Banaras: Adarsh Press, 1921.

Gupta, Gangaprasad. Kile ki Rani [Queen of the Fort]. Second edition. Banaras: Durga Prasad Khatri, 1915.

——————. Vir Jaymal [Valiant Defence]. Third edition. Banaras: G. Gupta, 1917.

——————. Vir Patni [Brave Wife]. Second edition. Banaras: Banarsi Prasad Varma, 1912.

Hariacharya, Swami, ed. Shrisampraday Manthan [The Stirrings of the Shrisampraday]. Varanasi: Swami Hariacharya Prakashan, 1991.

Hussain, Saiyyid Muhammad Tassaduq. Kitab-i Sadhu [The Book of Sadhus]. Sadhaura, Umballa District: n.p., 1913.

Jayramdas, Swami. “Shrisampraday ke Sajag Prahari Anantshrivibhushit JagadguruRamanandacharya ShriSwami Bhagavadacharya ji Maharaj” [The Vigilant Protector of the Shri Sampraday, the Forever-shri-adorned (i.e., infinite shri) JagadguruRamanandacharya ShriSwami Bhagavadacharya Ji Maharaj]. In Hariacharya, ed., Shrisampraday Manthan, part 2, 120–124.

Kashinath (Pandit). Varnvivek Chandrika [Moonlight of Varna Wisdom]. Bombay: Shri Venkateshwar Press, 1898.

Kurmi Samachar [Kurmi Newspaper]. Volumes one and two (1895–1895).

Lal, Lalji. Tantuvay Anveshan arthat Tanti Jati ka Itihas [A Study of the Tantuvay, or the History of the Tanti (weavers) Jati]. Sandalpur, Monghyr: Lalji Lal, 1929.

Lal, Shrikrishna. “Swami Ramanand ka Jivan Charitra. ” [A Biography of Swami Ramanand]. In Ramanand ki Hindi Rachnaen [The Hindi Work of Ramanand], by Pitambar Datt Barthwal, 33–50. Kashi: Nagari Pracharani Sabha, 1955.

Mathuradas, Sitaramiya. “Hinduon ka Gaurav arthat Shri Shri Ramanandacharya. ” [The Saviour of the Hindus, or Shri Shri Ramanandacharya]. In Das, ed., Ramanand-Granth-Mala ka Shri Ramanandank, 5–7.

Mishra, Jvalaprasad. Jatibhaskar [Illuminations on Jati]. Bombay: Khemraj Shri Krishnadas, 1917.

——————. Jati Nirnay [Jati Rulings]. Bombay: Lakshmi Venkateshwar Press, 1901.

Prapann, Vijay Raghav. “Acharya-Parampara ke Apratiya Purush: Swami Bhagavadacharya. ” [The Skeptic of the Acharya Parampara: Swami Bhagavadacharya]. ShriMath Smarika [A Memorial of the ShriMath], 251–258. Varanasi: Shri Math, Panchganga Ghat, 1989.

——————. “Ramanand Sampraday men Ujjain Kumbh—Ek Adhyayan. ” [The Ramanandi Sampraday at the Ujjain Kumbh—an Investigation]. In Amrit Kalash [The Nectar Jar], 13–17. Varanasi: Shri Math, Panchganga Ghat, 1992.

Ram, Karu. Ramani Nirnay [Rules of the Ramanis]. Gaya: Magadha Shubhanker Press, 1906.

Rameshwaranandacharya, Swami. Vedarthchandrika [Illuminations on the Vedas]. Porbandar, Gujarat: ShriRamanandacharyaPith, 1987.

Ray, Nauvat. Kahar Jati aur Varnavyavastha [The Kahar Jati and the Varna System]. Firozabad, Agra: Fakirchand, 1920.

Rohan, Kedarnath-ji. “Yadavon ka Itihas. ” [The History of the Yadavas]. Yadavesh 1, no. 2 (1935–36): 3–11.

Sahay, Shivanandan. Shri Sitaramsharan Bhagvan Prasad-ji ki Sachitra Jivani [An Illustrated Biography of Shri Sitaramsharan Bhagvan Prasad]. Patna: Khadgavilas Press, 1908.

Sahay, Shivpujan. Hindi Sahitya aur Bihar [Hindi literature and Bihar]. Four volumes. Patna: Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad, 1960–1984.

Saraswati, Abhayananda (Swami). Kurmi Kshatriya Itihas [The History of the Kurmi Kshatriyas]. Banaras: Shivaramsinha, 1927.

Saraswati, Sahajanand (Swami). Gita Hriday [The Heart of the Gita]. Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1948.

——————. Mera Jivan Sangharsh [My Life Struggle]. New edition. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1985; first edition, Bihta (Patna): Shri Sitaram Ashram, 1952.

Sharma, Kailash Chandra. Bhaktamal aur Hindi Kavya mem Uski Parampara [The Bhaktamal and its Tradition in Hindi Poetry]. Rohtak: Manthan Publications, 1983.

Sharma, Sachchidanand. Udasi Sampraday aur Kavi Sant Rena [The Udasi Sampraday and the Poet-Saint Rena]. Dehradun: Sahitya Sadan, 1967.

“Shri Ramanand Sampraday ke Vartman-Vidvan” . [Contemporary Scholars of the Ramanandi Sampraday]. In Das, ed., Ramanand-Granth-Mala ka Shri Ramanandank, 61–63.

Sinha, Bhagwati Prasad. Ram Bhakti men Rasika Sampraday [The Rasika Sampraday in Ram Worship]. Balrampur: Avadh Sahitya Mandir, 1957.

Sinha, Chaudhari Dipnarayan. Kurmi Kshatriya Nirnay [Rulings of Kurmi Kshatriyas]. Chunar: n.p., 1937–38.

Sinha, Kunwar Chheda. Kshatriya aur Kritram Kshatriya. Agra: Rajput Anglo-Oriental Press, 1907. Published simultaneously in English as Kshatriyas and Would-Be Kshatriyas, translated by Kunwar Rupa Sinha.

Sinha, Nirgun (Khali). Varnashram Vichar-Dhara [Varnashram Ideology]. Maner, Patna: Nirgun Singh “Khali,” 1938–39.

Sitaram (Lala). Ayodhya ka Itihas [History of Ayodhya]. Prayag (Allahabad): Hindustani Academy, 1932.

Swami Bhagavadacharya Shatabdi Smriti Granth [A Book Commemorating a Century of Swami Bhagavadacharya]. Ahmedabad: Shrichandanbahin “Sanskrit bhushana,” . 1971.

Upadhyay, Baldev. Vaishnava Sampradayom ka Sahitya aur Siddhant [The Literature and Philosophy of Vaishnava Sampraday (plural)]. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Amarbharati Prakashan, 1978.

Varmma, Raghunandan Prasad Sinha. Kanyakubja Kshatriyotpatti Bhushan [The Noble Origins of the Kanyakubja Kshatriyas]. Gaya: R.P.S. Varmma, 1924.

Yadav, Baijnath Prasad. Ahir-Jati ki Niyamavali [A List of the Rules of the Ahir Jati]. Varanasi: B. P. Yadav, 1928.

Yadav, Dilip Sinha. Ahir Itihas ki Jhalak [A Glimpse into the History of the Ahirs]. Lucknow, Allahabad, and Etawah: Krishna Press, 1914–1915.

Yadav, Jamuna Prashad. Ahiroddhar, arthat Ahir Kul Sudhar [Ahiroddhar, or the Reform of the Ahir Line]. Jhansi: Jamuna Prashad Yadav Ahir, 1927.

Yadav, Nathuni Prasad. Jatiya Sandesh [Jati Message]. Darbhanga: Swami Nathu Bhagat Yadav, 1921.

Yadav, Ramavatar. “Yatindra-stav. ” [Hymn to a Great Sadhu]. In Das, ed., Ramanand-Granth-Mala ka Shri Ramanandank, 1.

Yadav, Shivnath Prasad. “Akhil Bharat Yadav Mahasabha ka Itihas. ” [The History of the All-India Yadav Mahasabha]. Yadavesh 1, no. 2 (1935–36): 17–20.

Yadavesh [a quarterly newsletter of the yadav-kshatriya jati]. First published from Banaras in 1935–1936.

English

Ahmad, Imtiaz. “Caste Mobility Movements in North India.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 7, no. 2 (1971): 164–91.

Amin, Shahid. “Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921–2.” In Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, edited by Ranajit Guha, 3:1–61. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Appadurai, A. “Is Homo Hierarchicus?” . Review article of E. Valentine Daniel, Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984); R. S. Khare, The Untouchable as Himself: Ideology, Identity and Pragmatism among the Lucknow Chamars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); and Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983). American Ethnologist 13, no. 4 (November 1986): 745–61.

——————. Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. “Deindustrialisation in Gangetic Bihar, 1807–1901.” In Essays in Honour of Professor Susobhan Chandra Sarkar, edited by Barun De, 499–522. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1976.

——————. “Response to Marika Vicziany.” . Indian Economic and Social History Review 16, no. 2 (1979): 144–46.

Bahura, Gopal Narayan, and Chandramani Singh. Catalogue of Historical Documents in the Kapad Dwara [royal warehouse], Jaipur. Amber-Jaipur: Jaigarh Public Charitable Trust, 1988.

Bak, János M., and Gerhard Beneke, eds. Religion and Rural Revolt. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.

Bakker, Hans. Ayodhya. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 1986.

Barnett, Richard. “Images of India from Alexander to Attenborough.” . Jefferson Society lecture, University of Virginia, 16 September 1983.

——————. North India between Empires: Awadh, the Mughals, and the British, 1720–1801. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980.

Basu, Durga Das. Introduction to the Constitution of India. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall, 1982.

Bayly, Christopher A. Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

——————. The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad, 1880–1920. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.

——————. “Rallying Round the Subaltern.” . Review article of Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, vols. 1–4. edited by Ranajit Guha (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982–1985). Journal of Peasant Studies 16, no. 1 (October 1988): 110–20.

——————. Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Beneke, Gerhard, and János M. Bak, eds. Religion and Rural Revolt. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.

Bengal District Gazetteers. By L. S. S. O’Malley. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. Bhagalpur (1911), Champaran (1907), Darbhanga (1907), Gaya (1906), Monghyr (1909), Muzaffarpur (1907), Patna (1907), Purnea (1911), Saran (1908), and Shahabad (1906).

Bhandarkar, R. G.. Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Minor Religious Systems. Strassburg: J. K. Trubner, 1913; reprint, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1983, 1987.

Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath. Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects toward Each Other and toward Other Religious Systems. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1896.

Blair, Harry W. “Rising Kulaks and Backward Classes in Bihar: Social Change in the Late 1970s.” . Economic and Political Weekly 15, no. 2 (12 January 1980) 64–74.

Blumhardt, J. F. Catalogue of the Hindi, Panjabi and Hindustani Manuscripts in the Library of the British Museum. London: British Museum, 1899.

——————. Catalogue of the Library of the India Office Library.Vol. 2, part 3: Hindi, Panjabi, Pashtu, and Sindhi Books. London: India Office Library, 1902.

Broughton, Thomas D. Letters Written in a Maratha Camp in 1809. London: J. Murray, 1813.

Brown, Peter. “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity.” In Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982.

Buchanan (later Hamilton), Francis. An Account of the District of Bhagalpur in 1810–1811. Patna: Bihar and Orissa Research Society, 1939; no reprint edition has been issued.

——————. An Account of the Districts of Bihar and Patna in 1811–1812. 2 vols. Patna: Bihar and Orissa Research Society, 1934; reprint, New Delhi: Usha Jain, 1986.

——————. An Account of the District of Purnea in 1809–1810. Patna: Bihar and Orissa Research Society, 1928; reprint, New Delhi: Usha Jain, 1986.

——————. An Account of the District of Shahabad in 1812–1813. Patna: Bihar and Orissa Research Society, 1934; reprint, New Delhi: Usha Jain, 1986.

——————. Genealogies of the Hindus, Extracted from Their Sacred Writings. Edinburgh: W. Aitken, 1819.

——————. Journal of Francis Buchanan (afterwards Hamilton) kept during the Survey of the Districts of Patna and Gaya in 1811–1812. Edited with notes and introduction by V. H. Jackson. Patna: Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, 1925.

——————. Journal of Francis Buchanan kept during the Survey of the District of Shahabad in 1812–1813. Edited with notes and an introduction by C. E. A. W. Oldham. Patna: Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, 1926.

Burghart, Richard. “The Founding of the Ramanandi Sect.” . Ethnohistory 25, no. 2 (Spring 1978): 121–39.

——————. “The History of Janakpurdham: A Study of Asceticism and the Hindu Polity.” Ph.D. diss., School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1978.

——————. “Renunciation in the Religious Traditions of South Asia.” Man, n.s., 18, no. 4 (December 1983): 635–53.

Carroll, Lucy. “Caste, Community and Caste(s) Association: A Note on the Organization of the Kayastha Conference and the Definition of a Kayastha Community.” Contributions to Asian Studies 10 (1977): 3–24.

——————. “Colonial Perceptions of Indian Society and the Emergence of Caste Associations.” Journal of Asian Studies 37, no. 2 (1978): 233–50.

——————. “The Temperance Movement in India: Politics and Social Reform.” Modern Asian Studies 10, no. 3 (1976): 417–47.

Casey, Edward S. Remembering: A Phenomenological Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Chartier, Roger. The Cultural Uses of Print in Early Modern France. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.

Chatterjee, Partha. “Caste and Subaltern Consciousness.” In Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, by Ranajit Guha, 6:169–209. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992.

——————. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994

Chatterjee, Suranjan. “New Reflections on the Sannyasi, Fakir and Peasants’ War.” Economic and Political Weekly 19, no. 4 (28 January 1984): PE2–PE13.

Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra. Anandamatha. Originally published in 1882 in Bangadarshan, Bankim’s literary monthly. Translated into English as The Abbey of Bliss by Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta (Calcutta: P. M. Neogi, 1906); 1941 translation by Basanta Koomar Roy (New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks, 1992).

Cohn, Bernard S. An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990.

——————. “The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in South Asia.” In An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990.

——————. “The Role of the Gosains in the Economy of Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Upper India.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 1, no. 4 (1964): 175–82.

Crooke, William. The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India. 2 vols. 2d ed., revised and illustrated. London: A. Constable, 1896. Fourth reprint, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1978. (Originally published in 1894 as An Introduction to the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India.)

Dasgupta, Atis K. The Fakir and Sannyasi Uprisings. Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi, 1992.

De, Sushil Kumar. Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Bengal. 1942; 2d ed., Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyaya, 1961.

Dirks, Nicholas B. “Castes of Mind.” Representations 37 (Winter 1992): 56–78.

Dumont, Louis. Homo Hierarchicus? The Caste System and its Implications. Translated by Mark Sainsbury, Louis Dumont, and Basia Gulati. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Duncan, Jonathan. “An Account of Two Fakeers, with their Portraits.” Asiatic Researches 5 (1808).

Dushkin, Lelah. “Scheduled Caste Politics.” In The Untouchables in Contemporary India, by J. Michael Mahar, 165–226. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1972.

Eaton, Richard. “Approaches to the Study of Conversion to Islam in India.” In Approaches to Islam: Religious Studies, by R. C. Martin. 107–23. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.

——————. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993

Elliot, Henry Miers. Memoirs of the History, Folklore, and Distribution of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India Two volumes. London: Trubner, 1869; reprint ed., under the title, Encyclopaedia of Caste, Customs, Rites and Superstitions of the Races of Northern India, Delhi: Sumit, 1985. Compiled in 1844 as a supplement to Horace Hayman Wilson, Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and of Useful Words Occuring in Official Documents Relating to the Administration of British India. London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1855; reprint ed., Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1968.

Embree, Ainslee T., ed. 1857 in India: Mutiny or War of Independence? Boston: D. C. Heath, 1963.

Farquhar, J. N.. “The Fighting Ascetics of India.” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 9 (1925): 431–52.

——————. “The Historical Position of Ramanand.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, April 1920, 185–92; July 1922, 373–80.

——————. “The Organization of the Sannyasis of the Vedanta.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, July 1925, 479–86.

Fox, Richard G. Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985.

Freitag, Sandria B. Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India. and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989.

——————. Introduction to part 1: “Performance and Patronage.” In Freitag, ed., Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance, and Environment, 1800–1980, 25–33.

———, ed. Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance, and Environment, 1800–1980. and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989.

Galanter, Marc. “The Abolition of Disabilities—Untouchability and the Law.” In The Untouchables in Contemporary India, by J. Michael Mahar, 227–314. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1972.

——————. “Who Are the Other Backward Classes? An Introduction to a Constitutional Puzzle.” Economic and Political Weekly 13, nos. 43 and 44 (28 October 1978) 1812–28.

Ghosh, Jamini Mohan. Sanyasi and Fakir Raiders in Bengal. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1930.

Ghurye, G. S.. Indian Sadhus. 1953; 2d rev. ed. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1964.

Giri, Sadananda (Swami). Society and Sannyasin (A History of the Dasnami Sannyasins). Rishikesh: Swami Sadananda Giri, 1976.

Gold, Daniel. The Lord as Guru: Hindi Sants in the Northern Indian Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Gopal, Sarvepalli, ed. Anatomy of a Confrontation: The Babri Masjid-Ramjanmabhumi Issue. New Delhi: Viking, 1991.

Gordon, Stewart. “Scarf and Sword: Thugs, Marauders, and State-Formation in Eighteenth-Century Malwa.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 6, no. 4 (1969): 403–29.

Government of India. Backward Classes Commission. Report. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1956.

Government of India. Census of India, 1891. Vol. 5: The Lower Provinces of Bengal and their Feudatories. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1893.

——————. Census of India, 1901. Vol. 1: India. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903. (This volume contains H. H. Risley, “Ethnographic Appendices.” . )

——————. Census of India, 1901. Vol. 6: The Lower Provinces of Bengal and their Feudatories. Part 1: “ Report,” . by E. A. Gait. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1902.

——————. Census of India, 1901. Vol. 6-A: The Lower Provinces of Bengal and their Feudatories. Part 2: “ Imperial Tables.” Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1902.

——————. Census of India, 1901. Vol. 6-B: The Lower Provinces of Bengal and their Feudatories. Part 3: “ Provincial Tables.” Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1902.

——————. Census of India, 1901. Vol. 16-A: North-West Provinces and Oudh. Part 2: “ Imperial Tables.” Allahabad: Superintendent, Government Press, 1902.

——————. Census of India, 1911. Vol. 5: Bihar and Orissa. Part 1: “ Report” . by E. A. Gait. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1913. (This volume contains remarks by L. S. S. O’Malley.)

——————. Census of India, 1911. Vol. 5: Bihar and Orissa. Part 3: “ Imperial Tables.” Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1913.

——————. Census of India, 1911. Vol. 15: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Part 1: “ Report.” Allahabad: Government Press, 1912.

——————. Census of India, 1911. Vol. 15: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, part 1: “ Report.” Allahabad: Government Press, 1912.

——————. Census of India, 1931. Vol. 1: India. Part 4: “ Social and Linguistic Maps.” Simla: Government of India, 1933.

——————. Report on the Census of Bengal, 1872. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1872.

Grierson, George A. Bihar Peasant Life, being a Discursive Catalogue of the Surrounding of the People of that Province. 1885; reprint, Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1975.

——————. “Gleanings from the Bhakta-Mala.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909, 607–44.

——————. “Ramanandis, Ramawats.” In Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, by James Hastings. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1921.

Growse, F. S.. Mathura: A District Memoir. 1880; 2d ed., revised and enlarged, Allahabad: Northwest Provinces and Oudh Government Press, 1883.

Guha, Ranajit. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983.

——————. “On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India.” Introduction to Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, by Ranajit Guha, 1:1–8. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Gupta, R. D.. “The Bhaktirasabodhini of Priya Dasa” . Le Muséon 81, no. 3–4 (1968): 547–62.

——————. “Priya Dasa, Author of the Bhaktirasabodhini.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 32, no. 1 (1969): 57–70.

Haberman, David L. Acting as a Way of Salvation: A Study of Raganuga Bhakti Sadhana. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Hagen, James R. “Indigenous Society, the Political Economy, and Colonial Education in Patna District: A History of Social Change from 1811 to 1951 in Gangetic North India.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1981.

———, and Anand A Yang. “Local Sources for the Study of Rural India: The ‘Village Notes’ of Bihar.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 13, no. 1 (January-March 1976): 75–84.

Hardgrave, Robert L., Jr. The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969.

Harlan, Lindsey. Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992.

Hauser, Walter. “The Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, 1929–1949: A Study of an Indian Peasant Movement.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1961.

——————. “Dynamics of Social Ranking and Political Power among Emerging Caste Groups in Bihar. Paper presented at a panel on Caste and Politics in Bihar ” annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, Chicago. March 20–22, 1967.

——————. The Politics of Peasant Activism in Twentieth-Century India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.

——————. “Swami Sahajanand and the Politics of Social Reform.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, Washington, D.C. 4 April 1992.

———, ed. Sahajanand on Agricultural Labor and the Rural Poor. New Delhi: Manohar, 1994.

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