1. Everett E. Edwards, comp., Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, 1937), 5-6; Garry Wills, Cincinnatus: George Washington and the Enlightenment (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1984), 232-235.

2. Frederic Wakeman, Jr., The Fall of Imperial China (New York: The Free Press, 1975), 100-101; Harold L. Kahn, Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch'ien-lung Reign (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), 123-124.

3. Kahn, Monarchy, 11; Edwards, Washington, 6.

4. Edwards, Washington, 31

5. Edwards, Washington, 14-15; Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950-1982), 11: 339.

6. Benjamin Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. William B. Willcox (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1959-1984), 16:201, 18: 188-189; David Fairchild, The World Was My Garden: Travels of a Plant Explorer (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1945), 286.

7. John T. Schlebecker, Whereby We Thrive: A History of American Farming, 1607-1972 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975), 102-104, 109.

8. John W. Oliver, History of American Technology (New York: Ronald Press Company, 1956), 225-227, 253-256.

9. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1862, 1863, 1864 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1863-1865), 1862: 11; Oliver, History, 224-225, 234.

10. Oliver, History, 232.

11. Vernon Carstensen, "An Overview of American Agricultural History," in Farmers, Bureaucrats, and Middlemen: Historical Perspectives on American Agriculture, ed. Trudy Huskamp Peterson (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1980), 15.

12. Ibid.; "Agriculture at Yale College," Scientific American, new series, vol. 2, no. 7 (11 February 1860): 100.

13. Feng Guifen, Jiaobin lu kangyi [Protest from the Jiaobin Studio] (Taibei: Wenhai, 1971, reproduction of 1898 ed.), 92-93, 199.

14. Quoted in Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), 239.

15. Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1837 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1838), 5.

16. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1862: 16; 1864: 11.

17. Ibid., 1862: 12; Oliver, History, 235.

18. Schlebecker, Whereby We Thrive, 188-205; Oliver, History, 372-373.

19. Agriculture of the United States in 1860 [Eighth Census] (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1864), v.

20. Charles Denby, China and Her People (Boston: L. C. Page and Company, 1905), ix-xvi; Michael H. Hunt, Frontier Defense and the Open Door: Manchuria in Chinese-American Relations, 1895-1911 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), 23.

21. Charles Denby, "Agriculture in China," Forum 32 (November 1901): 328; [Denby], "Among the Plants: In Garden, Field and Forest," Current Literature 27 (March 1900): 258.

22. Denby, China, 119, 121.

23. Francesca Bray, "The Chinese Contribution to Europe's Agricultural Revolution: A Technology Transformed," in Explorations in the History of Science and Technology in China, ed. Li Guohao et al. (Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1982), 597-637; Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973), 113-130; Ho, Studies, 169-195; and Dwight H. Perkins, Agricultural Development in China, 1368-1968 (Chicago: Aldine, 1969), 10-11.

24. Elvin, Pattern, 114-117, 308-309; Su Yunfeng, Zhongguo xiandaihua de quyu yanjiu: Hubeisheng [A regional study of Chinese modernization: Hubei Province] (Taibei: Academia Sinica, 1981), 415.

25. Liu Boji, Meiguo huaqiao shi [The history of overseas Chinese in America] (Taibei: Xingzhengyuan qiaowu weiyuanhui, 1976), 374-378.

26. Thomas E. La Fargue, China's First Hundred (Pullman: State College of Washington, 1942), 36-66.

27. Robert S. Schwantes, Japanese and Americans: A Century of Cultural Relations (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1955), 48-49, 53-55; John A. Harrison, "The Capron Mission and the Colonization of Hokkaido, 1868-1875," Agricultural History 25 (May 1951): 135-142; Martin Bronfenbrenner, Academic Encounter: The American University in Japan and Korea (New York: Free Press, 1961), 13-15.

28. Hsiao Kung-chuan, A Modern China and a New World: K'ang Yu-wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1858-1927 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975), 324-328.

29. Jian Bozan, et al., ed., Wuxu bianfa [The Reforms of 1898] (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1961), 2: 143-144.

30. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (New York: Macmillan, 1889), 2:696.