1. Liang Shan-po and Chu Ying-t'ai were characters in a popular legend set during the Eastern Chin dynasty. Chu masqueraded as a boy so that she might study and met Liang in school. They fell in love but were prevented from marrying by Chu's father, who betrothed her to another. Liang and Chu then committed suicide in despair. Their story has long appealed to the Chinese romantic imagination; however, it has nothing to do with Ch'ü-fu. Perhaps they were represented at the Confucian shrine because they had been students.

2. This juniper is traditionally believed to have been planted by Confucius but is undoubtedly from a later date.

3. Chu Yüan-chang, the Hung-wu Emperor, also known as Emperor T'aitsu of the Ming (r. 1368-1398), died in the same year that the leaves fell off the tree.

4. The Apricot Terrace (Hsing-t'an) is the site where Confucius is believed to have taught. Later a pavilion was built there to commemorate the spot.

5. Tang Huai-ying (1134-1211) was from Feng-i (modern Ta-li, Shaan-hsi). He served as Han-lin Academician Recipient of Edicts during the Chin and was a noted calligrapher.

6. The Chu and Szu rivers (Chu-shui and Szu-shui) flow through Ch'ü-fu, Shan-tung.

7. Confucius is referred to here by a posthumous name, the Expositor-Sage (Hsüan-sheng). His Four Attendant Spirits ( Szu-p'ei ) are the disciples Yen Yüan (Yen Hui, 521-490 B.C.); Tseng Shen (Tseng-tzu, Tzu-yü, 505-? B.C.); K'ung Chi (Tzu-szu, ca. 483-402 B.C.); and the later Confucian philosopher Mencius (Meng K'o, ca. 372-ca. 289 B.C.). The Ten Philosophers ( Shih-che ) are Min Sun (Min Tzu-ch'ien, 536-487 B.C.); Jan Keng (Jan Po-niu, 544-? B.C.); Jan Yung (Chung-kung, 522-? B.C.); Tsai Yü (Tsai Wo, Tzu-wo, 522-458 B.C.); Tuan-mu Tz'u (Tzu-kung, 520-456 B.C.); Jan Ch'iu (Tzu-yu, 522-489 B.C.); Chung Yu (Chi-lu, Tzu-lu, 542-480 B.C.); Yen Yen (Tzu-yu, 506-? B.C.); Pu Shang (Tzu-hsia, 507-400 B.C.); and Chuan-sun Shih (Tzu-chang, 503-? B.C.).

8. The pi-hsieh , whose name literally means ''avoid evil," is a fabulous animal resembling an ox with two horns.

9. The Chang clan of Lung-hu-shan, Chiang-hsi, were the descendants of Chang Tao-ling, the founder of religious Taoism. The Chu clan from Fengyang, An-hui, were members of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty descended from Chu Yüan-chang.

10. Translated from Chang Tai, T'ao-an meng-i 2:9 ( TSCC ed.).

1. Translated from Chang, T'ao-an meng-i 4:35. For an insightful discussion of this and other accounts by Chang of his visit, see Pei-yi Wu, "An Ambivalent Pilgrim to T'ai-shan in the Seventeenth Century," In Naquin and Yü, eds., Pilgrims and Sacred Sites , pp. 65-88.

1. The Midsummer Festival (Chung-yüan-chieh) falls in the middle of the seventh lunar month and is a traditional time for the population of Hang-chou to make an evening outing to West Lake.

2. On Broken Bridge, see above, 38. Yüan Hung-tao, An Evening Stroll to the Six Bridges to Await the Moon ," note 3. The Temple of Glorious Blessings (Chao-ch'ing-szu) was originally built during the T'ien-fu era (936-943) and later burned in 1640. It was apparently also a noisy scene during much of the first half of the year when masses of Buddhist pilgrims descended on the neighboring marketplace, something Chang Tai complained about elsewhere.

3. The Inner Lake (Li-hu) is the eastern part of West Lake, formed by Solitary Hill (Ku-shan) and Pai's Embankment.

4. Translated from Chang, T'ao-an meng-i 7:58-59.

1. The Dragon Boat Festival (Tuan-wu-chieh) falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Boats carved in the shape of dragons are often raced to commemorate the suicide by drowning of the poet-official Ch'ü Yüan.

2. The "capital" referred to here is Nanking, which was the Southern Capital during most of the Ming, while Peking, the Northern Capital, was the actual seat of the court and national government.

3. Chung Po-ching (1574-1624), named Hsing, from Chmg-ling in present-day Hu-pei, was an influential poet, critic, anthologist, and editor. He is remembered as a leader of the Ching-ling school, which advocated an individualist position in literature. Like the Yüan brothers, he espoused the ideal of "personal sensibility" ( hsing-ling ) but differed in his preference for refilled diction and a more striking display of originality. His "Rhapsody on the Lantern Boats of Ch'in-huai" ( Ch'in-huai teng-ch'uan fu ) contains a preface with a similar description. See Chung Hsing, Yin-hsiu-hsüan shih-chi (Taipei, 1976 rpt.), 2:535-537.

4. Translated from Chang, T'ao-an meng-i 4:27-28.

1. The Han Canal (Han-kou) was an ancient canal built in 487 B.C. between present-day Yang-chou and Huai-an. The first canal recorded in Chinese history, it was later incorporated into the Grand Canal system ( Yün-ho ). It is now known as the Han River (Han-chiang).

2. A reference to the Eastern Chin dynasty poet and official P'an Yüch (d. A.D. 300), courtesy name An-jen. Noted for his poetry, he was even more celebrated for his physical beauty, which in his youth was said to have caused women to toss fruit at him in admiration.

3. Translated from Chang, T'ao-an meng-i 4:31-32.

1. I-chen, modern I-cheng, is located in the southwest of Chiang-tu, Chiang-su.

2. "The Peak That Flew Here" (Fei-lai-feng) is a name often given to rocks that seem improbably situated. Well-known examples are ones in Hang-chou, on Yellow Emperor Mountain and on Transverse Mountain.

3. Translated from Chang, T'ao-an meng-i 5:37-38.

1. Sakyamuni's * Chain (Mou-ni-ch'uan) was a string of pearls believed to have been manufactured by Sakyamuni * , the historical Buddha. Such a relic was worshipped in Shan-tung province.

2. The Bodhisattva Kuan-yin, in her white-robed aspect, is frequently depicted seated on a white lotus.

3. Translated from Chang, T'ao-an meng-i 7:64.