1. Georges Duhamel, America the Menace: Scenes from the Life of the Future, trans. Charles Miner Thompson (Boston, 1931).

2. Alain Touraine, ''Existe-t-il encore une [société] [française]?", The Tocqueville Review 11 (1990): 143-71. Fernand Braudel, The Identity of France, 2 vols. (London, 1988). Or see the essay by the editor of Le Point, Claude Imbert: "The End of French Exceptionalism," Foreign Affairs 68 (Fall 1989): 48-60; and the volume of conference papers entitled Searching for the New France, eds. James Hollifield and George Ross (1991).

3. Jean-Pierre Rioux, "Twentieth-Century Historiography: Clio in a Phrygian Bonnet," in Contemporary France, eds. Jolyon Howorth and George Ross (London, 1987), 204.

4. A sample of this voluminous literature includes Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux de [mémoire], 4 vols. (to be 7 vols.), 1984-; Colette Beaune, Naissance de la nation de la France (1986); Maurice Agulhon, Marianne au combat (1979); Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley, 1989); [Gérard] Noiriel, Le Creuset [français], histoire de l'immigration, XIXe-XXe [siècles] (1988); Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars over Cultural Identity in France, 1900-1945 (Ithaca, 1992); Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford, 1976); and Susan Carol Rogers, Shaping Modern Times in Rural France (Princeton, 1991). Where Weber, among other historians, sees a process of cultural diffusion in the late nineteenth century from urban to rural France, Rogers doubts that modernization brings cultural uniformity. She finds that local adaptability to processes like economic globalization sustains sociocultural diversity within France. For the debate among historians over conceptualizing the nation and for further bibliography see Steven Englund's review of Les Lieux de [mémoire]: "The Ghost of Nation Past," Journal of Modern History 64, no. 2 (June 1992): 299-320.

5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983). Ernest Gellner ( Nations and Nationalism [Oxford, 1983]) argues that nationalism is not simply invention but corresponds to a stage of socioeconomic development. A critical review of the literature on national identity is Philip Schlesinger, "On National Identity: Some Conceptions and Misconceptions Criticized," Social Science Information 26, no. 2 (1987): 219-64. For the oppositional character of nation-building

and further bibliography see R. D. Grillo's introduction to a volume of essays he has edited: "Nation" and "State" in Europe: Anthropological Perspectives (London, 1980), 1-30.

6. Marie-France Toinet, "Does Anti-Americanism Exist?", in The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perception, eds. Denis Lacorne, Jacques Rupnik, and Marie-France Toinet, trans. Gerry Turner (1990), 225; this anthology contains papers presented at a 1984 conference by French and American scholars. A succinct historical survey of anti-Americanism is Michel Winock, "'US Go Home': [l'antiaméricanisme] [français]," L'Histoire no. 50 (1982): 7-20. For a survey of relations there is Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, France and the United States from the Beginnings to the Present, trans. Derek Coltman (Chicago, 1976).

7. Marie-France Toinet, "French Pique and Piques [Françaises], " Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science no. 497 (1988): 135.

8. New York Herald Tribune, 20 November 1946, European edition (further cites refer to this Paris edition unless otherwise noted).

9. New York Herald Tribune, 19 and 20 August 1957.

10. Charles W. Brooks, America in France's Hopes and Fears, 1890-1920, 2 vols. (1987). A recent poll published in Le Figaro (4 November 1988) revealed that the French still perceived Americans as powerful, dynamic, and rich. But the youthful, generous, naive image has faded.

11. Laurence Wylie, Chanzeaux: A Village in Anjou (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), 361.

12. French textbooks used during the 1960s and 1970s are analyzed by Laurence Wylie and Sarella Henriquez in "French Images of American Life," The Tocqueville Review 4 (Fall-Winter 1982): 176-274.

13. Bernadette Galloux-Fournier, "Voyageurs [français] aux Etats-Unis, 1919-1939: contribution à l'etude d'une image de [l'Amérique]" ([thèse] de 3e cycle, Institut [d'études] politiques, Paris, 1986); Paul A. Gagnon, "French Views of Postwar America, 1919-1932" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1960); Donald Allen, French Views of America in the 1930s (1979). Galloux-Fournier published a summary of her thesis: "Un Regard sur [l'Amérique]: voyageurs [français] aux Etats-Unis, 1919-1939,'' Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 37 (April-June 1990): 297-307. During the 1920s the skyscraper became the architectural stereotype of America and the object of fascination for the French according to Isabelle Jeanne Gournay, "France Discovers America, 1917-1939: French Writings on American Architecture" (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1989). Some of the twentieth-century images of America, e.g., materialism, mechanization, imperialism, and cultural backwardness, had been sketched even before 1914 according to Jacques Portes, Une Fascination [réticente]: Les Etats-Unis dans l'opinion [française], 1870-1914 (Nancy, 1990).

14. Brooks, America in France's Hopes, 776 ff.

15. Quoted by Paul A. Gagnon, "French Views of the Second American Revolution," French Historical Studies 2 (Fall 1962): 444.

16. Allen, French Views, 112.

17. Marguerite Yerta-Melera, quoted in [Gérard] de Catalogne, Dialogue entre deux mondes (1931), 129.

18. Georges Duhamel, quoted in Gagnon, "French Views," 437.

19. Duhamel, America the Menace, 194.

20. Ibid., 51.

19. Duhamel, America the Menace, 194.

20. Ibid., 51.

21. Allen, French Views, 90.

22. [René] [Rémond's] comment on Mounier from Le Personnalisme d'Emmanuel Mounier hier et demain (1985), 23. This paragraph is dependent on Marc Simard, "Intellectuels, fascisme et [antimodernité] dans la France des [années] trente," [Vingtième] [Siècle] no. 18 (1988): 60; and Michel Winock, Histoire politique de la revue "Esprit," 1930-1950 (1975).

23. Emile Baumann, quoted in de Catalogne, Dialogue, 181.