1. W.J. Pulford to Hohler, Tampico, 13 June 1916, Pulford to King, 23 Aug 1919, FO, 371-2702/142126, 371-3833/134861.

2. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, Labor and the Ambivalent Revolutionaries: Mexico, 1911-1923 (Baltimore, 1976), 2. See also Gilly, La revolución interrumpida; Arnaldo Córdoba, La ideología de la Revolución Mexicana: la formación del nuevo régimen (Mexico City, 1973); Hart, Revolutionary Mexico; Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, 1982); Katz,

The Secret War in Mexico; Adolfo Gilly et al., Interpretaciones de la revolución mexicana, 10th ed. (Mexico City, 1987).

3. For example, see Moises González Navarro, Las huelgas textiles en el Porfiriato (Puebla, 1970); Rodney Anderson, Outcasts in Their Own Land: Mexican Industrial Workers, 1906-1911 (DeKalb, Ill., 1976); Lorena M. Parlee, "The Impact of United States Railroad Unions on Organized Labor and Government Policy in Mexico (1880-1911)," Hispanic American Historical Review 64 (1984): 443-75; Marcelo Rodea, Historia del movimiento obrero ferrocarrilero (Mexico City, 1944); Barry Carr, El movimiento obrero y la política en México, 1910-1929 (Mexico City, 1981); El Trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México, ed. Elsa Cecilia Frost, Michael C. Meyer, and Josefina Zoraida Vásquez (Mexico City and Tucson, 1979); Torcuato S. Di Tella, "The Dangerous Classes in Early Nineteenth-Century Mexico," Journal of Latin American Studies 5 (1973): 79-105; Carr, El movimiento obrero y la política en México; Jorge Basurto, El proletariado industrial en México, 25.

4. As Alan Knight observes, "Given half a chance, the organized working class opted for unionism and reformism (sometimes camouflaged under revolutionary rhetoric); only when it was brusquely and brutally denied the chance did it entertain risky thoughts of revolution. Historically, the workers have not been born revolutionaries, but have had revolutions thrust upon them." Knight, "The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution, c. 1900-1920," Journal of Latin American Studies 16 (May 1984): 71.

5. Claude I. Dawson, "Economic Changes Since the Beginning of the War," Tampico, 17 June 1918, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4. Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 4, indicates a population increase from 13,452 persons in 1910 to 40,192 in 1917. E.L. Doheny said the population rose from 8,000 in 1900 to 50,000 or 60,000 in 1919, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:236; Ordóñez placed the number of inhabitants at 9,000 in 1900 and more than 100,000 in 1922. Ordóñez, "El petróleo en México," part 2, 221. These figures lack precision because of the government's inability to carry out the scheduled census of 1920 because of political unrest.

6. "Estimate of the Situation Covering Protection of Life and Property at Tampico, Mexico," 16 Oct 1916, Naval Records Collection, WE-5.

7. Ordóñez, "El petróleo en México," part 2, 221.

8. Ibid., 223.

7. Ordóñez, "El petróleo en México," part 2, 221.

8. Ibid., 223.

9. Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 108, 126, 329, 345-48.

10. Dawson, "Economic Changes Since the Beginning of the War," 17 June 1918, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

11. Charles Bergquist suggests that those Latin American workers in the predominant export industries generated a new militancy and a new perspective because of their position at the nexus between the national (and so-called dependent) economy and the international market. The oil workers' militancy at Tampico, however, seems based on their traditions of resistance rather than on their knowledge of and opposition to international capitalism. Charles Bergquist, Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia (Stanford, 1984), 8, 376.

12. Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 144.

13. Nicklos, 8 July 1953, T103, OHTO; ''Potrero — Tuxpam 8" Pipe Line, Pump Stations — Labour" [c. 1916], Pearson, C45.

14. Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 146-49; 417, 420-23. Like many mine owners during the Porfiriato, Doheny claimed that the Mexicans themselves preferred tarea work. It permitted the mine workers to complete a job at times of their own choosing rather than at prescribed times. Perhaps laborers might accomplish two tareas in one day, so that they could take off the next day. Testimony of Doheny, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:234. Also see Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, for mining labor during the Porfiriato.

15. Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 147.

16. Clarence A. Miller to Col. Martínez, 15 March 1912, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, Correspondence — Mexican Officials; Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 170, 172, 174.

17. Enrique S. Cerdán, 29 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, Departamento de Trabajo, 1911-1930, C224, E23, AGN; Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 188, 192-95.

18. Enrique S. Cerdán, 29 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C224, E23. Skocpol notes that the function of labor was to reinforce the state during the time of postrevolutionary consolidation. See Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge, Eng., 1979), 112, 236.

19. "Interview with Mr. S.W. Smith of the Mexican Petroleum Company," 11 May 1918, interview no. 596, Doheny.

20. Interview no. 696, n.d. [circa 1918], Doheny. The observer can be accused of pro-American, pro-Huasteca, anti-British, anti-El Aguila biases, because the research foundation of E.L. Doheny paid the observer's expenses in Tampico.

21. E.J. Nicklos, 8 July 1953, OHTO, T-104.

22. Cowdray to Mr. Kemsley, 30 Apr 1915, FO, 371-2399/53060; Cowdray to J. B. Body, 29 Dec 1916, Pearson, A4.

23. Interview no. 401, Doheny.

24. El Dictámen, 23 May 1920; Silva Herzog, El petróleo de México, 50.

25. Interview no. 401, Doheny.

26. Ibid.; McMahon, Two Strikes and Out, 42.

25. Interview no. 401, Doheny.

26. Ibid.; McMahon, Two Strikes and Out, 42.

27. Enrique Cerdán, "Informe," 9 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C224, E24.

28. "José Hernández, mutilado al prestar sus servicios en la Huasteca Petroleum Co.," 1919, Ramo de Trabajo, C170, E2.

29. "Interview with Mr. S.W. Smith," 11 May 1918, interview no. 596, Doheny.

30. Carl W. Ackerman, "Germany's Ally at Tampico," The Saturday Evening Post, 13 Oct 1917.

31. James D. McLachlan, "Report on Bolshevism in Mexico," 20 May 1919, FO, 371-3830/83812; Anon. to Fall, 24 Jan 1919, Fall, box 72, file 49.

32. W.M. Hanson to Fall, 17 Sept 1916, Anon. to Fall, 18 Oct 1918, 7 July 1919, Fall, box 84, file 2, box 72, box 49.

33. O.G. Lawson, 29 July 1952, OHTO, T31; E.J. Nicklos, 8 July 1953, ibid., T104.

34. "Aguila Co. 1916, Estimates Northern and Southern Fields Navigation Department and O.F.M.," Pearson, C45 F6; Office of Naval Operations, Planning Section, "Occupation of Mexican Oil Fields — Tampico and Tuxpam [ sic ]," 22 Apr 1918, in ''Mexico: Tampico — Firing on U.S. Naval Forces, 1914," Naval Records Collection, WE-5; Dawson to M.C. Hutchinson, 7 Mar 1919, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

35. "Data re. American Refugees from Mexico, 1913-1914," ibid.

36. Dawson to Earle W. Jopp, 16 Apr 1919, ibid.; Lambert and Franks, Voices from the Oil Fields, 44.

37. Nicklos, 8 July 1953, T103, OHTO; "Plan of Minatitlan Oil Refinery," 31 Oct 1922, Pearson, C46 F5.

38. Germán García Lozano, "Estadio descriptivo de la refinería de petróleo en Minatitlán, Ver.," Boletín del Petróleo 1, no. 3 (1916): 266-67.

39. Ibid.

38. Germán García Lozano, "Estadio descriptivo de la refinería de petróleo en Minatitlán, Ver.," Boletín del Petróleo 1, no. 3 (1916): 266-67.

39. Ibid.

40. O.G. Lawson, 29 July 1952, T31, OHTO; Lambert and Franks, Voices from the Oil Fields, 46.

41. Cowdray to Thomas J. Ryder, 31 Aug 1914, Pearson, A3.

42. Dawson to El Aguila, 13 Aug 1918, Dawson to George A. Chamberlain, 14 Aug 1918, Dawson to U.S. consul, Nuevo Laredo, 21 Aug 1918, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4/822; author's interview with Maier, Coral Gables, Florida, 30 Dec 1982. Maier later managed the Tropical Oil Company of Colombia.

43. López Portillo y Weber, El petróleo de México, 135-37; testimony of James J. Britt, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:995, 1002; Hall and Coerver, Revolution on the Border, 99.

44. Body to Cowdray, 16 Jan, 3 July 1917, Pearson, A4; Foreign Office to consular officers, Mexico, 12 July 1917, FO, 371-2962/138423; Cowdray to Body, 28 Apr 1914, Pearson, A3; Cowdray to Board of Trade, 10 Oct 1914, ibid.

45. Testimony of Spellacy, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:952-53; Green to Paddleford, 1 Mar 1918, FO, 371-3243/A47338.

46. Thomas J. Ryder to Colville Barclay, 26 Aug 1919, FO, 371-3833/134146; Wilson to Hohler, 24 Nov 1914, FO, 371-2397/23934.

47. "Potrero — Tuxpam 8" Pipe Line, Pump Stations — Labour," Pearson, C45.

48. Cowdray to Ryder, 31 Aug 1914, Pearson, A3.

49. Testimony of Dr. Bruce Baker Corbin, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:1459.

50. War Department to F.J. Collins, 20 Oct 1919, W. Milligan to Capt. George S. Frickes, 16 Dec 1918, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

51. Sadler to Dawson, 19 Feb 1919, ibid.

52. Silva Herzog, El petróleo de México, 50.

53. Some historians, like Roberto Korzeniewicz, place the labor process at the center of any interpretation of labor unrest. "Insofar as the position of different groups of workers in the labor market was itself shaped by the nature of the labor process and workplace relations, the transformation of these spheres constitutes an important analytical point of departure for explaining the central features of the emerging labor movement." Roberto P. Korze-

niewicz, "Labor Unrest in Argentina, 1887-1907," Latin American Research Review 24 (1989): 71.

54. Ordóñez, "El Petróleo en México," part 2, 223.

55. Testimony of Corbin, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:1459; "Pearson Photographic Albums," 1, 44; G.H. Coxon to R.D. Hutchinson, 21 Jan 1919, Pearson, P/1.

56. Interview no. 696, Doheny.

57. Miller to sec. of state, 25 May 1912, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.6363/4.

58. Enrique S. Cerdán, "Informe," 9 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C224, E24.

59. Ibid.

58. Enrique S. Cerdán, "Informe," 9 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C224, E24.

59. Ibid.

60. Here the theoretical work of Harry Braverman can be taken too far by historians of early industrialization. The Braverman thesis implies that machinery reduces work to routine and separates work into specific tasks, such that technological advancement leads to a deskilling of the labor force. The application of the Braverman thesis to early Mexican industrial development, because of the importance of foreign skilled workers, does not seem reasonable. See Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, 149; John Womack, Jr., "The Historiography of Mexican Labor," in Frost, Meyer, and Vásquez, El Trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México, 739-56; Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 405, 535.

61. "The Texas Company of Mexico" [circa 1918], Doheny, LJC-DS, file 3467.

62. Ibid. On the hierarchy of the Mexican working class, see Di Tella, "The Dangerous Classes in Early Nineteenth-Century Mexico," 79-105.

61. "The Texas Company of Mexico" [circa 1918], Doheny, LJC-DS, file 3467.

62. Ibid. On the hierarchy of the Mexican working class, see Di Tella, "The Dangerous Classes in Early Nineteenth-Century Mexico," 79-105.

63. "Estimated Monthly Expenditures and Receipts," 1 Jan to 30 June 1916, "Navigation Department," and ''Tampico and Minatitlán Refinery Estimates" [c. 1916], Pearson, C45 F4; "Schedule of wages," Mexican Petroleum Company, 31 May 1918, Doheny, files 3717-3718.

64. Ordóñez, "El petróleo de México," part 2, 224.

65. Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 161, 166.

66. Ordóñez, "El petróleo de México," part 2, 220. The practice of selling purloined water recalls the testimony of Carolina Maria de Jesús, who described how unscrupulous entrepreneurs of the favelas of São Paulo would tap into the public electricity system, without permission, and sell power to the residents. See Child of the Dark: The Diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus, tr. David St. Clair (New York, 1962), 35.

67. "Erection of Camp Buildings," [c. 1916], Pearson, C45.

68. Testimony of Doheny, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:234-35; Eberstadt Photo Collection, Box 3S1, Mexico Petroleum Co., c. 1913, Barker Texas History Center Photograph Collection, University of Texas at Austin.

69. "Se trasmite informe de la Agencia del Petróleo en Tuxpan, Ver.," 12 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C114, E27.

70. "Estimate for 2,000 Foot Wells," [c. 1916], Pearson, C45.

71. Testimony of Doheny and Spellacy, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:234, 940, 942; "Standing Charges, Potrero Camp," [c. 1916], Pearson, C45 F6.

72. Wage data from "Standing Charges, Potrero Camp," "Estimate Monthly Expenditures and Receipts," "Southern Fields," "Aguila Co., 1916 — Estimating

Northern & Southern Fields Navigation Department and O.F.M." [c. 1916], Pearson, C45 F6.

73. Pérez Ruiz to Jefe, 18 Sept 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C220 E6.

74. Testimony of Beaty, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:532-33; William Green to George E. Paddleford, 17 Feb 1918, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.6363/389.

75. Body to Cowdray, 10 May 1911, Body to Cowdray, 3 Mar, Vaughn to Anglo-Mex, 4 Dec 1916, Pearson, A4; Pulford to Hohler, 18 June 1917, Green to Paddleford, 1 Mar 1918, FO, 371-2962/143982, -3243/A47338.

76. "Interview with Arthur Coyle Payne, General Manager, Oil Fields of Mexico Co.," interview no. 588, 13 May 1918, Doheny.

77. "Interview with Mr. H. Wylie," 15 May 1918, interview no. 597, Doheny.

78. Miller to Canada, Canada to sec. of state, 21 May 1914, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.6363/72; testimony of Doheny, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:237; Canada to sec. of state, Bryan to Miller, 4 May, W.A. Thompson to Robert Lansing, 29 May 1914, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.6363/42, /51a, /85; Silva Herzog, El petróleo de México, 83.

79. Testimony of Doheny, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1:234; Nicklos, 8 July 1953, OHTO, T103.

80. Interview no. 75, 26 July 1918, Doheny.

81. David Rock, "Lucha civil en la Argentina: La Semana Trágica de enero de 1919," Desarollo Económico 114 (1971-72), 165-215; Peter DeShazo, Urban Workers and Labor Unions in Chile, 1902-1927 (Madison, 1983); Ronaldo Munck, "Cyclers of Class Struggle and the Making of the Working Class in Argentina, 1890-1920," Journal of Latin American Studies 19 (1987): 19-39; Andrew Patrick Boeger, "Mexican Workers and Their Struggles, 1910-1918" (M.A. thesis, the University of Texas at Austin, 1989), 69-71.

82. "Potrero — Tuxpam 8" Pipe Line. Pump Stations — Labour" [c. 1916], Pearson, C45; "Programs 1916," Pearson, C45 F5.

83. Body to Chief, 22 Dec 1916, 20 Jan 1917, Pearson, A4.

84. Miller to sec. of state, 16 Nov 1911, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 812.504.

85. Ruiz, Labor and the Ambivalent Revolutionaries, 5.

86. For the Mexican artisan, see Manuel Carrera Stampa, Los gremios mexicanos: La organización gremial en Nueva España, 1521-1861 (Mexico City, 1954); John E. Kicza, Colonial Entrepreneurs: Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City (Albuquerque, 1983), 208-239; Frederick J. Shaw, "The Artisan in Mexico City (1824-1853)," in Frost, Meyer, and Vásquez, El Trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México, 399-418; Dorothy Tanck de Estrada, "La abolición de los gremios," in ibid., 311-31.

87. The debate about whether the Department of Labor succeeded in reducing strikes and deflecting labor militancy, as Ruiz asserts, is taken up throughout this chapter. See Ruiz, Labor and the Ambivalent Revolutionaries, 2, 31, 41, 57-58.

88. Knight, "The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution," 75; Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 209.

89. Ibid., 69-70; H.T. Mayo to sec. of navy, 2 Aug 1914, Naval Records Collection, WE-5.

88. Knight, "The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution," 75; Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 209.

89. Ibid., 69-70; H.T. Mayo to sec. of navy, 2 Aug 1914, Naval Records Collection, WE-5.

90. Sindicato de Empleados de Comercio, 3 Sept, Mexican Light and Power Company to González, 2 Dec, Sindicato de Artes Gráficos, 18 Dec 1915, Sindicatos de Empleados de la Compañía de Tranvíos, Luz y Fuerza de Puebla, 17 Jan 1916, Luis Pateño, "El Depto. Jurídico del Cuerp de Ejército de Oriente en 1915 . . . ," González, L13, E135, E136, L13, E306.

91. Valdivieso Castillo, Historia del movimiento sindical, 26; "News Notes from Mexican News Bureau, 9 Aug 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.6363/309; C. Aguila, "Declaraciones a la prensa con motivo del conflicto obrero," 8 Jan 1919, Carranza, carpeta 129.

92. Valdivieso Castillo, Historia del movimiento sindical, 27; Ciro R. de la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana en el Estado de Tamaulipas (Mexico City, 1975), 2:280, 284-85.

93. De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:293-95.

94. Diario de los debates, 1:984, as quoted by Niemeyer, Revolution at Querétaro, 108. Zavala was engaging in hyperbole. The workers had done very little compared to the peasants. Knight, "The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution," 71.

95. Rouaix, Génesis de los artículos 27 y 123, 127-41; Linda B. Hall, Alvaro Obregón: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911-1920 (College Station, Tex., 1981), 178-79; Niemeyer, Revolution at Querétaro, chap. 4.

96. As quoted in Niemeyer, Revolution at Querétaro, Appendix C.

97. See especially Silvio Zavala and María Castelo, Fuentes para la historia del trabajo en Nueva España, 8 vols. (Mexico City, 1939-1945); Woodrow Borah, Justice by Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real (Berkeley, 1983).

98. As quoted in Niemeyer, Revolution at Querétaro, Appendix C.

99. Hall, Alvaro Obregón, 100-101, 110-11; 140-41; Richmond, Venustiano Carranza's Nationalist Struggle, 73; Carr, El movimiento obrero y la política en México, 64-74; Barry Carr, "Organized Labour and the Mexican Revolution, 1915-1938," Oxford University Occasional Papers, No. 2 (1972), 4, 9.

100. Barry Carr, "The Casa del Obrero Mundial, Constitutionalism and the Pact of February 1915," in Frost, Meyer, and Vásquez, El Trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México, 603-32; John Mason Hart, Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class, 1860-1931 (Austin, 1978), 150; Ruiz, Labor and the Ambivalent Revolutionaries, 47, 54-57.

101. Hart, Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class, 155; Richmond, Venustiano Carranza's Nationalist Struggle, 125-26; Carr, "The Casa del Obrero Mundial," 628. Today home to Sanborn's Restaurant, the House of Tiles once belonged to the Conde de Regla, owner of the Real del Monte mines, which was the scene of Mexico's first labor strike in 1769.

102. Cerdán, 29 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C224, E23.

103. Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 264, 352, 355, 358, 363, 430, 436, 439, 456, 458; De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:233-34.

104. De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:255-56.

105. Ricardo Treviño et al. to Carranza, Saltillo, 1 May 1919, Carranza, carpeta 15197; Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 435; Hart, Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class, 157-58.

106. This secret convention was not known until 1930, when Morones himself, under suspicion of having had Obregón assassinated two years before, divulged it. Hall, Alvaro Obregón, 217-18; Ruiz, Labor and the Ambivalent Revolutionaries, 59-61, 70.

107. Cerdán, 29 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo C224, E23.

108. On the labor aristocracy, see Eric Hobsbawm, Workers: Worlds of Labor (New York, 1984), 185.

109. J.B. Body to Foreign Office, 22 Apr, 23 Apr 1915, FO, 371-2398/48597, /48598; Valdivieso Castillo, Historia del movimiento sindical, 25, 27.

110. C.O. Meyer to Thomas H. Bevan, 27 May 1915, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4/235.

111. Bevan to sec. of state, 20 July, 30 July 1915, ibid., 850.4/233-34; Bevan to sec. of state, 30 July, 3 Aug 1915, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/9.

112. J.C. Evans to Bevan, 14 June 1915, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4/242; Commanding Officer, USS Wheeling to Commanding Officer, USS Sacramento, 25 July 1915, Naval Records Collection, WE-5.

113. A. Araujo to foreign employees, 1 Aug 1915, "Mexico: Conditions in Tampico, 1915-1916," Naval Records Collection, WE-5.

114. Sindicato de Empleados de Comercio to González, 3 Sept 1915, Emilio A. Quiñones et al. to González, 3 Nov 1915, González to Rouaix, 13 Nov 1915, González, L13, E135.

115. Bevan to sec. of state, 1 Dec 1915, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4/243.

116. Body to Cowdray, 10 Feb 1916, Pearson, A4.

117. Dawson to sec. of state, 6 Apr 1916, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/46.

118. Commanding Officer USS Marietta to Commanding Officer, USS Kentucky, 3, 7, 8, 10 May 1916, "Mexico: Conditions in Tampico, 1915-1916," Naval Records Collection, WE-5.

119. W.F. Buckley, et al. to Woodrow Wilson, 22 May 1916, Pearson, A3; Commanding Officer, USS Marietta to Commanding Officer, USS Kentucky, 27 May 1916, Naval Records Collection, WE-5; Pulford to Hohler, 13 June 1916, FO, 371-2702/142126.

120. As quoted in De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:238; Hohler to Foreign Office, 26 June 1916, FO, 371-2701/123687.

121. Gulston to Anglo-Mex, Body to Cowdray, 4 Dec 1916, Pearson, A4.

122. As quoted in De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:240.

123. Ibid., 2:241.

122. As quoted in De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:240.

123. Ibid., 2:241.

124. Body to Cowdray, 20 Jan, 24 Feb 1917, Pearson, A4.

125. Thurstan to Foreign Office, 24, 25 Apr 1917, Thurstan to Spring-Rice, 29 Apr 1917, FO, 371-2960/84125, /85616, /88278; Dawson to sec. of state, 23, 24 Apr 1917, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

126. Warren to H.C. Pierce, 30 Apr 1917, Naval Records Collection, WE-5.

127. Dawson to sec. of state, 16 Apr, 2 May 1917, Josephus Daniels to sec. of state, 2 May 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/85, /89, /95; Claude I. Dawson to P. Symington, 28 Apr 1917, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

128. Warren to H.C. Pierce, 30 Apr, Naval Records Collection, WE-5; Warren to H.C. Pierce, 8 May 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/97.

129. "Report on Conditions at Tampico," in Barclay to Lord Robert Cecil, 26 May, FO, 371-2961/116927; USS Tacoma to sec. of navy, 30 Apr 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/91.

130. Cummins to Foreign Office, 30 May 1917, FO, 371-2961/108766; "Weekly News Summaries," in Body to C. Reed, 4 June, and F.M. Davies to C. Reed, 11 June 1917, Pearson, A4.

131. "Weekly News Summary," in Body to C. Reed, 25 June 1917, Pearson, A4; Canada to sec. of state, 30 June 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/113.

132. McHenry to sec. of state, 18, 20 June 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/107, /110; W.J. Stork to Dawson, 5 May, Dawson to sec. of state, 14 May 1917, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

133. Document signed by F. Gamallo and Ramón Parreño, 12 July 1917, and El Obrero Mundial al ciudadano, n.p., n.d., ibid.

134. F. Gamallo to Oficina Huasteca, 13 July 1917, Cortina to Huasteca et al., 13 July 1917, ibid.

135. "Declaración hecho por el Señor A.W. Turner," n.d., J.B. River, affidavit, 16 July 1917, ibid.; Dawson to sec. of state, 12, 16 July 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/114, /117.

136. Frank C. Laurie to Dawson, 17 July 1917, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

137. E. Richards to Frank C. Polk, 24, 26 July 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812. 504/116, /120; Pearson to Lord Solum Stuart, 27 July 1917, FO, 371-2962/149925.

138. Cummins to Foreign Office, 24, 27 July 1917, FO, 371-2962/146802, /147660.

139. C. Hamilton et al., to Dawson, 25 July 1917, Dawson to sec. of state, 25 July 1917, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4; Paddleford to Mex. Petrol. Co., 26 July 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/121.

140. USS Annapolis to Opnav, 28 July 1917, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.504/124; Polk to sec. of state, 30 July, Dawson to sec. of state, 30 July; J.E. Trout to U.S. consul, 11 Sept 1917, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.5; Cummins to Foreign Office, 29 July, 7 Aug, to Pearson & Sons, 1 Aug 1917, FO, 371-2962/149406, /155641.

141. G. Arriyaza et al. to Pierce Oil Co., n.d., Dawson to sec. of state, 25 Sept 1917, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4.

142. Commanding Officer, Mexican Patrol to Navy, 4 Nov 1917, Naval Records Collection, WE-5; Cummins to Foreign Office, 2, 5, 11 Oct 1917, FO, 371-2963/190753, /191742, /195778.

143. A. Salín ["Pierce Oil Accord"], 17 Nov 1917, Ramo de Trabajo, C169, E40.

144. Spring-Rice to Foreign Office, 19 Nov 1917, FO, 371-2964/220249; Edgar L. Field to Dept. Intell. Officer, 20 Nov 1917, Military Intelligence Division, 9700-608.

145. "Estimates 1st July to 31st December 1918," Pearson, C45 F1.

146. El Universal, 10 Aug 1918; "Separación de Obreros por varias Cías petroleras," Ramo de Trabajo, C126, E18; U.S. Military Intelligence Dept., "Mexico," 10 Mar 1919, FO, 371-3828/51282.

147. Dawson to sec. of state, 20 Mar 1918, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4; Cowdray to Foreign Office, 21 Mar 1918, FO, 371-3243/53461.

148. "Informes de Huelga declarada en la Cía Mexicana Petrolera `El Aguila,' Tamps., 1918," Ramo de Trabajo, C118, E7; Foreign Office to Cowdray, 29 Mar 1918, Pearson, A3.

149. "Informes de huelga en la Cía. Petrolera Transcontinental," 1919, Ramo de Trabajo, C169, E39.

150. Anonymous to Fall, 24 Jan 1919, Fall, box 72, file 49.

151. "Huelga de la negociación petrolera Pierce Oil Corporation," 1919, Ramo de Trabajo, C169, E40; El Excélsior, 24 Jan 1919; W.A. Ward to Dawson, 7 May 1919, U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4; De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:282-83.

152. E. Pérez Arce, 2, 25 June, Pierce Oil Co. to F. Flores Santos, 21 June 1919, Ramo de Trabajo, C169, E40.

153. As quoted in Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 521.

154. W. Mealy to León Salinas, 22 July 1919, Ramo de Trabajo, C169, E40.

155. Stephen V. Graham to sec. of navy, 14 June 1919, State Dept. Decimal Files, 812.6363/478; Graham to sec. of navy, 19 June 1919, Naval Records Collection, WE-5; U.S. consul to sec. of state, n.d., U.S. Consular Records, Tampico, 850.4, W.J. Pulford to Norman King, 17 June 1919, FO, 371-3831/103005; De la Garza Treviño, La Revolución Mexicana, 2:282-83; Emilio Portes Gil, "15 Years in Mexican Politics," unpub. translated typescript, vol. 13, p. 3, Daniels. De la Garza Treviño dates the violence on 16 May 1919, whereas American naval and British consular sources at the time reported it to have been on 16 June. The most complete description of the strike is Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 513-24.

156. As quoted in Adleson, "Historia social de los obreros," 522.

157. "Tampico Huelga," 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C213, E29; Enrique S. Cerdán, 29 Jan 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C224, E23.

158. H.A. Ellis et al. to P.E. Calles, 17 Feb 1920, Ramo de Trabajo, C213, E30.

159. E.P. Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (1967): 56-97.

160. Valdivieso Castillo, Historia del movimiento sindical, 25.

161. "Interview with Mr. H. Wylie," 15 May 1918, interview no. 597, Doheny; Carr, "Organized Labor and the Mexican Revolution," 2.