1. David Mathiasen, "Recent Developments in the Composition and Formulation of the United States Federal Budget," Public Budgeting and Finance 3, no. 3 (Autumn 1983), pp. 103-15; quote on p. 107.

2. Hale Champion, "Comments," in Gregory Mills and John Palmer, eds., Federal Budget Policy in the 1980s (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1984), p. 292; Champion's comments on Hugh Heclo, "Executive Budget Making," pp. 255-91.

3. U.S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. Hearings on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1983. 97th Cong., 2d sess., part 4, pp. 142-43.

4. "House Raising on the Hill," Time, May 31, 1982, p. 16.

5. David Pauley et al., "Battles Over Bailouts," Newsweek, June 21, 1982, pp. 53-54.

6. Martin Tolchin, "House in Quandary as Senate Passes New Version of Spending Bill," New York Times, June 30, 1982, p. D22.

7. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974), pp. 117-18.

8. See Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980).

9. Martin Tolchin, "House and Senate Pass $5.5 Billion Spending Bill," New York Times, July 16, 1982, p. A16.

10. U.S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. Hearings. 97th Cong., 2d sess., pp. 100, 105.

11. Ibid., pp. 176-81.

12. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Hearings on Departmentof the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1983. 97th Cong., 2d sess., part 2, p. 817.

13. CQA 1982, p. ,224.

14. Congressional Record, September 9, 1982, pp. S11249-50.

15. Quoted by Gary Hart in ibid., p. S11252; the Senate debate is on pp. S11249-67.

16. See Senate Appropriations' report on its 302(B) allocations. S Rept. 97571, July 29, 1982.

17. The dairy portion of the committee's proposal was written by the National Milk Producers Federation. CQA 1982, pp. 358-61.

18. CQA 1982,

19. Leonard M. Apcar, "House Refuses To Limit Climb In Retirees' Pay," Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1982, p. 3.

20. See CQA 1982, Reconciliation section, also pp. 515-16; and David Shribman, "Conferrees Meet Impasse on Plan to Cut Spending," New York Times, August 14, 1982, p. A28.

21. Martin Tolchin, "Congress Leaders Yield to President on Special Session: Budget Will be the Topic," New York Times, September 17, 1982, pp. Al, A20.

22. CQA 1982, p. 228.

23. On gerrymanders see William Safire, Safire's Political Dictionary (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), pp. 255-56. On California, see Michael Barone and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 1984 (Washington, D.C.: National Journal, 1983), pp. 73-74. Hoping to cut their own deal with Mexican-Americans, California Republicans rejected overtures for a bipartisan effort. They thus put themselves at the mercies of Representative Phil Burton of San Francisco, a political gut fighter of the first order, who knew his state inside and out. He took care of the Hispanics and every Democrat is sight, devising a plan that, through some very strangely shaped districts, both met all legal requirements and gave his party a huge advantage. In the 1982 election Democrats won twenty-eight of the forty-five California seats. On Indiana see ibid., p. 382.

24. Mark Shields, "Learning From the Lame Ducks," Washington Post, December 24, 1982, p. A13.

25. "Transcript of Reagan's Speech to Nation on G.O.P. Policy and the Economy," p. B14; "Transcript of Riegle's Reply for Democrats to President's Talk on Economy," p. B14, New York Times, October 14, 1982.

26. For polls, see George L. Church, "Facing the Jobs Issue," Time, October 28, 1982, pp. 18-19. The president's pollster, Richard Wirthlin, reported similar results, Newsweek, November 15, 1982, p. 14.

27. Church, "Facing the Jobs Issue"; William Schneider, "Reaganomics Was on the Voters' Minds, But Their Verdict Was Far From Clear," National Journal, November 6, 1982, pp. 1892-93; and table on p. 1893.

28. Ed Magnuson, "Interpreting the New Moderation," Time, November 22, 1982, p. 74.

29. Walter Isaacson, "Trimming the Sails," Time, November 15, 1982, pp. 12-16, 21.

30. CQA 1982, p. 321.

31. William F. Clinger (R-Pa.), editorial, New York Times, February 4, 1982.

32. Melinda Beck et al., "The Decaying of America," Newsweek, August 2, 1982, pp. 12-18.

33. CQA 1982, p. 322.

34. Rochelle L. Stanfield, "Jobs Gain Momentum in Wake of Election Returns," National Journal, November 20, 1982, p. 1999.

35. Martin Tolchin, "Jobs Legislation is Gaining Support," New York Times, November 11, 1982, pp. A1, A19; also Ed Cowan, "Gas Tax Rise Urged by Rostenkowski for Road Repairs," New York Times, November 10, 1982, pp. A1, D14.

36. Howell Raines, "G.O.P. Lacks Votes on Early Tax Cut, President is Told," New York Times, November 19, 1982, p. A1.

37. CQA 1982, p. 322.

38. Stanfield, "Jobs Gain Momentum in Wake of Election Returns."

39. George J. Church, "How to be Santa Claus," Time, December 20, 1982, pp. 18, 21.

40. Susan Tifft, "New Roads for the Unemployed," Time, December 6, 1982, p. 23; Kenneth Gilpin, "Spending Proposals Criticized," New York Times, November 22, 1982, pp. D1, D7.

41. Walter Isaacson, "Lame Ducks Lay An Egg," Time, December 27, 1982, pp. 12-14.

42. CQA 1982, p. 285.

43. Ibid.; and Walter S. Mosberg, "Congress Deletes MX Production Funds But Fine Print Will Allow Five to Be Built," Wall Street Journal, December 21, 1982, p. 6.

44. CQA 1982, p. 547; see also Mike Causey, "The Federal Diary: Top U.S. Aides Get More Pay: Most Live Here," Washington Post, December 22, 1982, p. B2.

45. Martin Tolchin, "House Allocates $5 Billion to Jobs," New York Times, December 15, 1982, pp. A1, A28.

46. Martin Tolchin, "How Gas Tax Lost in Senate," New York Times, December 18, 1982, pp. A1, A13.

47. Ibid.

48. Steven V. Roberts, "Filibuster Stalls Key Money Bill on Senate Floor," New York Times, December 19, 1982, pp. A1, A26; Steven V. Roberts, "Congress Drops Jobs Program and MX from Funding Measure In Compromise to Avoid a Veto," New York Times, December 20, 1982, pp. A1, D11.

49. Roberts, "Congress Drops Jobs Program"; Mosberg, "Congress Deletes MX Production Funds But Fine Print Will Allow Five to be Built"; and Margot Hornblower, "232 Billion Voted for Defense; Reagan Rebuffed on MX Funds," Washington Post, December 21, 1982, p. A4.

50. Steven V. Roberts, "President Decides to Sign Funds Bill Despite Loss of MX," New York Times, December 21, 1982, pp. A1, D29.

51. Hornblower, "232 Billion Voted for Defense."

52. Helen Dewar, "Congress Sends Spending Bill to the President: U.S. Employees Told To Come In," Washington Post, December 21, 1982, pp. A1, A7.

53. Juan Williams, "Funding Measure Signed," Washington Post, December 22, 1982, pp. A1, A5.

54. Uncited details on this and the entire appropriations battle are from CQA1982, Budget and Appropriations. Numbers used in making judgments are from ibid. and from the "Brown Book," Senate Document No. 40, 97th Cong., 2d sess., esp. Tables IV, IVA, V, VIII, VIIIa.

55. Douglas B. Feaver and David Maraniss, "Reagan Lobbies For Senate Votes on Gasoline Tax," Washington Post, December 23, 1982, pp. A1, A7.

56. David Maraniss, "Senate Passes Gas-Tax Bill, Closes the 97th," Washington Post, December 24, 1982, pp. A1, A4.