1. Vicki Ruiz, ''Working for Wages: Mexican Women in the American Southwest, 1930-1980," Southwest Institute for Research on Working Women, Paper No. 19 (1984): 2.

2. Albert Camarillo, Chicanos in a Changing Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 92, 137, 157, 221; Pedro Castillo, "The Making of a Mexican Barrio: Los Angeles, 1890-1920" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1979), p. 154; Ruiz, "Working for Wages," p. 17.

3. Paul S. Taylor, "Women in Industry," Field Notes for his book Mexican Labor in the United States, 1927-1930 , Paul S. Taylor Collection, Bancroft Library, Berkeley, CA; Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics of the University of California and Constantine Panuzio, How Mexicans Earn and Live (University of California Publications in Economics, 13, No. 1, Cost of Living Studies V) (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1933), PP. 12, 15. Interview with Julia Luna Mount, November 17, 1983, by the author. The term family wage economy first appeared in Louise Tilly and Joan Scott, Women, Work, and Family (New York, NY: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1978).

4. Taylor, Field Notes.

5. Taylor, Field Notes; Caroline E Ware, The Early New England Cotton Manufacture (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931; rpt. ed., New York, NY: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1966), pp. 217-219.

6. Douglas Monroy, "An Essay on Understanding the Work Experience of Mexicans in Southern California, 1900-1939," Aztlan 33 (Spring 1981): 70; Taylor, Field Notes.

7. U.S., National Youth Administration, State of California, An Occupational Study of the Fruit and Vegetable Canning Industry in California , Prepared by Edward G. Stoy and Frances W. Strong, State of California (1938), pp. 15-39 (hereafter referred to as N.Y.A. Study ). My thoughts on the development of a cannery culture derive from oral interviews with former cannery and packing house workers and organizers, and from the works of Patricia Zavella, Thomas Dublin, and Louise Lamphere.

8. Thomas Dublin, Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860 (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1979), pp. 41-48; interview with Carmen Bernal Escobar, February 11, 1979, by the author; Mount interview; letter from Luisa Moreno dated March 22, 1983, to the author.

9. Dublin, Women at Work , p. 48.

10. Mount interview; Escobar interview.

11. "Interview with Elizabeth Nicholas," by Ann Baxandall Krooth and Jaclyn Greenberg, published in Harvest Quarterly , Nos. 3-4 (September-December 1976): 15-16; interview with Luisa Moreno, August 5, 1976, by Albert Camarillo.

12. Howard Shorr, "Boyle Heights Population Estimates: 1940" (unpublished materials); David Weissman, "Boyle Heights—A Study in Ghettos," The Reflex 6 (July 1935): 32; Mount interview; interview with Maria Rodriguez, April 26, 1984, by the author. Note: Maria Rodriguez is a pseudonym used at the person's request.

13. Interview with Luisa Moreno, July 27, 1978, by the author.

14. Leslie Woodcock Tentler, Wage Earning Women: Industrial Work and Family Life in the United States, 1900-1930 (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 71-75; Escobar interview; Susan Porter Benson, "'The Customers Ain't God': The Work Culture of Department Store Saleswomen, 1890-1940," in Working Class America , ed. Michael H. Frisch and Daniel J. Walkowitz (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 197-198.

15. N. Y. A. Study , pp. 15-39; Castillo, "Making of a Mexican Barrio," p. 54; Moreno interview, July 1978; Rodriguez interview, April 1984. Note: Chisme means gossip.

16. California Canners' Directory (July 1936), p. 2; Escobar interview; UCAPAWA News , September 1939; Economic Material on the California Cannery Industry , prepared by Research Department, California CIO Council (February 1946), p. 18; California Governor C. C. Young, Mexican Fact-Finding Committee, Mexicans in California (October 1930) (San Francisco, CA: California State Printing Office, 1930; reprinted by R and E Research Associates, San Francisco, CA, 1970), pp. 49-54, 89; interview with Dorothy Ray Healey, January 21, 1979, by the author; Escobar interview; letter from Luisa Moreno dated July 28, 1979, to the author.

17. U. S., Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, Application of Labor Legislation to the Fruit and Vegetable Preserving Industries (Bulletin of the Women's Bureau, No. 176) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), p. 90; Escobar interview; N. Y. A. Study , pp. 15-39.

18. Escobar interview; Rodriguez interview.

19. Escobar interview; N. Y. A. Study , pp. 15-39.

20. Escobar interview; Mount interview.

21. Escobar interview; Healey interview.

22. Escobar interview.

23. Victor B. Nelson-Cisneros, "UCAPAWA and Chicanos in California: The Farm Worker Period," Aztlan 6 (Fall 1976): 463.

24. Interview with Luisa Moreno, September 6, 1979, by the author; Healey interview; Moreno interview, August 1976; Moreno interview, July 1978; Report of Donald Henderson, General President to the Second Annual Convention of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of America (San Francisco, CA, December 12-16, 1938), pp. 14, 22, 32-33; Proceedings , First National Convention of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of America (Denver, CO, July 9-12, 1937), p. 21; New York Times , November 24, 1938; Proceedings , Third National Convention of United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of America (Chicago, IL, December 3-7, 1940), pp. 60-66.

25. Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1979), pp. 190-194, 197-198, 211-212; Susan Levine, "Labor's True Woman: Domesticity and Equal Rights in the Knights of Labor," Journal of American History 70 (September 1983): 323-339; Sidney Lens, The Labor Wars (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1974), p. 65; Constitution and By-Laws , as amended by the Second National Convention of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of America, Effective December 17, 1938, pp. 2, 26-27.

26. Sam Kushner, Long Road to Delano (New York, NY: International Publishers, 1975), pp. 90-91; Nelson-Cisneros, "UCAPAWA and Chicanos in California," pp. 460-467, 473; Proceedings , Third UCAPAWA Convention, p. 10; Executive Officers' Report , pp. 9-10.

27. Nelson-Cisneros, "UCAPAWA and Chicanos in California," p. 463; Healey interview; UCAPAWA News , October 1939.

28. Healey interview; Escobar interview; UCAPAWA News , September 1939; Mount interview.

29. Escobar interview; Healey interview; UCAPAWA News , September 1939; Los Angeles Times , September 1, 1939.

30. Healey interview; Escobar interview.

31. Escobar interview; Moreno interview, August 1976; Albert Camarillo, Chicanos in California (San Francisco, CA: Boyd & Fraser, 1984), pp. 61-63.

32. UCAPAWA News , September 1939; UCAPAWA News , December 1939; Escobar interview.

33. UCAPAWA News , September 1939; Healey interview.

34. Healey interview; UCAPAWA News , September 1939; UCAPAWA News , December 1939.

35. Healey interview; Escobar interview; UCAPAWA News , December 1939.

36. Escobar interview; Healey interview; Moreno letter, July 1979.

37. Moreno interview, September 1979; Moreno interview, August 12-13, 1977, with Albert Camarillo; Escobar interview; Moreno interview, July 1978.

38. Escobar interview; Moreno interview, September 1979; Moreno letter, July 1979.

39. UCAPAWA News , August 25, 1941; Moreno interview, September 1979; Moreno letter, July 1979; UCAPAWA News , November 17, 1941; UCAPAWA News , December 1, 1941.

40. UCAPAWA News , February 1, 1943; UCAPAWA News , July 15, 1942; UCAPAWA News , December 15, 1943; UCAPAWA News , June 15, 1942; UCAPAWA News , July 1, 1944.

41. UCAPAWA News , April 10, 1942; UCAPAWA News , April 1, 1943; UCAPAWA News , March 11, 1942; UCAPAWA News , May 15, 1943; FTA News , January 1, 1945; Moreno interview, September 1979; Moreno letter, July 1979.

42. Escobar interview. For more information concerning other CIO campaigns, see Luis Leobardo Arroyo, "Chicano Participation in Organized Labor: The CIO in Los Angeles, 1938-1950," Aztlan 6 (Summer 1975): 277-303.

43. Women's Bureau Bulletin, Application of Labor Legislation , pp. 3-8, 102-103.

44. Vicki L. Ruiz, "UCAPAWA, Chicanas, and the California Food Processing Industry, 1937-1950" (Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1982), pp. 164, 194.

45. The term labor aristocracy first appeared in E. J. Hobsbawm's Labouring Men: Studies in the History of Labour (New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc., 1964). Other historians have refined the applicability and criteria for the term.

46. Ruiz, "UCAPAWA, Chicanas," pp. 151-176.

47. Sara Evans has defined ''social space" as an area "within which members of an oppressed group can develop an independent sense of worth in contrast to their received definitions as second-class or inferior citizens." Personal Politics (New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1980), p. 219.

48. Escobar interview.

49. Laurie Coyle, Gall Hershatter, and Emily Honig, "Women at Farah: An Unfinished Story," in Mexican Women in the United States , ed. Magdalena Mora and Adelaida Del Castillo (Los Angeles, CA: Chicano Studies Research Publications, 1980); Patricia Zavella, "Support Networks of Young Chicana Workers," paper presented at the Western Social Science Association Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 29, 1983; Patricia Zavella, "Women, Work, and Family in the Chicano Community: Cannery Workers of the Santa Clara Valley" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1982).

50. For more information on the Teamster take-over, see Ruiz, "UCAPAWA, Chicanas," pp. 206-243.