Chapter Seven Conclusion Traditional Industry and Indigenous Capitalism in Nineteenth-Century Japan
1. Kawashima Hiroyuki, "Yanshu no yume," Hokkaido shinbun , 10 January 1988.
2. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem , pp. 149-55, discusses the ecological damage done by the decimation of the California sardine fishery.
3. Kawashima, "Yanshu no yume."
4. See, for example, the letters to the editor from Arisaka Yoshinori, 77, and Shigematsu Sumi, 63, Hokkaido shinbun , 20 March 1987 and 16 June 1987; compare Blakiston, Japan in Yezo , p. 5.
5. Kon Zensaku, "Nishinryo oboegaki," Hokkaido no bunka 4 (September 1963): 28.
6. Tashiro Kazui, "Foreign Relations during the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined," Journal of Japanese Studies 8:2 (Summer 1982): 283-306.
7. Furuta Ryoichi, Kawamura Zuiken (Tokyo: Yoshikawa kobunkan, 1988), pp. 17-44; E. Sydney Crawcour, "Kawamura Zuiken: A Seventeenth Century Entrepreneur," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 3rd ser., 9 (1966): 1-23. See also Miyamoto and Uemura, "Tokugawa keizai no junkan kozo." Kawana Noboru, Kashi ni ikiru hitobito: Tonegawa suiun no shakai shi (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1982), has an informative discussion of river transportation networks in the Kanto.
8. The Nanbu and Matsumoto domains controlled forestry in this manner. Hasegawa, "Bakuhan taiseika ni okeru Ezochi dekasegi o meguru shomondai," pp. 26-33; Conrad Totman, The Green Archipelago: Forestry in Preindustrial Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 70-71.
9. John W. Hall, Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719-1788: The Forerunner of Modern Japan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955).
10. As Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Viking Press, 1985), demonstrates so well, the preoccupation of the Japanese with rice as a staple food is consistent with practice in most cultures. See also Fernand Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible (Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century , vol. 1) (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), for a discussion of staple grains throughout the world.
11. Much of the economic thought of the Tokugawa period can be seen as an attempt to rationalize commerce and industry as legitimate alternatives to a rice-based economy. See, for example, Tetsuo Najita, Visions of Virtue: The Kaitokudo Merchant Academy in Tokugawa Japan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), and Roberts, "The Merchant Origins of National Prosperity Thought in Eighteenth Century Tosa."
12. Howell, "Hard Times in the Kanto," pp. 357-64.
13. Kriedte, Medick, and Schlumbohm, Industrialization before Industrialization , pp. 95-96.
14. Hanley and Yamamura, Economic and Demographic Change in Preindustrial Japan , chap 6.
15. For treatments of economic development and peasant rebellion in Nanbu see, in addition to ibid.: Herbert P. Bix, "Miura Meisuke, or Peasant Rebellion under the Banner of 'Distress,'" Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 10:2 (1978): 18-26; Herbert P. Bix, "Leader of Peasant Rebellions: Miura Meisuke," in Great Historical Figures of Japan , ed. Murakami Hyoe and Thomas J. Harper (Tokyo: Japan Culture Institute, 1978); Mori Kahei, Nanbu han hyakusho ikki no kenkyu ( Mori Kabel chosakushu, vol. 7) (Tokyo: Hosei daigaku shuppan kyoku, 1974 [1935]), pp. 345-570; Moriya Yoshimi, "Bakuhan koshin han no keizai jokyo: Morioka han bakumatsu hyakusho ikki no yobiteki kosatsu no tame ni," Nihonshi kenkyu 150-51 (1975): 184-202; Iwamoto Yoshiteru, Kinsei gyoson kyodotai no hensen katei: Shohin keizai no shinten to sonraku kyodotai (Tokyo: Ochanomizu shobo, 1977); and Yokoyama Toshio, Hyakusho ikki to gimin densho (Tokyo: Kyoikusha, 1977), pp. 173-96.
16. Sider, Culture and Class in Anthropology and History , pp. 34-35. Sider, p. 189, it should be noted, argues that merchant capital was in fact dynamic: "To claim . . . that merchant capital . . . remains within the sphere of circulation, and in no significant way alters prior or more autonomous modes of production, is to miss the whole dynamic of social and cultural differentiation . . . in the formation of the modern world."
17. Pratt, "Village Elites in Tokugawa Japan," chap. 1.
18. See the case studies of three cotton and three silk regions, ibid., chaps. 4-5.
19. Edward E. Pratt, "Proto-Industry and Mechanized Production in Three Raw Silk Regions" (paper delivered at the 43rd annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, New Orleans, 1991), pp. 17-18.
20. Wigen, The Making of a Japanese Periphery , p. 291.
21. Ibid., pp. 173-74, 289-91; Pratt, "Proto-Industry and Mechanized Production in Three Raw Silk Regions."
22. Henry Rosovsky, "Japan's Transition to Modern Economic Growth, 1868-1885," in Industrialization in Two Systems: Essays in Honor of Alexander Gerschenkron , ed. Henry Rosovsky, as cited by Sydney Crawcour, "The Tokugawa Period and Japan's Preparation for Modern Economic Growth," Journal of Japanese Studies 1:1 (Autumn 1974), p. 115.
23. See Wigen, The Making of a Japanese Periphery , especially chap. 8, and Kären Wigen, "Social and Spatial Divisions of Labor in Nineteenth Century Shinano: Mapping the Contested Terrain of Paper Craft Production" (paper delivered at the 43rd annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, New Orleans, 1991).
24. Gordon, Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan .
25. Doc. 235 [18 February 1891], Toyama ken, ed., Toyama ken shi: Shiryohen (Toyama: Toyama ken, 1978), 6: 692-93.