1. Judith Anne Still, "Carrie Still Shepperson: The Hollow of Her Footsteps," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 62 (Spring 1983): 41-42; Verna Arvey, In One Lifetime, 13; Little Rock City Directory, 1897-98 (Little Rock: R. L. Polk & Co., 1897), 437, 532.

2. Little Rock City Directory, 1900-1901 (Little Rock: Press of Arkansas Democrat Co., 1900), 56-58, 67-79; Ira Don Richards, "Little Rock on the Road to Reunion, 1865-1880," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1966): 328-329; John William Graves, Town and Country: Race Relations in An Urban-Rural Context, Arkansas, 1865-1905 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1990), 114-115; C. Allan Brown, "The Legacy of the 'City of Roses,'" Pulaski County Historical Review 31 (Summer 1983): 22-28.

3. Graves, Town and Country, 104-106; Carolyn Gray LeMaster, A Corner of the Tapestry: A History of the Jewish Experience in Arkansas, 1820s-1990s (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994), 3-96 passim.

4. Graves, Town and Country, 108-109.

5. Ibid., 106-107; William Grant Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 26 (Autumn 1967): 285-286.

6. For a sophisticated analysis of Jeff Davis's appeal, see Raymond Arsenault, The Wild Ass of the Ozarks: Jeff Davis and the Social Bases of Southern Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984).

7. Fon Louise Gordon, "The Black Experience in Arkansas, 1880-1920" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas, 1989), 199-200; August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, "The Boycott Movement Against Jim Crow Streetcars in the South, 1900-1906," Journal of American History 55 (March 1969): 773-774; Graves, Town and Country, 218-225.

8. Adolphine Fletcher Terry, Charlotte Stephens: Little Rock's First Black Teacher (Little Rock: Academic Press of Little Rock, 1973), 107.

9. D. B. Gaines, Racial Possibilities as Indicated by the Negroes of Arkansas (Little Rock: Printing Department of Philander Smith College, 1898), 95.

10. On Gibbs, see Tom W. Dillard, "Golden Prospects and Fraternal Amenities: Mifflin W. Gibbs's Arkansas Years," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 35 (Winter 1976): 307-333.

11. On Bush, see C. Calvin Smith, "John E. Bush of Arkansas, 1890-1910," Ozark Historical Review 2. (Spring 1973): 48-59; G. P. Hamilton, Beacon Lights of the Race (Memphis: P. H. Clarke & Brother, 1911), 139-151.

12. Arvey, IOL, 27-28.

13. These measures are explored in detail in Graves, Town and Country, chaps. 8, 9, and 10.

14. Fon Louise Gordon, "From Slavery to Uncertain Freedom: Blacks in the Arkansas Delta," in Jeannie Whayne and Willard B. Gatewood, eds., The Arkansas Delta: Land of Paradox (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993), 116-117, 119; Tom W. Dillard, "Perseverance and Black History in Pulaski County, Arkansas—An Excerpt," Pulaski County Historical Review 31 (Winter 1983): 64.

15. See A. E. Bush and P. L. Dorman, eds., History of the Mosaic Templars of America: Its Founders and Officials (Little Rock: Central Printing Co., 1924); Berna Love, "A Proposal to Preserve and Rehabilitate Two Historical Landmarks on Ninth Street, the Mosaic Templars of America Headquarters Building and the Taborian Hall" (typescript in possession of the author).

16. I am indebted to Berna Love, Curator of Anthropology and Director of Social Science Education, Arkansas Museum of Science and History, Little Rock, for information on black businesses on Ninth Street; see her "Proposal" and "The Victory Chicken Shack: A Business History of West Ninth Street" (typescript in possession of the author).

17. Gaines, Racial Possibilities, 37-38; F. B. Coffin, Coffin's Poems with Ajax' Ordeals (Little Rock: The Colored Advocate, 1897); fifty years later Coffin published Factum Factorum (New York: Haven Press, 1947).

18. Love, "The Victory Chicken Shack," 5.

19. John E. Bush, "Afro-American People of Little Rock," Colored American Magazine 8 (January 1905): 39-42; Gordon, "Black Experience in Arkansas," 205.

20. "An Account by Emmett Jay Scott of a Speech in Little Rock," in Louis R. Harlan et al., eds., The Booker T. Wasbington Papers, 14 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1989), 8:440-443.

21. Arvey, IOL, 29.

22. Booker T. Washington to Robert Russo Moton, August 21, 1911, in Harlan et al., Booker T. Washington Papers, 11: 296-297.

23. Little Rock City and Argenta City Directory, 1910 (Little Rock: Polk's Southern Directory Co., 1910), 44-46; Gaines, Racial Possibilities, 121-126.

24. Bush, "Afro-Americans in Little Rock," 39-41; Faustine C. Jones, A Traditional Model of Educational Excellence: Dunbar High School of Little Rock, Arkansas (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1981), 12-14; Dillard, "Golden Prospects and Fraternal Amenities," 331n.

25. Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 289-290; Arvey, IOL, 24.

26. On Florence Price, see Barbara Garvey Jackson, "Florence Price, Composer," BPiM 5 (Spring 1977): 29-43; Rae Linda Brown, "Selected Orchestral Music fo Florence B. Price (1888-1953) in the Context of Her Life and Work" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1988); Rae Linda Brown, "William Grant Still, Florence Price, and William Davison: Echoes of the Harlem Renaissance," in Samuel Floyd, Jr. (ed.), Black Music in the Harlem Renaissance: A Collection of Essays (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1933), pp. 71-86; and Rae Linda Brown, The Heart of a Woman: The Life and Music of Florence B. Price (Urbaba: University of Illinois Press, forthcoming).

27. See William Pickens, Bursting Bonds; Enlarged Edition of the Heir of Slaves: The Autobiography of a "New Negro," ed. William L. Andrews (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Pickens's autobiographical Heir of Slaves appeared in 1911 and was reprinted as the first nine chapters of an autobiographical account entitled Bursting Bonds which was originally published in 1923.

28. Frank L. Mather, ed., Who's Who in the Colored Race, 1915 (Chicago: n.p., 1915), 149; Marla Manor, "The Ish House and the Doctor," Arkansas Democrat Sunday Magazine, June 9, 1968, 1-3.

29. Generalizations about the African American class structure are drawn from my Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).

30. Paul D. Lack, "An Urban Slave Community: Little Rock, 1831-1862," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 41 (Autumn 1982): 264, 268.

31. E. M. Woods, The Negro in Etiquette: A Novelty (St. Louis: Baxton and Skinner, 1899).

32. This emerging entrepreneurial class is treated in E. M. Woods, Blue Book of Little Rock and Argenta, Arkansas (Little Rock: Capital Printing Co., 1907).

33. Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color, 93-95; Gaines, Racial Possibilities, 61-75; see also Terry, Charlotte Stephens .

34. E. M. Saddler in (Indianapolis) Freeman, September 12, 1901; "The 1905 'New Handy Map of Little Rock,'" Pulaski County Historical Review 34 (Winter 1986): 91; Michael J. Beary, "Birds of Passage: A History of the Separate Black Episcopal Church in Arkansas, 1902-1939" (M.A. thesis, University of Arkansas, 1993), 15-16.

35. Jackson, "Florence Price," 32; Arvey, IOL, 31.

36. Willard B. Gatewood, "Frederick Douglass in Arkansas," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 41 (Winter 1982): 303-315; Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color, 94; Jackson, "Florence Price," 32.

37. Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 290.

38. Ibid., 278; Arvey, IOL, 28-29, 37.

39. Arvey, IOL, 20-21, 25.

40. Judith Anne Still, "Carrie Still Shepperson," 37-46; Arvey, IOL, 17-20; Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 288.

41. Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 288-289; Fon Louise Gordon, "Black Women in Arkansas," Pulaski County Historical Review 35 (Summer 1987): 28-29; Benjamin G. Edwards, "The Life of William Grant Still" (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1987), 49-50; Judith Anne Still, "Carrie Still Shep-person," 42-43.

42. William Grant Still, "Remembering Arkansas," in Claire Detels, ed., William Grant Still Studies at the University of Arkansas: A 1984 Congress Report (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 1985), 44.

43. Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 288-290.

44. Ibid., 285, 286; Edwards, "William Grant Still," 53.

45. Arvey, IOL, 36-37; Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 291; William Grant Still, "A Composer's Viewpoint," in Fusion 2, 65-66.

46. Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 286.

47. Ibid.

48. Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color, 69, 73, 123, 205.

49. Arvey, IOL, 1-12; Still, "A Composer's Viewpoint," 134; Judith Anne Still, "Carrie Still Shepperson," 41.

50. On "passing" in Little Rock, see Arvey, IOL, 34; Gordon, "Black Women in Arkansas," 34.

51. On the "one drop" rule, see Joel Williamson, New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States (New York: Free Press, 1980).

52. Still, "My Arkansas Boyhood," 286.

53. Ibid., 289.