1. "Brown, Roberti Quarrel over Territorial Rights," The Sacramento Bee , July 14, 1984; Herb Michelson, "When Willie Brown Parties, Everybody Parties," The Sacramento Bee , July 17, 1984; "The Best-Dressed Politician in America," GQ Nov. 1985; Doug J. Swanson, "Bash Should Enhance Texas Native's Legend," Dallas Morning News , July 16, 1984.

2. Doug J. Swanson, "Bash Should Enhance Texas Native's Legend," Dallas Morning News , July 16, 1984.

3. "The Best-Dressed Politician in America," GQ Nov. 1985.

4. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 14, 1993.

5. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., June 5, 1995.

6. Arthur H. Samish and Bob Thomas, The Secret Boss of California: The Life and High Times of Art Samish , p. 10.

7. Dan Walters, "Brown, Roberti Reverse Roles," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 16, 1993.

8. Tom Hannigan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 24, 1993.

9. Dan Walters, (ed.), California Political Almanac 1989-90 Edition , p. 242.

10. Jim Brulte, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 14, 1993.

11. Tom Hannigan, interview.

12. Jim Brulte, interview.

13. Patrick Johnston, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

14. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

15. Peter Ueberroth, interview, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 15, 1993.

16. Arnold Hamilton and Bert Robinson, "Willie Brown: A Legacy of Power," San Jose Mercury News , Mar. 6, 1988.

17. Steven Pressman, "Willie Brown, Esquire," California Lawyer , Jan. 1990.

18. Jim Brulte, interview.

19. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Paul Jacobs, "State Legislators Push Spending Law to Limit," Los Angeles Times , June 28, 1987; Jerry Gillam, "State Capital Awash with 'Last-Chance' Fund-Raisers," Los Angeles Times , Aug. 24, 1988; James Richardson, "'Safe' Legislators Build Up War Chests to Wield Power," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 16, 1991.

23. Delia M. Rios, "Squeezing of the Juice from Committee Assignments," California Journal , Mar. 1981, p. 109.

24. Ruth Holton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 30, 1995.

25. Bob Forsyth, "Assembly Debates Pros, Cons of Public Campaign Financing," The Sacramento Bee , May 28, 1982.

26. Campaign reforms became one of Johnson's passions, although his proposals differed significantly from those of Common Cause. Johnson successfully authored Proposition 73, which was approved in June 1990 and placed contribution limits on statewide and legislative candidates. The measure was later nullified by a federal judge.

27. Interviews, Phillip Isenberg, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 20, 1993; John Mockler, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993.

28. James Richardson, "Election Netted $1 Million for Firms of Willie Brown's Ex-Aide," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Nov. 26, 1986.

29. Lewis D. Eigen, The MacMillan Dictionary of Political Quotations (New York: MacMillan, 1993), p. 43.

30. James Richardson, "Willie Brown: Changing Stripes or Mixing Signals?" The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Dec. 7, 1986.

31. Figures compiled based on campaign disclosure reports with the California secretary of state.

32. Paul Jacobs, "State Legislators Push Spending Law to Limit."

33. James Richardson, "Fund-Raising Frenzy Precedes Final Votes at Capitol," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 25, 1990.

34. Analysis of campaign disclosure statements on file with the California Secretary of State, Political Reform Division.

35. The author attended the breakfast. James Richardson, "At $2,500 a Head, Is Demo Briefing a 'Shakedown'?" The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 28, 1990.

36. Dan Walters, "Legislator Went to Feds, Then Got Stung," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 7, 1994; FBI field notes in author's private collection.

37. James Richardson and Jim Lewis, "Brown Got Funds from FBI," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 1, 1988.

38. Mark Gladstone and Paul Jacobs, "The G-Man, the Shrimp Scam and Sacramento's Big Sting," Los Angeles Times Magazine , Dec. 11, 1994.

39. Dan Bernstein, "Accused: FBI Target Was Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 2, 1991.

40. Denny Walsh, "Nathanson Admits Bribes, Will Aid FBI," The Sacramento Bee , June 10, 1993; Denny Walsh, "Ex-Coastal Panelist Sentenced to 4 Years for Bribery," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 25, 1993.

41. Confidential informant.

42. James Richardson, "FBI Seeks New Papers from Capitol," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 8, 1990; Independent Expenditure and Major Donor Committee Campaign Statement , NorCal Solid Waste Systems, Inc., filed with the California secretary of state, July 31, 1989.

43. Steven Pressman, "Willie Brown, Esquire," California Lawyer , Jan. 1990; Bill Wallace and Susan Sward, "U.S. Probe of Garbage Firm Focusing on Question of Bribe," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 15, 1991; Kathleen McKenna, "Lobbyist Testifies in Willie Brown Probe," Oakland Tribune , Dec. 12, 1990.

44. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., June 21, 1994.

45. University of California, San Francisco, Political Expenditures by the Tobacco Industry in California State Politics , pp. 12, 35; University of California, San Francisco, Undermining Popular Government: Tobacco Industry Political Expenditures in California 1993-1994 , p. 12.

46. Rick Kushman, "Speaker, 3 Others Cleared," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 6, 1991.

47. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

48. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Oct. 20, 1993.

49. Tupper Hull, "Assembly Demos Get TV Freebie," San Francisco Examiner , June 20, 1993.

50. James Richardson, "Election Work Becomes Policy for Legislature's Staff," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Nov. 29, 1987. The author spent two months analyzing campaign records to determine the extent of legislative staff involvement in election campaigns.

51. Details on Brown's staff operation based on interviews with Michael Galizio, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1994; Gale Kaufman, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 3, 1993; Robert Connelly, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 27, 1993; Steve Thompson, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 14, 1993; Maeley Tom, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1994. Also see James Richardson, "Election Work Becomes Policy for Legislature's Staff," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Nov. 29, 1987; and James Richardson, "Powers Behind the Pols—Capitol Staff Faces New Scrutiny," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 17, 1994; John Jacobs, "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc.," The Sacramento Bee , June 4, 1995.

52. Michael Galizio, interview.

53. Assembly Rules Committee records, Assembly employees payroll, June 30, 1993.

54. Paul Jacobs, "State Legislators Push Spending Law to Limit."

55. Ibid.

56. Assembly Rules Committee records, Assembly employees payroll, June 30, 1993.

57. John Jacobs, "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc."

58. Gale Kaufman, interview.

59. Steve Thompson, interview.

60. Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1991-1992 , pp. 71, 218.

61. The phrase was first used in John Jacobs, "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc." Brown ate lunch with Jacobs and the author soon after Jacobs's piece was published, and he expressed delight in the "Willie Inc." phrase.

62. Maxine Waters, Washington, D.C., interview, June 10, 1993.

63. Gloria Molina, oral history interview, p. 160, California State Archives, Sacramento.

64. Ibid., p. 161.

65. Ibid., p. 162.

66. Willie Brown, press conference, Jan. 4, 1994.

67. Ibid.

68. Delaine Eastin, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992.

69. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 22, 1992.

70. Walters, California Political Almanac 1989-90 , p. 225.

71. Ibid.

72. Gloria Molina, oral history interview, p. 162.

73. Tom Hannigan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 24, 1993.