1. Frona Eunice Wait, Wines and Vines of California (1889; reprint, Berkeley, 1973), p. 180.

2. L.J. Rose, Jr., L.J. Rose of Sunny Slope, 1827-1889 (San Marino, Calif., 1959), pp. 132-33; 162-64.

3. Report of the California State Board of Agriculture, 1911 (Sacramento, 1912), p. 197.

4. Leon Adams, The Wines of America , 3d ed. (New York, 1985), p. 399.

5. Carey Stanton, An Island Memoir (Los Angeles, 1984), p. 16; Helen Caire, "A Brief History of Santa Cruz Island from 1869 to 1937," Ventura Count, Historical Society Quarterly 27 (Summer 1982): 7; Clifford McElrath, On Santa Cruz island (Los Angeles, 1967), pp. 6, 98, 120.

6. San Francisco Merchant , 28 December 1883.

7. Guido Rossati, Relazione di un viaggio d'istruzione negli Stati Uniti d'America (Rome, 1900), p. 285.

8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1902 (Washington, D.C., 1902), p. 413.

9. Charles Kohler, "Wine Production in California," pp. 9, 11(MS, Bancroft Library).

10. Overland Monthly 7 (May 1872): 398.

11. Writing of a trip made in 1896, the Italian observer Guido Rossati described the winery of William Wehner at Evergreen, Santa Clara County, as typical of California: brick-built, of three floors, it backed up against a hillside; grapes were conveyed to the top floor, where they were crushed; they then descended through chutes to the fermentation vats on the second floor; storage was on the ground floor ( Relazione , pp. 226-27). An extremely interesting collection of photographs of (mostly) nineteenth-century winery buildings is Irene W. Haynes, Ghost Wineries of Napa Valley (San Francisco, 1980).

12. The use of redwood for wine cooperage was one of the innovations for which Haraszthy claimed credit: see Alta California , 21 September 1863, and Agoston Haraszthy, "Wine-Making in California," Harper's 29 (June 1864): 28.

13. Ernest P. Peninou and Sidney S. Greenleaf, Winemaking in California: III. The California Wine Association ([San Francisco?] 1954), 27.

14. California Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, Directory of the Grape Growers, Wine Makers and Distillers of California (Sacramento, 1891).

15. History of San Luis Obispo County, California (Oakland, 1883), p. 230.

16. The Diaries of Louis Pasqual Dallidet, 1882-1884 , ed. Patrick and Eleanor Brown (San Luis Obispo, Calif., n.d.).

17. Alexander D. Bell, Firesno, California (San Francisco, 1884), p. 4.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., pp. 16-17; Wait, Wines and Vines of California , p. 188.

17. Alexander D. Bell, Firesno, California (San Francisco, 1884), p. 4.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., pp. 16-17; Wait, Wines and Vines of California , p. 188.

17. Alexander D. Bell, Firesno, California (San Francisco, 1884), p. 4.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., pp. 16-17; Wait, Wines and Vines of California , p. 188.

20. Bell, Fresno, p . 17.

21. Wait, Wines and Fines of California , p. 185.

22. Bell, Fresno , pp. 9-10; Rossati, Relazione , p. 265; California Wine Association, undated brochure, c. 1910? (Huntington Library).

23. Wait, Wines and Vines of California , p. 185; Bell, Fresno , p. 19.

24. Wait, Wines and Vines of California , pp. 185-87; Rossati, Relazione , p. 260.

25. Rossati, Relazione , p. 265; American Wine Press and Mineral Water News , 5 May 1897, p. 5; California Wine Review , June 1934, pp. 32-33.

26. Wait, Wines and Fines of California , p. 187.

27. Ibid., pp. 189-90; San Francisco Merchant , 14 March 1884.

26. Wait, Wines and Fines of California , p. 187.

27. Ibid., pp. 189-90; San Francisco Merchant , 14 March 1884.

28. U.S. Immigration Commission, Report , 24 (Washington, D.C., 1911): 570.

29. David Joseph Gibson, "The Development of the Livermore Valley Wine District" (M.A. thesis, University of California, Davis, 1969), p. 39.

30. Ibid., pp. 40, 47-49.

29. David Joseph Gibson, "The Development of the Livermore Valley Wine District" (M.A. thesis, University of California, Davis, 1969), p. 39.

30. Ibid., pp. 40, 47-49.

31. Adolf Eberhart to Benjamin Wilson, 27 May 1863 (Wilson Papers, Huntington Library).

32. Norman E. Tutorow, Leland Stanford: Man of Many Careers (Menlo Park, Calif., 1971), p. 186.

33. Joseph A. McConnell, Jr., "The Stanford Vina Ranch" (M.A. thesis, Stanford University, 1961), PP. 5-17.

34. Ibid., pp. 18, 43-49; Tutorow, Leland Stanford , p. 187.

33. Joseph A. McConnell, Jr., "The Stanford Vina Ranch" (M.A. thesis, Stanford University, 1961), PP. 5-17.

34. Ibid., pp. 18, 43-49; Tutorow, Leland Stanford , p. 187.

35. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," pp. 29-31, 40, 42, 45-46.

36. Ibid., p. 38; Rose, L.J. Rose , p. 105.

35. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," pp. 29-31, 40, 42, 45-46.

36. Ibid., p. 38; Rose, L.J. Rose , p. 105.

37. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," pp. 38-39.

38. Ibid., pp. 50-51. The Vina Ranch production was 10 percent of the entire California wine crop in that year.

37. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," pp. 38-39.

38. Ibid., pp. 50-51. The Vina Ranch production was 10 percent of the entire California wine crop in that year.

39. George Coes Howell, The Case of Whiskey (Altadena, Calif., 1928), p. 120.

40. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," p. 53.

41. Dorothy E Regnery, An Enduring Heritage: Historic Buildings of tile San Francisco Peninsula (Stanford, Calif., 1976), p. 73.

42. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," p. 33; Elizabeth Gregg, "The History of the Famous Stanford Ranch," Overland Monthly 52 (October 1908): 338.

43. Gregg, "History of the Famous Stanford Ranch," p. 338.

44. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," pp. 56-57; Tutorow, Leland Stanford p. 194.

45. McConnell, "Stanford Vina Ranch," p. 67; F. T. Robson, "The Stanford Vina Ranch," in The Fine in Early California ([San Francisco] 1955), no pagination.

46. Irving McKee, "Three Wine-Growing Senators," California 37 (September 1947): 15, 28-29.

47. Ruth Teiser and Catherine Harroun, Winemaking in California (New York, 1983), p. 85.

48. Wait, Wines and Vines of California , pp. 156-57; article on Julius Paul Smith in Cyclopaedia of Armerian Biography, 25 .

49. Budyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea (London, 1899), 1: 496.

50. Wait, Wines and Vines of California , p. 157; Irving McKee, "Historic Alameda County Wine Growers," California 43 (September 1953): 22.

51. Teiser and Harroun, Winemaking in California , pp. 114, 119; Maynard Amerine, "Hilgard and California Viticulture," Hilgardia 33 (July 1962): 4.

52. Ben C. Truman, Semi-Tropical California (San Francisco, 1874), pp. 121-22; Teiser and Harroun, Winemaking in California , p. 140; Esther Boulton Black, Rancho Cucamonga and Doña Merced (Redlands, Calif., 1975), p. 260.

53. George Husmann, Grape Culture and Wine-Making in California (San Francisco, 1888), p. 226; Bascom A. Stephens, ed., Resources of Los Angeles County, California (Los Angeles, 1887), pp. 91-95.

54. Husmann, Grape Culture and Wine-Making in California , pp. 236-37.

55. Ibid., p. 237.

54. Husmann, Grape Culture and Wine-Making in California , pp. 236-37.

55. Ibid., p. 237.

56. Pacific Wine and Spirit Review , 23 April 1896, p. 9.

57. Eliot Lord et al., The Italian in America (New York, 1906), p. 143.

58. Ibid., pp. 136-37; Italian Swiss Colony, Italian Swiss Colony, Growers and Producers of Choice California Wines (undated pamphlet [San Francisco? c. 1910?]), pp. 12-14.

59. Ibid., p. 14.

60. Ibid., pp. 14-16.

61. Ibid., pp. 6, 14-16. See also Italian Swiss Colony, Sixth Annual Report, 1887 (San Francisco, [1887]).

57. Eliot Lord et al., The Italian in America (New York, 1906), p. 143.

58. Ibid., pp. 136-37; Italian Swiss Colony, Italian Swiss Colony, Growers and Producers of Choice California Wines (undated pamphlet [San Francisco? c. 1910?]), pp. 12-14.

59. Ibid., p. 14.

60. Ibid., pp. 14-16.

61. Ibid., pp. 6, 14-16. See also Italian Swiss Colony, Sixth Annual Report, 1887 (San Francisco, [1887]).

57. Eliot Lord et al., The Italian in America (New York, 1906), p. 143.

58. Ibid., pp. 136-37; Italian Swiss Colony, Italian Swiss Colony, Growers and Producers of Choice California Wines (undated pamphlet [San Francisco? c. 1910?]), pp. 12-14.

59. Ibid., p. 14.

60. Ibid., pp. 14-16.

61. Ibid., pp. 6, 14-16. See also Italian Swiss Colony, Sixth Annual Report, 1887 (San Francisco, [1887]).

57. Eliot Lord et al., The Italian in America (New York, 1906), p. 143.

58. Ibid., pp. 136-37; Italian Swiss Colony, Italian Swiss Colony, Growers and Producers of Choice California Wines (undated pamphlet [San Francisco? c. 1910?]), pp. 12-14.

59. Ibid., p. 14.

60. Ibid., pp. 14-16.

61. Ibid., pp. 6, 14-16. See also Italian Swiss Colony, Sixth Annual Report, 1887 (San Francisco, [1887]).

57. Eliot Lord et al., The Italian in America (New York, 1906), p. 143.

58. Ibid., pp. 136-37; Italian Swiss Colony, Italian Swiss Colony, Growers and Producers of Choice California Wines (undated pamphlet [San Francisco? c. 1910?]), pp. 12-14.

59. Ibid., p. 14.

60. Ibid., pp. 14-16.

61. Ibid., pp. 6, 14-16. See also Italian Swiss Colony, Sixth Annual Report, 1887 (San Francisco, [1887]).

62. Italian Swiss Colony , pp. 40, 42, 52-53.

63. Teiser and Harroun, Winemaking in California , p. 151.

64. Italian Sides Colony , pp. 28, 42, 55.

65. Ibid., p. 30; Lord et al., Italian in America , p. 138.

64. Italian Sides Colony , pp. 28, 42, 55.

65. Ibid., p. 30; Lord et al., Italian in America , p. 138.

66. A start has been made by William F. Heintz, ''The Role of Chinese Labor in Viticulture and Wine-Making in 19th Century California" (M.A. thesis, Sonoma State University, 1977). See also Sucheng Chan, This Bittersweet Soil: The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860-1910 (Berkeley, 1986).

67. Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society, 1860 (Sacramento, 1861), p. 78.

68. Rose, L.J. Rose , p. 81.

69. Harper's Weekly 22 ( October 1878): 792-93. In 1883 the prominent Santa Rosa wine producer Isaac De Turk, stated that the Chinese are "the principal help in Sonoma County" (De Turk, "Sonoma Wines" [MS, Bancroft Library], 8 September 1883, p. 21).

70. Ernest P. Peninou and Sidney S. Greenleaf, A Directory of California Wine Growers and Wine Makers in 1860 (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 3, 44.

71. Irving McKee, "The Oldest Names in California Winegrowing," California 41 (September 1951): 17.

72. Bob Stuart Barlow, "Historical and Regional Analysis of the Italian Role in California Viticulture and Enology" (M.A. thesis, University of California at Los Angeles, 1964); Adams, Wines of America , 3d ed., p. 399.

73. Adams, Wines of America , 3d ed., p. 447; Irving McKee, "Historic Fresno County Wine Growers," California 42 (September 1952): 13.

74. Irving McKee, "Oldest Names in California Winegrowing," p. 17; C. A. Menefee, Historical and Descriptive Sketch Book of Napa, Sonoma, Lake and Mendocino (Napa, Calif., 1873), p. 213.

75. For example, Idwal Jones, The Vineyard (New York, 1942); Sidney Howard, They Knew What They Wanted (New York, 1924); John Fante, Dago Red (New York, 1940); Anita Kornfeld, Vintage (New York, 1980); Michael Legat, Mario's Vineyard (London, 1980); Jack Bickham, The >Wihemakers (New York, 1977).

76. San Francisco Mechanics' Institute, Report of the Fifteenth Industrial Exhibition, 1880 (San Francisco, 1880), p. 99.

77. The standard account of Thomas Lake Harris's life and work is Herbert W. Schneider and George Lawton, A Prophet and a Pilgrim (New York, 1942).

78. Ibid., p. 160.

77. The standard account of Thomas Lake Harris's life and work is Herbert W. Schneider and George Lawton, A Prophet and a Pilgrim (New York, 1942).

78. Ibid., p. 160.

79. Harris called his new settlement "Salem-on-Erie" in order to promote the Salem name, but he was soon compelled to accept the original address of Brocton (Ibid., p. 147).

80. Ibid., pp. 149, 160.

79. Harris called his new settlement "Salem-on-Erie" in order to promote the Salem name, but he was soon compelled to accept the original address of Brocton (Ibid., p. 147).

80. Ibid., pp. 149, 160.

81. William Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice (Syracuse, N.Y., 1977), p. 44.

82. Adams, Wines of America , 3d ed., p. 152.

83. Schneider and Lawton, A Prophet and a Pilgrim , pp. 279-80.

84. Illustrated History of Sonoma County (Chicago, 1889), p. 366.

85. Schneider and Lawton, A Prophet and a Pilgrim , pp. 223n., 473. I have not found a file of the Fountain Grove Wine Press . It would be curious to examine.

86. Illustrated History of Sonoma County , p. 367. The Manor House, as it was called, was demolished in 1970. See the excellent photographs in Paul Kagan, New World Utopias (New York, 1975).

87. Schneider and Lawton, At Prophet and a Pilgrim , pp. 467-68.

88. Ibid., p. 488.

87. Schneider and Lawton, At Prophet and a Pilgrim , pp. 467-68.

88. Ibid., p. 488.

89. Richard Paul Hinkle, "The Wines and the Mystics of Fantastic Fountaingrove," Redwood Rancher , July 1979, pp. 20-24.

90. Robert V. Hine, California's Utopian Colonies (New Haven, 1966), pp. 63, 72-73.

91. Ibid., pp. 59-61.

92. Ibid., pp. 58, 67-68, 71-72; Kagan, New World Utopias , p. 42.

90. Robert V. Hine, California's Utopian Colonies (New Haven, 1966), pp. 63, 72-73.

91. Ibid., pp. 59-61.

92. Ibid., pp. 58, 67-68, 71-72; Kagan, New World Utopias , p. 42.

90. Robert V. Hine, California's Utopian Colonies (New Haven, 1966), pp. 63, 72-73.

91. Ibid., pp. 59-61.

92. Ibid., pp. 58, 67-68, 71-72; Kagan, New World Utopias , p. 42.

93. Hine, California's Utopian Colonies , pp. 74-75.

94. Husmann, Grape Culture and Wine-Making in California , p. iii.

95. Wait, Wines and Vines of California , p. 147; De Turk, "Sonoma Wines."

96. J. De Barth Shorb, for example: see F. W. Wood to Shorb, 1 March 1886 (Shorb Papers).

97. Illustrated History of Sonoma County , pp. 430, 433, 699.

98. Ibid., p. 430; Wait, Wines and Vines of California , pp. 139, 142.

97. Illustrated History of Sonoma County , pp. 430, 433, 699.

98. Ibid., p. 430; Wait, Wines and Vines of California , pp. 139, 142.

99. Illustrated History of Sonoma County , p. 499; Wait, Wines and Fines of California , pp. 136-37.

100. Illustrated History of Sonoma County , p. 402.

101. Ibid., pp. 509, 541, 565.

100. Illustrated History of Sonoma County , p. 402.

101. Ibid., pp. 509, 541, 565.

102. Wait, Wines and Vines of California , p. 134.

103. Illustrated History of Sonoma Count , pp. 587-88, 525-26, 516-17, 551-52.

104. Ibid., pp. 409, 569-70, 714, 732, 427-28, 443-44, 501-2, 538-40, 594-95, 630-32, 665, 452-53.

103. Illustrated History of Sonoma Count , pp. 587-88, 525-26, 516-17, 551-52.

104. Ibid., pp. 409, 569-70, 714, 732, 427-28, 443-44, 501-2, 538-40, 594-95, 630-32, 665, 452-53.

105. The 118 winemakers produced 1,756,000 gallons in 1891, an average of 14,881 gallons apiece; the 22,863 acres of vineyard in Sonoma County were divided among 728 proprietors, an average of 31 1/3 acres.