1. Paul W. Drake, Socialism and Populism in Chile, 1932-1952 . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978, 47.

2. Felicitas Alvarado Klimpel, La mujer chilena: El aporte femenino al progreso de Chile . Santiago: Editorial Andres Bello, 1962, 150.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., 151.

2. Felicitas Alvarado Klimpel, La mujer chilena: El aporte femenino al progreso de Chile . Santiago: Editorial Andres Bello, 1962, 150.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., 151.

2. Felicitas Alvarado Klimpel, La mujer chilena: El aporte femenino al progreso de Chile . Santiago: Editorial Andres Bello, 1962, 150.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., 151.

5. Alieto Aldo Guadagni, La fuerza de trabajo en Chile, 1930-1960 . Santiago: Universidad de Chile, 1961, 56.

6. República de Chile, Dirección de Estadísticas y Censos. Cifras comparativas de los censos de 1940 y 1952 y muestra del censo de 1960 . N.p., n.d., 9 (my pagination).

7. See Office of Inter-American Affairs, Research Division, Social and Geographic Section, The Status of Women in Chile . Washington, D.C., 1944, 1-5.

8. Georgina Durand, Mis entrevistas: Escritores, artistas, y hombres de ciencia de Chile . Vol. 1. Santiago: Editorial Nascimiento, 1943, 199.

9. Brian Loveman, Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism . 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, 227.

10. See Sergio Bizarro, Historical Dictionary of Chile . 2d ed. Metuchen, N.J., London: Scarecrow Press, 1987, 400.

11. See John Stevenson, The Chilean Popular Front . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1942, 69; Loveman, Chile , 241-42.

12. Stevenson, Popular Front , 72.

13. Ibid., 101-5.

12. Stevenson, Popular Front , 72.

13. Ibid., 101-5.

14. Isabel Morel (Delia Ducoing de Arrate), Charlas femeninas . N.p.: Unión Femenina de Chile, 1937, 58. The book is a collection of the weekly columns she wrote for El Mercurio .

15. Interview with Labarca by Georgina Durand in Durand, Mis entrevistas , 226.

16. Amanda Labarca, Feminismo contemporáneo . Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Zig-Zag, 1947, 148.

17. This view is also advanced by contemporary writers Amanda Hermosilla Aedo, La mujer en la vida economica . Santiago: Soc. Imp. y Lito. Universo, 1936, and Luciano Pinto, Como arreglar este pais . Santiago: Imprenta Nascimento, 1949.

18. Interview with Elena Caffarena in María Angelica Meza, La otra mitad de Chile . Santiago: CESOC, 1986, 49.

19. MEMCH Antología: Para una historia de movimiento femenino en Chile . 2d ed. N.p., n.d., 14. The prologue of the first edition was dated August 1982.

20. Other petitions concerned equal work opportunities for women and working conditions of minors. See MEMCH Antología , 21-22, 25, 30-31, 71.

21. El Mercurio , 7 September 1935. El Mercurio , of liberal orientation, was the largest newspaper in Santiago.

22. Meza, La otra mitad , 50-51.

23. El Mercurio , 15, 16 December 1939; 2, 12 January 1940.

24. María Correa de Irarrázaval was described as an "aristocrat" by the magazine Ercilla (5 June 1945). Her good relations with the Edwards family publishing house, which published the Mercurio, corroborate this description.

25. Echeverría published under the pseudonym "Iris" and was well known for her novels La hora de queda (1918), Entre dos mundos (1918), and Cuando mi tierra fue moza (1943).

26. Cf. El Mercurio , 17 August 1941.

27. El Mercurio , 20 August, 6 October 1941.

28. El Mercurio , 6 October 1941.

29. Stevenson, Popular Front, 117-19.

30. Durand, Mis entrevistas , 199.

31. Marta Vergara, Memorias de una mujer irreverente . Santiago: Editora Nacional Gabriela Mistral Ltda., 1974, 237.

32. Labarca, Feminismo contemporáneo, 136.

33. Zig-Zag, 23 February 1945; Ercilla , 2 July 1946.

34. Amanda Labarca and Elena Caffarena in particular stood out as such writers, in El Mercurio, La Opinión, Ercilla , and Zig-Zag .

35. El Siglo, 7, 8, 23 March 1944.

36. Ercilla , 20 November 1945.

37. Amanda Labarca in El Siglo, 2 November 1944.

38. Ibid. Vicentini later became a member of the Women's Union, a last attempt of the left to hold up an independent women's group in the early 1950s. Cf. Klimpel, Mujer chilena, 245. The book is a valuable source since it lists women active in many fields. It is flawed, however, by blatant misinformation regarding some women's organizations that appears to be politically motivated.

37. Amanda Labarca in El Siglo, 2 November 1944.

38. Ibid. Vicentini later became a member of the Women's Union, a last attempt of the left to hold up an independent women's group in the early 1950s. Cf. Klimpel, Mujer chilena, 245. The book is a valuable source since it lists women active in many fields. It is flawed, however, by blatant misinformation regarding some women's organizations that appears to be politically motivated.

39. El Siglo, 28 October 1944; Ercilla, 10 October 1944. The congress received most coverage from El Siglo, the organ of the Communist party. It was also covered extensively by Luis Hernández Parker, who wrote for Ercilla . His frequent articles

about women's activities are tinged by a certain paternalism, but he seems to have been a supporter of women's rights.

40. Ercilla, 31 October 1944.

41. El Mercurio, 1 November 1944; El Siglo, 1 November 1944.

42. The participation of working women merited a picture in Ercilla, with the caption "Authentic workers leaving the Municipal Theater." Ercilla , 31 October 1944.

43. El Siglo , 2 November 1944.

44. Ibid.

43. El Siglo , 2 November 1944.

44. Ibid.

45. El Mercurio, 5 November 1944.

46. El Mercurio, 8 November 1944. The Liberals were: Correa de I., Aguirre; Radicals: Labarca, Arancibia; Communists: Marchant, Campusano.

47. Zig-Zag, 13 September 1945.

48. The speech was reprinted in Labarca, Feminismo contemporáneo , 110-14.

49. Zig-Zag, 26 July 1945.

50. El Mercurio, 11 March 1946.

51. Zig-Zag, 26 July 1945.

52. Labarca, Feminismo contemporáneo, 120.

53. The directory board of the Feminine party included Georgina Durand, the journalist whose interviews have been repeatedly cited in this paper, and Felicitas Klimpel. Klimpel and de la Cruz became politically active again in the early 1970s as organizers of the famous marches of the "empty pots," women's protests against the leftist Allende government.

54. Ercilla , 21 January 1947.

55. "They want to be representatives and senators," proclaimed the headline. Ercilla, 5 June 1945.

56. Ercilla , 19 June 1945; Zig-Zag, 5 July 1945.

57. Zig-Zag, 5 July 1945.

58. Quoted from a flyer distributed at a rally in May 1946. In Paz Covarrubias, "El movimiento feminista chileno," in Chile: Mujer y sociedad , edited by Paz Covarrubias and Rolando Franco. Santiago: UNICEF, 1978, 638.

59. Carmelo Furci, The Chilean Communist Party and the Road to Socialism . London: Zed Books, 1984, 39.

60. Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Area," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America, edited by Francesca Miller. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990, 22.

61. Drake, Socialism and Populism , 288-91.

62. Memoria del Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres . Guatemala: n.p., 1947, 12.

63. Quoted in Miller, "Feminism and the Transnational Area," 23.

64. El Mercurio, 27 August 1947.

65. Klimpel, La mujer chilena, 191. Mueller wrote under the pseudonym "Mme.

Veronique." See as an example her article "A Husband Who May Guide Us," El Mercurio, 7 January 1940.

66. Interview with Caffarena and Poblete, in Meza, La otra mitad, 62.

67. El Mercurio , 22 September 1947.

68. See Edda Gaviola Artigas et al., Queremos votar en las próximas elecciones: Historia del movimiento femenino chileno, 1913-1952. Santiago: Centro de Análisis y Difusión de la Condición de la Mujer, 1986, 76.

69. Caffarena says simply that González Videla had attacked the Communists and had called them traitors of the country. That angered her enormously and induced her to leave under protest. Meza, La otra mitad, 62.

70. Ibid., 63.

69. Caffarena says simply that González Videla had attacked the Communists and had called them traitors of the country. That angered her enormously and induced her to leave under protest. Meza, La otra mitad, 62.

70. Ibid., 63.

71. Gaviola, Queremos votar , 79; Meza, La otra mitad, 64.

72. El Mercurio , 26 August 1947.

73. Covarrubias, "El movimiento feminista chileno," 639.

74. El Mercurio, 18 September 1948.

75. Meza, La otra mitad, 64.

76. El Mercurio, 12, 13 September 1948.

77. El Mercurio, 10 January 1949.

78. MEMCH Antología, 8, 45.

79. Klimpel, La mujer chilena, 139-45.

80. Ibid.

79. Klimpel, La mujer chilena, 139-45.

80. Ibid.