One The Knight Errant
1. Acta 1.1-2.
2. Fernando Zapico and de Dalmases, eds., Acta , pp. 14-24.
3. Bartolomé Bennassar, The Spanish Character: Attitudes and Mentalities from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979), 27-28.
4. Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London: Methuen, 1982), 97-98.
5. See Harry Verdeveld, "The Ages of Erasmus and the Year of His Birth," Renaissance Quarterly 46 (1993):754-809; John B. Gleason, "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence," ibid. 32 (1979):73-76; Margaret Mann Phillips, "The Date of Erasmus' Birth," Erasmus in English 6 (1973):14-15; A. C. F. Koch, The Year of Erasmus' Birth and Other Contributions to the Chronology of His Life (Utrecht: H. Dekker & Gumbert, 1969).
4. Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London: Methuen, 1982), 97-98.
5. See Harry Verdeveld, "The Ages of Erasmus and the Year of His Birth," Renaissance Quarterly 46 (1993):754-809; John B. Gleason, "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence," ibid. 32 (1979):73-76; Margaret Mann Phillips, "The Date of Erasmus' Birth," Erasmus in English 6 (1973):14-15; A. C. F. Koch, The Year of Erasmus' Birth and Other Contributions to the Chronology of His Life (Utrecht: H. Dekker & Gumbert, 1969).
6. "Praefatio scriptoris" 2.
7. Augustine, Confessiones 7.1.1. Brent D. Shaw, "The Family in Late Antiquity: The Experience of Augustine," Past and Present 115 (1987):3-51.
8. See Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 11.2.16, cited by Charles W. Jones, Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: The Biography of a Legend . See also in general Elizabeth Sears, The Ages of Man: Medieval Interpretations of
the Life Cycle (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986); Phyllis Gaffney, "The Ages of Man in Old French Verse Epic and Romance," Modern Language Review 85 (1990):570-82; and for middle age, Mary Dove, The Perfect Age of Man's Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
9. Erich Köhler, "Sens et fonction du terme jeunesse dans la poesié des troubadours," in Melanges offerts à René Crozet , ed. Pierre Gallais and Yves-Jean Riou, 2 vols. (Poitiers: Société d'études médiévales, 1966), 1:569-83. For youth in comparative English literature see J. A. Burrow, The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), 166-77.
10. Georges Duby, "Youth in Aristocratic Society: Northwestern France in the Twelfth Century," in idem, The Chivalrous Society , trans. Cynthia Postan (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), 112-14, 116-17, 120.
11. Acta 3.21.
12. Andreas Wang, Der "miles christianus" im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert und seine mittelalterliche Tradition: Ein Beitrag zum Verhaltnis von sprachlicher und graphische Bildlichkeit , Mikrokosmos: Beiträge zur Literaturwis-senschaft und Bedeutungs Forschung, 1 (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1975), 163-75.
13. For this type see Herbert Grabes, The Mutable Glass: Mirror-Imagery in Titles and Texts of the Middle Ages and English Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 56-58.
14. Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1.21, 30, 34.
15. Werner Jaeger, "Paideia": The Ideals of Greek Culture , trans. Gilbert Highet, 3 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939), 1:3.
16. For background see Beth Cohen, "From Bowman to Clubman: Herakles and Olympia," Art Bulletin 76 (1994):695-715.
17. Acta 1.1.
18. See Allardyce Nicoll, Masks, Mimes, and Miracles: Studies in the Popular Theatre (New York: Cooper Square, 1963), 246-52.
19. Plautus, Miles gloriosus 56-57, 89-90, 11, 17, 21-22, 42-46; Plautus , trans. Paul Nixon, 5 vols. (London: William Heinemann, 1924), 3:129, 133.
20. See David Coffin, The Villa d'Este at Tivoli , Princeton Monographs in Art and Archaeology, 34 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), 55-56, 78-79, 85, 80-83, 3, 9; idem, Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 19-20, 89-90; Hans Henrik Brummer, The Statue Court in the Vatican Belvedere , Stockholm Studies in the History of Art, 20 (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1970), 139-41, 142-52; Elizabeth B. MacDougall, " Ars hortulorum : Sixteenth-Century Garden Iconography and Literary Theory in Italy," in The Italian Garden: First Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture , ed. Coffin (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1972), 53.
21. For war versus leisure see Livy, Ab urbe condita 3.32.4, cited by Jean Leclercq, "Otia monastica": Etudes sur le vocabulaire de la contemplation au moyen âge , Studia anselmiana philosophica theologica, 51 (Rome: Herder, 1963), 27; Horace, Epodes 2.1-8, cited by Michael O'Loughlin, The Garlands of Repose: The Literary Celebration of Civic and Retired Leisure: The
Traditions of Homer and Vergil, Horace and Montaigne (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 53-55, 76.
22. Acta 1.2.
23. See Luis Vásquez de Parga et al., Las peregrinaciones a Santiago de Compostela , 3 vols. (Madrid: Consejo superior de investigaciones científicas, Escuela de estudios medievales, 1948-49), 1:210-20, 224, 226-27, 230, 235, 245; in general, Antonio López Ferreiro, Historia de la santa a. m. iglesia de Santiago de Compostela , 11 vols. (Santiago: Seminario conciliar central, 1898-1909).
24. Dante, Inferno 9.105.
25. Horace, Ars poetica 148-49.
26. Dante, Inferno 1.1-3; The Divine Comedy , trans. Charles S. Singleton, 6 vols., Bollingen Series, 80 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970-75), 1:3.
27. Erasmus, De copia 2, in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 1-6:202. See also Andrew Sprague Becker, "The Shield of Achilles and the Poetics of Homeric Description," American Journal of Philology 111 (1990):139-53; Stephen W. Wheeler, " Imago mundi : Another View of the Creation in Ovid's Metamorphoses ," ibid. 116 (1995):95-121; and for ekphrasis in renaissance poetics, Leonard Barkin, "Making Pictures Speak: Renaissance Art, Elizabethan Literature, Modern Scholarship," Renaissance Quarterly 48 (1995):326-51. For theoretical discussion see also D. P. Fowler, "Narrate and Describe: The Problem of Ekphrasis ," Journal of Roman Studies 81 (1991):25-35; James A. W. Heffernan, " Ekphrasis and Representation,'' New Literary History 22 (1991):297-316.
26. Dante, Inferno 1.1-3; The Divine Comedy , trans. Charles S. Singleton, 6 vols., Bollingen Series, 80 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970-75), 1:3.
27. Erasmus, De copia 2, in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 1-6:202. See also Andrew Sprague Becker, "The Shield of Achilles and the Poetics of Homeric Description," American Journal of Philology 111 (1990):139-53; Stephen W. Wheeler, " Imago mundi : Another View of the Creation in Ovid's Metamorphoses ," ibid. 116 (1995):95-121; and for ekphrasis in renaissance poetics, Leonard Barkin, "Making Pictures Speak: Renaissance Art, Elizabethan Literature, Modern Scholarship," Renaissance Quarterly 48 (1995):326-51. For theoretical discussion see also D. P. Fowler, "Narrate and Describe: The Problem of Ekphrasis ," Journal of Roman Studies 81 (1991):25-35; James A. W. Heffernan, " Ekphrasis and Representation,'' New Literary History 22 (1991):297-316.
28. Plautus, Miles gloriosus 1-4.
29. G. M. Paul, " Urbs capta : Sketch of an Ancient Literary Motif," Phoenix 36 (1982):144-55. Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 6.2.29-36.
30. See Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky, and Fritz Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art (Cambridge: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1964), 295, 297. For an example see Cesare Ripa, Iconologia , p. 75.
31. Acta 1.2.
32. Ibid.
31. Acta 1.2.
32. Ibid.
33. See Terry Jones, Chaucer's Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary (London: Eyre Methuen, 1980), esp. 11, 145.
34. Baldassare Castiglione, Libro del cortegiano 1.43; The Book of the Courtier , trans. George Bull (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1967), 89; 1.17; cf. 2.8. See in general Margherita Morreale de Castro, Castiglione y Boscán: El ideal cortesano en el Renacimiento español (Madrid: S. Aguirre Torre, 1959).
35. M. H. Keen, "Chivalry, Nobility, and the Man-at-Arms," in War, Literature, and Politics in the Later Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of G. W. Coopland , ed. C. T. Allman (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1976), 32.
36. Ramon Lull, Libre de contemplació 112, cited by J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms , 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976-78), 1:60.
37. Francesco Guicciardini, "Relazione di Spagna," 29-31, cited by Bennessar, Spanish Character , xi.
38. A. W. H. Adkins, Moral Values and Political Behaviour in Ancient Greece: From Homer to the End of the Fifth Century (London: Chatto & Windus, 1972), 14, 6, 60-61, 35-36; T. P. Wiseman, "Competition and Cooperation," in Roman Political Life 90 B.C.-A.D. 69, ed. idem, Exeter Studies in History, 7 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1985), 3-19. For Arete see also Jaeger, " Paideia ," 1:2-12.
39. See María Rosa Lida de Malkiel, La idea de la fama en la edad media castellana (Mexico: Fondo de cultura económica, 1952), 110; but for the reference see Lull, Libre de meravelles 8, proleg. The comparison with Adkin's analysis and with Loyola is mine.
40. Françoise Joukovsky, La gloire dans la poesie française et neolatine du XVIe siècle (Des rhetoriqueurs a Agrippa d'Aubigne) , Travaux d'humanisme et Renaissance, 102 (Geneva: Droz, 1969), 25-31, 33-52, referring at 25 to Cicero, De inventione 2.55.
41. Joukovsky, Gloire dans la poesie , 73-74.
42. Augustine, De civitate Dei 14.28; The City of God , trans. Gerald G. Walsh and Grace Monahan (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1952), 410.
43. Sophocles, Trachiniae 970. For Hercules as a comic figure see G. Karl Galinsky, The Herakles Theme: The Adaptations of the Hero in Literature from Homer to the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971), xii, 81-100.
44. For surgery as butchery see Marie-Christine Pouchelle, Corps et chirugie à l'apogée du moyen âge (Paris: Flammarion, 1983), 125-29. For burlesque and satire of Spanish medical men see Yvonne David-Peyre, Le personnage du médecin et la relation médicin-malade dans la littérature ibérique du XVIe et XVIIe siècle (Paris: Hispano-americanas, 1971), 365-468.
45. Acta 1.2-3.
46. See Julio Caro Baroja, Los Vascos , 2 vols. (San Sebastian: Larrun, 1982), 2:403-4.
47. Acta 1.4-5.
48. Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 11.2.19.
49. Rhetorica ad C. Herennium 3.22.37; Ad C. Herennium , trans. Harry Caplan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), 221.
50. Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 6.1.30; The "Institutio oratoria" of Quintilian , trans. H. E. Butler, 4 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1921), 2:403; see also 2.15.6; 5.9.1.
51. See Nicole Loraux, " Ponos : Sur quelques difficultés de la peine comme nom du travail," Aion: Annali del seminario di studi del mondo classico, Istituto universitario orientale 4 (1982):171-92.
52. See Donald Weinstein and Rudolph M. Bell, Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 100-1700 (Chicago: University of Chicago Pres, 1982), 156; and for patience in illness, Richard Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls: Fourteenth-Century Saints and Their Religious Milieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 57-58.
53. Augustine, De civitate Dei 14.9.6.
54. See Ralph A. Hanna III, "Some Commonplaces of Late Medieval Patience Discussions: An Introduction," in The Triumph of Patience: Medieval and
Renaissance Studies , ed. Gerald J. Schiffhorst (Orlando: University Presses of Florida, 1980), 70, citing Augustine, Epistolae 204.4.
55. Cicero, De partitione oratoria 23.81; De partitione oratoria , trans. H. Rackham (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1918), 371.
56. See Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms , 2:62-63, citing Juan de Pineda, Libro del passo honroso ; but see in my bibliography Pedro Rodriguez de Lena, Lletres de batalla, cartells de deseiximents, i capitols de passos d'armes 2.107-210; Martin de Riquer, Caballeros andantes españoles (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1967), 52-99. Juan Ruiz, Libro de buen amor 1570-72.
57. See Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls , 76. For this treatise in Spain see Dietrich Briesemeister, "The Consolatio philosophiae of Boethius in Medieval Spain," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 53 (1990):68.
58. Brunetto Latini, Il tesoretto 2608-10.
59. José Sanchez Herrero, "Los cuidados de la belleza corporal femenina en los confesionales y tratados de doctrina cristiana de los siglos XIII al XVI," in Les soins de beauté: Moyen age, début des temps modernes , Actes du IIIe colloque international Grasse (26-28 avril 1985), ed. Denis Menjot (Nice: Université de Nice, 1987), 279, 280.
60. Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages , trans. Rosemary Morris (London: Polity, 1990), 86.
61. Lorne Campbell, Renaissance Portraits: European Portrait-Painting in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), 197-98.
62. Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 11.3.66. For the orator's stances see also Elaine Fantham, "Quintilian on Performance: Traditional and Personal Elements in Institutiones 11.3," Phoenix 36 (1982):243-63.
63. Georges Vigarello, "The Upward Training of the Body from the Age of Chivalry to Courtly Civility," trans. Ughetta Lubin, in Fragments for a History of the Human Body , ed. Michel Feher with Ramona Nadaff and Nadia Tazi, 3 vols. (New York: Zone, 1989), 2:149-52. A book manuscript on the topic of erect bipedality is completed--Author.
64. Erasmus, De civilitate 1, in Opera omnia (Leiden), 1:1036.
65. Giovanni della Casa, Galateo 300-1.
66. Castiglione, Libro del cortegiano 1.20, trans. Bull, 61; 1.19; 1.17; cf. 2.8.
67. Transcript, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Fonds it. 972, cited by Mabel Dolmetsch, Dances of Spain and Italy from 1400 to 1600 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), 3.
68. Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro, De practica seu arte tripudii 1; De practica seu arte tripudii: On the Practice or Art of Dancing , trans. Barbara Sparti (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), p. 99.
69. Vigarello, "Upward Training of the Body," 149.
70. See Roberta D. Cornelius, The Figurative Castle: A Study in the Mediaeval Allegory of the Edifice with Especial Reference to Religious Writings (Bryn Mawr, Pa.: Bryn Mawr College, 1930), esp. 20-36, 68-72; Gaston Paris, "Les cours d'amour du moyen âge," in Mélanges de littérature française du moyen
âge (Paris: H. Champion, 1912), 473-97; Jill Mann, "Allegorical Buildings in Medieval Literature," Medium aevum 63 (1994):198-201.
71. Songe du castel 46-48, 165-166, 145-154.
72. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival 227.23-24; 229; 246; 248.
73. Joukovsky, Gloire dans la poesie , 517-42.
74. Ovid, Metamorphoses 12.
75. Horace, Odes 3.2.31-32; The Odes and Epodes , trans. C. E. Bennett (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1924), 177. For examples of punishment or of a liar as wooden legged, dating to the turn of the seventeenth century, see Natalie Zemon Davis, The Return of Martin Guerre (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 155 n. 11. See also Karl Friedrich Schlegel, ed., Der Körperbehinderte in Mythologie und Kunst (Stuttgart: Georg Thieme, 1983).
76. Horace, Odes 3.2.13, 17-18, 21-24; trans. Bennett, 175, 177.
77. Acta 1.5.
78. Sara T. Nalle, "Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile," Past and Present 125 (1988):67, 69, 70, 75, 76-77, 79, 80, 81, 86; Keith Whinnom, "The Problem of the Best Seller in Spanish Golden-Age Literature," Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 57 (1980):184.
79. Brian Stock, "The Self and Literary Experience in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages," New Literary History 25 (1994):839-52.
80. Acta 1.5-6.
81. Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 6.2.29-30.
82. See David Summers, Michelangelo and the Language of Art (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 103-43.
83. Leonardo da Vinci, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS 2038, fol. 26a, in Literary Works , 1:307.
84. Augustine, Confessiones 3.1. For courtly love as a pilgrimage see Juergen Hahn, The Origins of the Baroque Concept of "peregrinatio" (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973), 64-113, with amor de lonh , 70.
85. Acta 1.6.
86. See Herbert Moller, "The Social Causation of the Courtly Love Complex," Comparative Studies in Society and History 1 (1959):137-63.
87. Acta 1.5.
88. Nalle, "Literacy and Culture," 80.
89. Edward Glasser, "Nuevos datos sobre la critica de los libros de caballerías en los siglos XVI y XVII," trans. Concepción Yañez, Anuarios de estudios medievales 3 (1966):393-410; D. W. Cruickshank, "Literature and the Book Trade in Golden-Age Spain," Modern Language Review 73 (1978):806.
90. Jerome, Epistolae 22.30. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., Saint Jerome in the Renaissance , Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History, 13 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 13, 85.
91. Dante, Inferno 5.70-140.
92. Acta 1.7.
93. Augustine, Enarrationes in psalmos 120.5.
94. Régis Boyer, "An Attempt to Define the Typology of Medieval Hagiog-
raphy," in Hagiography and Medieval Literature: A Symposium (Odense: Odense University Press, 1981), 29-30.
95. See Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society , 112-13, 247.
96. See ibid., 57, 102-3.
95. See Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society , 112-13, 247.
96. See ibid., 57, 102-3.
97. Celano, Vita II s. Francisci 2.90.127.
98. Legend of Perugia 43; St. Francis of Assisi, Writings and Early Biographies: English Omnibus of the Sources for the Life of St. Francis , trans. Marion A. Habig, 3d ed. rev. (Chicago: Franciscan Herald, 1973), 1021-22.
99. Augustine, Confessiones 8.6.13; 8.8.19; Confessions , trans. Vernon J. Bourke (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1953), 214.
100. See Kiechefer, Unquiet Souls , 13.
101. Acta 1.7-9.
102. Augustine, De civitate Dei 9.5.
103. John of the Cross, El subido del Monte Carmelo 2.18.4; 2.19.11; and against knowledge by supernatural means, 2.21.4.
104. Ephemeris , p. 124.
105. Yasna 30, in The Hymns of Zarathustra ; 1 QS III 13-4.26, in The Dead Sea Scrolls in English ; Der Hirt des Hermas 36.3-5. See Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle, "Luther's Rider-Gods: From the Steppe to the Tower," Journal of Religious History 13 (1985):262-78; idem, "Angels Black and White: Loyola's Spiritual Discernment in Historical Perspective," Theological Studies 44 (1983):245-46.
106. Vita Antonii 35-36.
107. Erasmus, Annotationes in Novum Testamentum Matt. 3:2 ad loc. , in Opera omnia (Leiden), 5.
108. Acta 1.9; 4.40; 5.52.
109. See Jonathan Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Mediaeval Religion (London: Faber & Faber, 1975), 112-13.
110. Acta 1.9.
111. Ibid. 1.10.
110. Acta 1.9.
111. Ibid. 1.10.
112. Macrobius, Commentariorum in somnium Scipionis 3.2-11. For theory see Steven F. Kruger, Dreaming in the Middle Ages , Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 14 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Kathryn L. Lynch, The High Medieval Dream Vision: Poetry, Philosophy, and Literary Form (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Lisa M. Bitel, " In visu noctis : Dreams in European Hagiography and Histories, 450-900," History of Religions 31 (1991):39-59.
113. Sixten Ringbom, "Devotional Images and Imaginative Devotions," Gazette des beaux-arts 6-73 (1969):159-70.
114. Acta 10.96; 2.14.
115. See Rona Goffen, "Icon and Vision: Giovanni Bellini's Half-Length Madonnas," Art Bulletin 57 (1975):511. The most complete study is Ronald G. Kecks, Madonna und Kind: Das häusliche Andachtsbild im Florence des 15. Jahrhunderts , Frankfurter Forschungen zur Kunst, 15 (Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1988).
116. Acta 2.13; 1.1; 1.6; 2.15; 3.20; 3.21; 3.27; 3.32; 4.38.
117. See Carolly Erickson, The Medieval Vision: Essays in History and Perception (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 214.
118. William A. Christian, Jr., Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaisance Spain (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), 8, 150-85, 203.
119. Petrarch, Secretum praef.
120. Boethius, Philosophiae consolatio 1.1.
121. Cornelius, Figurative Castle , 37-48, referring to Robert Grosseteste, Château d'amour 567-824. The sources for castellum as "castle" are dated much later, to the eleventh or twelfth century, by Mary Immaculate Creek, "The Sources and Influence of Robert Grosseteste's Le chasteau d'amour ," Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1941, 162-64.
122. Aline Rousselle, "Porneia": On Desire and the Body in Antiquity , trans. Felicia Pheasant (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 157, 151, citing Historia monachorum in Aegypto 20; Palladius, Lausiac History 29; John Cassian, Collationes 7.1.
123. Victor Turner and Edith Turner, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), 154-55.
124. Augustine, Confessiones 8.11.26-27; trans. Bourke, 222,223. Cf. Pastor Hermae 3.8.4.
125. Caesarius of Hiesterbach, Dialogus miraculorum 7.48; Frederick C. Tubach, "Index exemplorum": A Handbook of Medieval Religious Tales (Helsinki: Suomolainen Tiedeakatamia, 1969), no. 3009.
126. Hugues Farsit, Libellus de miraculis Beatae Mariae Virginis in urbe Suessoniensi 31, included in several other collections, notably Alfonso X el Sabio, Cantigas , and absorbed into immaculatist liturgical books, according to Mirella Levi d'Ancona, The Iconography of the Immaculate Conception in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance , Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts Sponsored by The Archaeological Institute of America and The College Art Association of America, 7 (New York: College Art Association of America with Art Bulletin , 1957), 61 and n. 143.
127. Peter L. Hays, The Limping Hero: Grotesques in Literature (New York: New York University Press, 1971), 17-27.
128. See Claus Westermann, Genesis 12-36: A Commentary , trans. John J. Scullion (Minneapolis, Minn.: Augsburg, 1985), 514-20, with bibliography, 512-13.
129. Homer, Iliad 5.303-317.
130. Hays, Limping Hero , 8, 65-66, 68-69.
131. Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermones super Cantica canticorum 80.2.4, in Opera omnia , 2; On the Song of Songs , trans. Irene Edmonds, Cistercian Fathers Series, 40 (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian, 1980), 4:149. Also cited in Anthony K. Cassell, "Failure, Pride, and Conversion in 'Inferno' I: A Reinterpretation," Dante Studies 74 (1976):19 n. 2.
132. John Donne, "The First Anniuersarie" 191-92.
133. John Freccero, "Dante's Firm Foot and the Pilgrim without a Guide," Harvard Theological Review 52 (1959):251-68; rpt. in idem, Dante: The Po-
etics of Conversion , ed. Rachel Jacoff (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), 29-54.
134. Nancy H. Rosenberg, "Petrarch's Limping: The Foot Unequal to the Eye," Modern Language Notes 77 (1962):101-2.
135. Acta 1.2.
136. A book manuscript on this topic is completed--Author.
137. Gregory the Great, Moralia in Job 8.9.19.
138. Vita Antonii 5; Gregory the Great, Dialogi 1.2.4; Peter the Venerable, De miraculis 1.8; Teresa of Avila, Vida 31.4.
139. See Summers, The Judgment of Sense: Renaissance Aesthetics and the Rise of Naturalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 144-45. For vividness as a virtue of classical and renaissance art see also Leonardo da Vinci, Paragone 7, 14.
140. Augusine, De trinitate 11.2.5; The Trinity , trans. Stephen McKenna (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1963), 321.
141. Brian Lawn, The Salernitan Questions: An Introduction to the History of Medieval and Renaissance Problem Literature (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963), appendix II, lines 82-83.
142. Laurent Joubert, Traité du rire 2 praef.
143. Albert the Great, De animalibus 22.5.10.
144. Augustine, Quaestionum in heptateuchum libri VII 1.93. The anecdote is not in the extant works of Hippocrates, according to Owsei Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 43.
145. Soranus, Gynaecia 1.39.
146. Paré, De monstres 9, 16; On Monsters and Marvels , trans. Janis L. Pallister (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 54.
147. Leon Battista Alberti, De re aedificatoria 9. For examples of this belief in reformation texts see Hermann von Weinsberg, Das Buch Weinsberg: Kölner Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem 16. Jahrhundert , 1:96, cited by Steven E. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 113. Johann Coler, Oeconomia ruralis et domestica 2.4.5, cited by Ozment, When Fathers Ruled , 113.
148. Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 9.3.67; trans. Butler, 4:281.
149. Augustine, Confessiones 1.16.26; Terence, Eunuchus 584-91. Cf. for lust Augustine, De trinitate 11.4.7.
150. Michel de Montaigne, Essais 1.21, pp. 105, 91; The Complete Works of Montaigne , trans. Donald Frame (Stanford, Calif.: Standard University Press, 1967), 97. He also cited animal examples such as Jacob's sheep. For the hairy child see also Marie-Hélène Huet, Monstrous Imagination (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), 19-22. She also discusses some texts of Montaigne, Pietro Pomponazzi, and Paré, 13-19, 22. This book appeared after my research on this topic was completed.
151. Acta 1.10.
152. See Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society , 244, 228, 76-79, 154, without reference to Loyola.
153. Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms , 1:111-14; 2:100.
154. Caro Baroja, Vascos , 2:363.
155. Erasmus, Adagia 2.9.49, in Opera omnia (Leiden), 2; Montaigne, Essais 3.11.
156. Hugh of St. Victor, Diascalicon de studio legendi 1.5; 6.14.
157. Acta 1.9.
158. For a contemporary argument see Erasmus, Diatriba .
159. See Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society , 114-19.
160. Pierre Courcelle, Recherches sur les "Confessions" de saint Augustin , rev. ed. (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1968), 175-87.
161. Petrarch, Epistolae familiares 4.1. For bibliography see Boyle, Petrarch's Genius: Pentimento and Prophecy (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), 166.
162. Acta 1.11.
163. See Mary Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture , Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 10 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 9.
164. Erasmus, "Cyclopes sive evangeliophorus," in Colloquia , in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 3-3:603; Epistolae 135; The Colloquies of Erasmus , trans. Craig R. Thompson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 415; "Cyclops, or the Gospel Bearer," 417.
165. Acta 1.11.
166. Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls , 11.
167. Plato, Respublica 7.532.
168. See Eugenio Garin, "La dignitas hominis et la letteratura patristica," La rinascita 1 (1938):102-46; and for some French renaissance authors, Lionello Sozzi, La "dignité de l'homme" à la Renaissance (Turin: Giappichelli, 1982), 12-21; and for a scholastic example, Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae 1.91.3 ad 3.
169. Seneca, Naturales quaestiones 1. praef. 10-13; Naturales quaestiones , trans. Thomas H. Corcoran, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971-72), 2:11.
170. Plato, Theatetus 174a; Diogenes Laertius, Vitae philosophorum 1.34.
171. Chaucer, "The Miller's Tale," in Canterbury Tales; The Canterbury Tales , trans. David Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 88.
172. Erasmus, Moria , in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 4-3:144; Praise of Folly and Letter to Martin Dorp 1515 , trans. Betty Radice (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1971), 151. Boyle, "Fools and Schools: Scholastic Dialectic, Humanist Rhetoric: From Anselm to Erasmus," Medievalia et humanistica 13 (1985):175.
173. Acta 8.
174. Augustine, De beata vita 1.4; cf. Vergil, Aeneid 3.515.
175. Augustine, Confessiones 10.8.15; trans. Bourke, 276; Petrarch, Epistolae familiares 4.1.
176. Montaigne, Essais 3.13; trans. Frame, 857.
177. See Joukovsky, Gloire dans la poesie , 332-35.
178. Acta 1.12.
179. See Peter the Venerable, De miraculis libri duo 2.27.
180. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani" in Colloquia , in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 1-3:318; trans. Thompson, 132, 133.
181. Erasmus, "Militaria," in Colloquia , ibid., 154; trans. Thompson, 12.
182. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani," in Colloquia , ibid., 315; trans. Thompson, 129.
183. Ibid.
180. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani" in Colloquia , in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 1-3:318; trans. Thompson, 132, 133.
181. Erasmus, "Militaria," in Colloquia , ibid., 154; trans. Thompson, 12.
182. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani," in Colloquia , ibid., 315; trans. Thompson, 129.
183. Ibid.
180. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani" in Colloquia , in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 1-3:318; trans. Thompson, 132, 133.
181. Erasmus, "Militaria," in Colloquia , ibid., 154; trans. Thompson, 12.
182. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani," in Colloquia , ibid., 315; trans. Thompson, 129.
183. Ibid.
180. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani" in Colloquia , in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 1-3:318; trans. Thompson, 132, 133.
181. Erasmus, "Militaria," in Colloquia , ibid., 154; trans. Thompson, 12.
182. Erasmus, "Militis et Cartusiani," in Colloquia , ibid., 315; trans. Thompson, 129.
183. Ibid.
184. Acta 2.12.
185. Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society , 101, 18, 216, 196-98, 209.
186. Ibid., 18.
185. Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society , 101, 18, 216, 196-98, 209.
186. Ibid., 18.
187. Acta 1.4, 10.