1. Henry A. Giroux, "Living Dangerously: Identity Politics and the New Cultural Racism: Towards a Critical Pedagogy of Representation," Cultural Studies 7, no. 1 (January 1993), 6.

2. See Wendy Brown, "Wounded Attachments," Political Theory 21, no. 3 (August 1993), 390-410; and Kirstie McClure, "On the Subject of Rights: Pluralism, Plurality, and Political Identity," in Dimensions of Radical Democracy, ed. Mouffe, 108-127.

3. For a brief yet comprehensive overview, see Steven Seidman, "Identity and Politics in a 'Postmodern' Gay Culture: Some Historical and Conceptual Notes," in Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory, ed. Michael Warner (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 105-142. For a comparative and historical discussion of the lesbian and gay movement, see Barry D. Adams, The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement (Boston: G. K. Hall and Company, 1987).

4. Seidman, "Identity and Politics," 111.

5. Adams, The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement, 64.

6. Vera Whisman, "Identity Crises: Who Is a Lesbian, Anyway?" in Sisters, continue

Sexperts, Queers: Beyond the Lesbian Nation, ed. Arlene Stein (New York: Plume, 1993), 51.

7. See Phelan, Identity Politics, 37-45; and Radicalesbians, ''The Woman-Identified Woman," in Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation, ed. Karla Jay and Allen Young (New York: New York University Press, 1972), 172.

8. Adrienne Rich, "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 239.

9. Thus, in Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), Jill Johnson writes: "The lesbian/feminist is the woman who defines herself independently of a man" (153).

10. Cheryl Clarke, "Lesbianism: An Act of Resistance," in This Bridge Called My Back, ed. Moraga and Anzaldúa, 128.

11. Seidman, "Identity and Politics," 114. See also Allen Young, "Out of the Closets, Into the Streets," in Out of the Closets, ed. Jay and Young, 6-31.

12. Adams, The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement, 78.

13. Douglas Crimp writes: "All queers have extensive experience with the closet, no matter how much of a sissy or tomboy we were as children, no matter how early we declared our sexual preferences, no matter how determined we are to be openly gay or lesbian. The closet is not a function of homosexuality in our culture, but of compulsory and presumptive heterosexuality." Douglas Crimp, "Right On, Girlfriend!" in Fear of a Queer Planet, ed. Warner, 305.

14. Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Subordination," in Inside/Out, ed. Fuss, 16.

15. Seidman, "Identity and Politics," 125.

16. See also Shane Phelan, "(Be)Coming Out: Lesbian Identity and Politics," Signs 18, no. 4 (summer 1993), 765-790.

17. Lisa Kahaleole Chang Hall, "Bitches in Solitude: Identity Politics and Lesbian Community," in Sisters, Sexperts, Queers, ed. Stein, 227.

18. See Cindy Patton's discussion of the connections between new-right and queer identity. She writes: "Gay identity comes from spilling the beans, from coming out of the closet to claim the other's derogatory speech as one's inverted reality. New-right identity cloisters self-revelation, reinterprets proud gay speech as confessions to the distinctive perversion that gay liberation's reversal sought to expose as fraud. If coming out says, 'We're queer, we're here, get used to it,' new-right identity appropriates this to say, 'We knew it,' and to society, 'We told you so.' What operates as a performative act of identity assertion for 'queers' is read by the new right as descriptive, as not performative at all." Cindy Patton, "Tremble, Hetero Swine!" in Fear of a Queer Planet, ed. Warner, 146-147.

19. Of course, the move away from separate strategies for lesbians and gay men and toward a larger alliance was also a result of the AIDS crisis and the increased homophobia of the eighties.

20. Hall, "Bitches in Solitude," 229. See also Biddy Martin, "Lesbian Identity and Autobiographical Difference[s]," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Abelove, Barale, and Halperin, 274-293.

21. Dan Danielson, "Representing Identities: Legal Treatment of Pregnancy and Homosexuality," New England Law Review 26 (summer 1992), 1453-1508. break

22. Lauren Berlant and Elizabeth Freeman, "Queer Nationality," in Fear of a Queer Planet, ed. Warner, 193-229.

23. David J. Thomas, "Gay Political Visions: The 'Q' Word" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September 1993), 21.

24. Ibid., 16.

23. David J. Thomas, "Gay Political Visions: The 'Q' Word" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September 1993), 21.

24. Ibid., 16.

25. See Janet E. Halley, "The Construction of Heterosexuality," in Fear of a Queer Planet, ed. Warner, 82-104; Teresa de Lauretis, "Queer Theory: Lesbian and Gay Studies, An Introduction, " differences 3, no. 2 (1991), iii-xviii; John D'Emilio, "Capitalism and Gay Identity," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Abelove, Barale, and Halperin, 467-476; and Butler, Gender Trouble .

26. Cornell West, Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America (New York: Routledge, 1993), 17.

27. Jean Smith, "I Learned to Feel Black," in The Black Power Revolt, ed. Floyd B. Barbour (Boston: Porter Sargent Publisher, 1968), 211.

28. West, Keeping Faith, 283.

29. Stokely Carmichael, "Power and Racism," in The Black Power Revolt, ed. Barbour, 65.

30. West, Keeping Faith, 279.

31. Glenn C. Loury, "Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race and Identity in America," in Lure and Loathing: Essays on Race, Identity, and the Ambivalence of Assimilation, ed. Gerald Early (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 7-8.

32. For an interesting overview, see Diana Fuss's chapter "Poststructuralist Afro-American Literary Theory" in Essentially Speaking, 73-96.

33. hooks, Yearning, 37.

34. Ibid., 6.

33. hooks, Yearning, 37.

34. Ibid., 6.

35. West, Keeping Faith, 19-27.

36. A dialogue between bell hooks and Cornel West, "Black Women and Men: Partnership in the 1990s," in hooks, Yearning, 213.

37. Michael Eric Dyson, Reflecting Black: African American Cultural Criticism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), xvii.

38. West, Keeping Faith, 238.

39. Patricia Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), II.

40. Ibid., 67.

41. Ibid., 149.

42. Ibid., 234.

39. Patricia Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), II.

40. Ibid., 67.

41. Ibid., 149.

42. Ibid., 234.

39. Patricia Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), II.

40. Ibid., 67.

41. Ibid., 149.

42. Ibid., 234.

39. Patricia Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), II.

40. Ibid., 67.

41. Ibid., 149.

42. Ibid., 234.

43. See Robin West, "Jurisprudence and Gender," in Feminist Jurisprudence, ed. Smith, 495-497.

44. Susan Sherwin, "Philosophical Methodology and Feminist Methodology: Are They Compatible?" in Women, Knowledge and Rationality, ed. Garry and Pearsall, 27.

45. See Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993), 24-31.

46. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 87.

47. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Only Words (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 3. break

48. Alarcon[Alarćon], "The Theoretical Subject(s)," 358-359.

49. One of the best critiques of "experience" comes from Joan W. Scott, "Experience," in Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. Butler and Scott, 22-40. See also Teresa de Lauretis, Alice Doesn't (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), especially chapter 6.

50. Butler, Gender Trouble, 14.

51. Ibid., 15.

50. Butler, Gender Trouble, 14.

51. Ibid., 15.

52. Describing late-modern postindustrial societies, Wendy Brown writes: "The increased fragmentation, if not disintegration, of all forms of association until recently not organized by the commodities market—communities, churches, families—and the ubiquitousness of the classificatory, individuating schemes of disciplinary society combine to produce an utterly unrelieved individual, one without insulation from the inevitable failure entailed by liberalism's individualistic construction. In short, the characteristics of late modern secular society, in which individuals are buffeted and controlled by global configurations of disciplinary and capitalist power of extraordinary proportions, and are at the same time nakedly individuated, stripped of reprieve from relentless exposure and accountability for themselves, together add up to an incitement to ressentiment that might have stunned even the finest philosopher of its occasions and logics." Brown, "Wounded Attachments," 402.

53. See Jürgen Habermas, "Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification," in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), 89.

54. Teresa de Lauretis, "Upping the Anti (Sic) in Feminist Theory," in Conflicts in Feminism, ed. Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller (New York: Routledge, 1990), 266.

55. Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 109.

56. Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies, Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 192.

57. Ibid., 210.

58. Ibid., 195.

56. Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies, Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 192.

57. Ibid., 210.

58. Ibid., 195.

56. Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies, Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 192.

57. Ibid., 210.

58. Ibid., 195.

59. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women, 123.

60. Phelan, Identity Politics, 170.

61. Martha Minow shows this beautifully in Making All the Difference .

62. Dorothy Allison, Skin: Talking About Sex, Class, and Literature (Ithaca: Firebrand Books, 1994), 24-25.