VI Extremeños in the New World
1. See Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca , 27-31, 40, 77.
2. Pedro Cieza de Leon, Obras Completas , ed. Carmelo Saez de Santa María (Madrid, 1985), 2: 11. The translation is mine. Perhaps Aldana's father participated in a military campaign with Hernando Pizarro's father, Captain Gonzalo Pizarro.
3. For Aldana's will of 1562, see Jose Rafael Zarama, "Reseña histórica," app. 1, 189-196 (Pasto, 1942) (my thanks to Leon Helguera for sending me a copy of this offprint). For Aldana's daughter, see Lockhart, Spanish Peru , 167. Aldana's nephew of the same name was the son of his brother Alvaro de Aldana; he went to Peru in 1557 (see Navarro del Castillo, La epopeya , 147; and also AHPC Diego Pacheco 4100, in which
Lorenzo and his brother Francisco sold 2500 maravedís of censo al quitar in January 1557, at which time their parents were both deceased).
4. Note, for example, what Eugene Lyon, The Enterprise of Florida. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and the Spanish Conquest of 1565-1568 (Gainesville, 1976), 74-75, writes about the organization of that enterprise:
What was most remarkable about Menéndez's men was the closeknit nature of their interrelationships. Almost without exception, the men who shared the confidence of Pedro Menéndez and were scheduled to hold the posts of responsibility in Florida belonged to a number of Asturian families which were tied together by complex kinship links. Scores of rank-and-file soldiers and sailors from the same families also participated in the Florida enterprise. It was a family affair, or rather the affair of a small number of closely connected families from the north of Spain.
I would suggest, however, that this form of organization was more standard than "remarkable" in the Indies.
5. For a discussion of how factors of timing and connections affected emigrants from one family, see Altman, "Spanish Hidalgos."
6. AMG Fondo Barrantes MS B/3.
7. AGI Indif. General 2060.
8. AGI Indif. General 2078.
9. For Alonso Ramiro, see Catálogo, 5, no. 3819, AGI Contratación 5222, and AGI Indif. General 2055. For Juan Ramiro see AGI Indif. General 2058. See Otte, "Cartas privadas," 56-58, for a copy of the letter from Alonso Morales to Juan Ramiro, and 60-61, for a letter from Alonso Ramiro to his brother-in-law Pedro Alonso in Cabañas de la Peña.
10. Catálogo, 3, no. 881.
11. Catálogo, 5, tomo 1, no. 2827, tomo 2, no. 4868; AGI Indif. General 2162A, 2089.
12. See AGI Indif. General 2089, 2090.
13. AGI Indif. General 2090.
14. In June 1574 Francisco Calderón de Loaysa and his wife took 150,000 maravedís at censo from Sancho Casco, clérigo in Peru (Acedo, "Linajes," Calderón, 333 a6 ). Sancho de Vargas and his two daughters in 1578 sold a censo to the priest Tomé García Calderón (in Peru) for 400 ducados (Acedo, "Linajes," Vargas, 48 a43 ).
15. Pedro de Valencia probably was the nephew of the oidor Licenciado Diego González Altamirano (see AMT Pedro de Carmona B-1-23). He is mentioned in testimony regarding the 1570 will of Captain Francisco de Chaves; he succeeded to Chaves's encomienda in Peru (AMT 1585:I-7). For Francisco González de Castro, see AGI Indif. General 2083 (información of his nephew Juan de Castro); for Juan Rodríguez de Ocampo, see Acedo, "Linajes," Vargas, p. 48 a37 , and Altamirano, 32).
16. Navarro del Castillo, La epopeya, 167-168; Schäfer, El consejo de Indias, 2: 114, 452, 463, 473.
17. Schäfer, El consejo de Indias, 2: 473, 503, 511, 512.
18. For Licenciado García de Valverde's reports on the state of the encomiendas and proposed measures for reform, see AGI Guatemala 10. George Lovell brought this material to my attention.
19. Emma Helen Blair and James A. Robertson, eds., The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 (Cleveland, 1903-1909), 4: 174-176, 219.
20. AGI Indif. General 2092.
21. AGI Justicia 215, no. 1.
22. AGI Justicia 1053, no. 5.
23. AGI Justicia 1061, no. 1, ramo 1.
24. For Carrasco's activities, see AGI Justicia 418 (suit between Alonso Carrasco and Alonso Pizarro de la Rua of Trujillo over the encomienda of Jayanca, jurisdiction of Trujillo, Peru). A witness in Zorita in 1576 testified that he had heard of Carrasco's death from one of Carrasco's factors and another merchant from Trujillo (Peru); see AGI Indif. General 2088, información of Juan Holgado of Orellana, a second cousin of Alonso Carrasco who was sent by Carrasco's brother to recover his property in Peru.
25. See Martínez's biography in Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 300-305.
26. Robert Keith, Conquest and Agrarian Change: The Emergence of the Hacienda System on the Peruvian Coast (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), 73.
27. See información of Nodera's son, Diego de Nodera, in AGI Indif. General 2056, and letter from Luis de Córdoba to his wife Isable Carrera in Seville (May 1566), in Otte, "Cartas privadas," 31-36.
28. AGI Indif. General 2089.
29. A. Millares Carlo and J. I. Mantecón, Indice y extractos de los protocolos del Archivo de Notarías de México, D.F. (Mexico, 1945-1946), no. 2558.
30. See AMG Fondo Barrantes, MS B/3, fol. 270 (without date), for the claim made by Juan Pantoja's sister doña María de Ribera and nephews against his widow.
31. See información of Juan de Campo, husband of Diego Martín's daughter Ana de Aguiilar, in AGI Indif. General 2050.
32. Francisco A. de Icaza, Conquistadores y pobladores de la Nueva España (Madrid, 1923), 196; Boyd-Bowman, Indice, 2, no. 2778.
33. AMG Fondo Barrantes MS B/3, fol. 270.
34. AGI Justicia 215, no. 1.
35. Troy Floyd, The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526 (Albuquerque, 1973), 64, 76.
36. Eduardo Sánchez-Arjona, "De las personas que pasaron a esta Nueva España," Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos 39 (1918): 98.
37. Icaza, Conquistadores y pobladores, 1: 166.
38. AGI Justicia 405, no. 2, ramo 2. Witnesses in Cuzco said that because of the protests of Carrasco and other vecinos of Cuzco, Francisco Pizarro was about to return Carrasco's encomienda to him when he died. The grant then passed into the hands of Licenciado Antonio de la Gama, who was succeeded by his daughter. On her death Antonio Vaca de Castro, the son of governor Licenciado Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, got the encomienda.
39. Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 302; Efraim Trelles Arestegui, Lucas Martínez Vegazo: Funcionamiento de una encomienda peruana inicial (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, 1982), 47, says that Martínez offered the viceroy 12,000 pesos and Dr. Cuenca another 6000 pesos.
40. Lockhart, Spanish Peru, 16.
41. For Ulloa's suit for the return of his encomienda, see AGI Patronato 117, ramo 7, and AGI Justicia 430; for reassignment of Aldana's encomienda, see AGI Indif. General 2086. For discussion of Lorenzo de Ulloa and his brothers, see Altman, "Spanish Hidalgos," 329-333.
42. Hernando Pizarro's career and management of family properties are discussed in the biography in Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 157-168, and other references throughout. See also Varón Gabai and Jacobs, "Peruvian Wealth." For the illegal sale of encomiendas, see Lockhart, Spanish Peru, 20.
43. Himmerich, "The Encomenderos of New Spain," 239, 499, 327.
44. See AMT 1585:I-7. Chaves's encomienda of Viracomachaqui was in the valley of Condesuyo. It was alleged that Chaves failed to provide his Indians with a priest and therefore died owing them money.
45. Diego de Torres of Trujillo married the widow of the conquistador Cristóbal de Ortega and became an encomendero in Mexico, and Francisco de Torres, also of Trujillo, became an encomendero by his second marriage; see Boyd-Bowman, Indice, 2, nos. 3240, 3242.
46. The quote is from the información of Alonso Carrasco in AGI Justicia 418; for his death, see AGI Indif. General 2088.
47. See above, n. 38.
48. AGI Justicia 418.
49. See the biographies in Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 300-305 (Lucas Martínez) and 343-346 (Alonso Ruiz). Most of the discussion of Martínez's activities is drawn from Lockhart and from Trelles Arestegui, Lucas Martínez Vegazo .
50. Trelles, Lucas Martínez Vegazo, 38, 40.
51. Trelles, Lucas Martínez Vegazo, 199, 203, 207, 210, 213, 108.
52. Trelles, Lucas Martínez Vegazo, 112, 129.
53. AMT García de Sanabria A-1-1; Trelles, Lucas Martínez Vegazo, 174-177. In 1551 Pedro Alonso de Valencia's widow in Trujillo gave her
power of attorney to Gaspar Hernández, a cacereño living in Arequipa, to recover her husband's property (AMT García de Sanabria A-1-1).
54. Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 302-303. Trelles, Lucas Martínez Vegazo, 135, says that Martínez's marriage essentially was a sale of the encomienda, since Lucas received 16,000 pesos. Alonso Ruiz left at least one illegitimate child in Peru, a daughter named Isabel Ruiz whom he had with a criada named Francisca Miranda; he donated 1000 pesos to her before leaving Peru (see Trelles, Lucas Martínez Vegazo, 39).
55. Trelles, Lucas Martínez Vegazo, 123, 131.
56. AGI Indif. Gen. 2090.
57. AMG Fondo Barrantes MS B/3.
58. AGI Indif. Gen. 2083.
59. AGI Indif. Gen. 2089.
60. AGI Indif. Gen. 2090.
61. See Altman, ''Spanish Hidalgos," 331-332, and AGI Patronato 100, ramo 9, for Diego de Ovando's probanza of 1557.
62. AGI Indif. Gen. 2086, letters of Lorenzo Gutiérrez and his son Cristóbal González.
63. AGI Indif. Gen. 2049.
64. AGI Indif. Gen. 2090.
65. See Boyd-Bowman, Indice, 2, no. 2744; Harkness Collection, Library of Congress, no. 260; Raul Porras Barrenechea, ed., Cedulario del Peru (Lima, 1944-1948), 2, no. 373; AGI Contratación 2723, no. 2; AGI Patronato 106, ramo 7. Alonso Guerra was mentioned as being in the Indies in the 1532 will of Juan de la Huerta of Cáceres (AHPC Pedro de Grajos 3923).
66. AGI Patronato 106, ramo 7.
67. See Altman, "Spanish Hidalgos," 329-334.
68. AMG Fondo Barrantes MS B/3.
69. See AGI Indif. Gen. 2082, testimony of Francisco de Loaysa of Trujillo, who said his brother Diego de Orellana wrote from Cuzco saying that Martín "had drowned in a river . . . and that an illegitimate daughter of his had inherited the goods that had remained and she had married Hernando Caballero . . . native of this city."
70. See Lockhart, Spanish Peru, 44, 158.
71. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 2: 154.
72. In 1548 Gasca suggested sending a mestiza daughter of Juan Pizarro, and Gonzalo Pizarro's son and daughter, to Spain to live with an aunt in Trujillo (see Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 2: 272). Francisco Pizarro's son and daughter went to Spain, but only doña Francisca married and had children.
73. ACC-HO leg. 7, no. 31; leg. 1, no. 21.
74. Millares Carlo and Mantecón, Indice y extractos, no. 1331. Sanabria's brother, Hernando de Sanabria, was a priest in Cáceres who might have been excommunicated in the 1530s (AHPC Hernando Conde 3712). The cacereños in Mexico were entrepreneur Juan de Cáceres Delgado and Gonzalo Durán.
75. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 2: 267.
76. AGI Indif. Gen. 2085.
77. Don Pedro Puertocarrero's nephew, Andrés Calderón Puertocarrero, in the late 1590s initiated a suit over properties in Medellín that don Pedro's mestizo son had inherited; see ARCG 3 a -599-3.
78. Millares Carlo and Mantecón, Indice y extractos, 1, no. 445. It is not clear whether Francisco de Gaete, the son of Hernando de Gaete and Catalina Calderón, both deceased, was in Mexico or not.
79. See Acedo, "Linajes," Hinojosa, p. 366 a13 .
80. AGI Indif. Gen. 2093 and ARCG 3 a -599-3.
81. AGI Indif. Gen. 2049.
82. AGI Indif. Gen. 2050.
83. AGI Justicia 1176, no. 2, ramo 1.
84. AMG Fondo Barrantes MS B/3.
85. See AGI Indif. Gen. 2055, información of Gómez's niece Leonor Gómez and her husband, Hernán González, herrador.
86. In 1553 returnee from Peru Juan de Monroy said he had lived in the house of Juan Ramiro and his wife in Lima and had been there when Ramiro died. The other returnees who testified they had been with Ramiro in Lima were Melchor Hernández, Pedro Alonso, Pedro Jara, Alonso Cervantes, Alonso de Bibanco, and Juan Pizarro (AGI Indif. Gen. 2078).
87. See AGI Indif. Gen. 2089 for información of Andrés Gómez (Pedro Gómez's son) and AGI Indif. General 2084 for información of Rodrigo Alonso de Boroa, son of Felipe Rodríguez. See AGI Indif. Gen. 2083 for testimony regarding Francisco González de Castro.
88. See Lorenzo de Aldana's will in Zarama, "Reseña histórica," 191.
89. ACC-HO leg. 7, no. 103.
90. See Gibson, Aztecs, 377-378; and Colin A. Palmer, Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650 (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), 133.
91. Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 29.
92. For the rebellion, see Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 183-189.
93. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 1: 356.
94. Ibid., 2: 97.
95. Ibid., 2: 41.
93. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 1: 356.
94. Ibid., 2: 97.
95. Ibid., 2: 41.
93. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 1: 356.
94. Ibid., 2: 97.
95. Ibid., 2: 41.
96. Lockhart, Men of Cajamarca, 213. Perhaps ironically Hernando de Aldana and his brother Alonso made Gómez de Solís, a strong Pizarro partisan, their heir; see AHPC Pedro de Grajos 3923.
97. AGI Justicia 1126, no. 4, ramo 1.
98. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 2: 46.
99. Ibid., 2: 303-307, 317.
100. Ibid., 1: 471.
98. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 2: 46.
99. Ibid., 2: 303-307, 317.
100. Ibid., 1: 471.
98. Pérez de Tudela, Documentos relativos a la Gasca, 2: 46.
99. Ibid., 2: 303-307, 317.
100. Ibid., 1: 471.
101. The 1000 ducados that Blas de Soto donated to his sister had been willed by Juan Pizarro to his maternal siblings; see the two letters from Soto to Señora Inés Rodríguez de Aguilar in AGI Justicia 1070, no. 9.
102. AGI Justicia 1074, no. 4.
103. AGI Justicia 1126, no. 4, ramo 1.
104. AHPC Pedro de Grajos 3925.
105. AHPC Alonso Pacheco 4103.
106. AHPC Alonso Pacheco 4104.
107. See for example, letters 4, 7, 13 in Lockhart and Otte, Letters and People .
108. AGI Indif. Gen. 2090.
109. AHPC Pedro González 3831, Alonso Pacheco 4104.
110. AGI Justicia 1126, no. 2, ramo 2.
111. AGI Indif. Gen. 2054; AHPC Alonso Pacheco 4104, Deigo Pacheco 4113.
112. AHPC Alonso Pacheco 4102.
113. AHPC Diego Pacheco 4113, Alonso Pacheco 4103.
114. AGI Indif. Gen. 2083.
115. AGI Indif. Gen. 2084.
116. AGI Indif. Gen. 2094. Juan Rubio's will was dated April 1580.
117. AGI Indif. Gen. 2078.
118. AGI Indif. Gen. 2085. In 1572 returnee Alonso Pizarro testified that he had run into Licenciado Altamirano en route to Peru when he was on his way back to Spain.
119. For the agreement made between Juan Velázquez and Juan de Toro and Marina Ruiz, see AMT García de Sanabria A-1-1. Marina Ruiz and Juan de Toro claimed that they, and Alonso de Toro, were the children of Alejo Bocanegra and Catalina Rodríguez. Alonso de Toro himself, however, named Alonso de Toro and Inés Durán as his parents in AGI Justicia 117, no. 1, ramo 3; see Lockhart's biography and notes in Men of Cajamarca, 357-359.
120. AHPC Pedro González 3830.