Merchants and Reform in Livorno 1814

1. See, for example, Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 7. See also Giuliano Ricci, "Livorno," GAT 11 (1837): 114.

2. Bandi e Ordini Toscani, 1836. Notification of 12 August 1836. A copy of the original concession dated 8 October 1590 is printed in Guarnieri, Livorno marinara, p. 511.

3. Ricci, "Livorno," p. 114. See also Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 6.

4. For example, the Parisian merchant Auguste Degas in a letter to the merchant firm of Morre, Ulrich, and Company in Livorno called the use of a sotto-sconto in the sale of a cargo of Degas's tobacco in Tuscany "oppressive and abominable." The transaction, it was noted, conformed to local practice but was obviously not calculated or understood by the seller (ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October to the secretary of finance, Cempini).

5. ACCL, Delib., 18 June 1822.

6. Ibid., 27 June 1822. This meeting was attended by important members of the merchant community who were not currently serving as deputies in the chamber. The final vote in favor of the proposal was thirty-five to eight.

5. ACCL, Delib., 18 June 1822.

6. Ibid., 27 June 1822. This meeting was attended by important members of the merchant community who were not currently serving as deputies in the chamber. The final vote in favor of the proposal was thirty-five to eight.

7. The concerns of small retail merchants were clearly outlined in a general proposal of reform made by the chamber of commerce to the merchant community in 1835 (ASL, Gov., f. 158. Aff. Div. 1835, 9 June 1835) and in a letter of the governor to the secretary of finance (ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini).

8. The tactic was described in a letter of the governor to the secretary of finance (ibid., f. 1019. Copialettere governatore, 1835: 27 March 1835 to Cempini).

9. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 November to the secretary of finance.

10. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825: 14 March to the secretary of finance.

11. Ibid.

9. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 November to the secretary of finance.

10. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825: 14 March to the secretary of finance.

11. Ibid.

9. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 November to the secretary of finance.

10. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825: 14 March to the secretary of finance.

11. Ibid.

12. ASL, Gov., f. 131. Aff. Div., 1826: 24 August, secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.

13. ASL, Gov., Aff. Div., 1835: 9 June, memorial of the chamber of commerce.

14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.

15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.

16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.

14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.

15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.

16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.

14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.

15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.

16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.

14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.

15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.

16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.

14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.

15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.

16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.

19. In 1818 the secretary of finance, Frullani, remarked polemically that the chamber of commerce should concern itself primarily with the business practices of the mezzani which, he said, were alienating foreigners far more than the tax of 1 percent. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, b. 8. Florence, 7 July 1818: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.

20. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: customhouse of Livorno, Moretti. Typical was the expression of an anonymous writer who remarked that "in our city the profession of mezzano is the refuge of all those people who for their social position are unwilling to practice the mechanical trades, or other unfortunates, otherwise honorable, who did not succeed in commerce" (ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 63). For the case of a merchant falling on hard times and becoming a mezzano, see ASL, Gov., f. 163. Aff. Div., 1837. Livorno, 3 January 1837: David Ferdinandes Leiba to the governor of Livorno. One of the memorials of the "nations" in Livorno to the Tuscan government in 1757 remarked that "notwithstanding long-standing regulations forbidding them to exercise commerce on their own behalf, they [ mezzani ] have adopted the custom of keeping the best deals to themselves, either openly or through utilizing a fictitious name" (Baruchello, p. 494).

19. In 1818 the secretary of finance, Frullani, remarked polemically that the chamber of commerce should concern itself primarily with the business practices of the mezzani which, he said, were alienating foreigners far more than the tax of 1 percent. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, b. 8. Florence, 7 July 1818: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.

20. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: customhouse of Livorno, Moretti. Typical was the expression of an anonymous writer who remarked that "in our city the profession of mezzano is the refuge of all those people who for their social position are unwilling to practice the mechanical trades, or other unfortunates, otherwise honorable, who did not succeed in commerce" (ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 63). For the case of a merchant falling on hard times and becoming a mezzano, see ASL, Gov., f. 163. Aff. Div., 1837. Livorno, 3 January 1837: David Ferdinandes Leiba to the governor of Livorno. One of the memorials of the "nations" in Livorno to the Tuscan government in 1757 remarked that "notwithstanding long-standing regulations forbidding them to exercise commerce on their own behalf, they [ mezzani ] have adopted the custom of keeping the best deals to themselves, either openly or through utilizing a fictitious name" (Baruchello, p. 494).

21. The most important summary sets of regulations governing the profession were promulgated 21 November 1758 and 24 January 1769.

22. See articles 34 and 35 of the 1815 regulation governing the chamber's activities.

23. The French "nation," for example, reported in 1757 that "in Livorno all wish to leave the occupation of laborer or artisan to become a mezzano such that there is a lack of skilled and even unskilled labor" (Baruchello, p. 494).

24. For the above see the reports from the Livorno customhouse

in ASF, Misc. di Fin., f. 533. 10 May 1823: Livorno customhouse, Moretti. 5 September 1823: A. D. Cappelli, director of the customhouse to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues, Florence. See also the complaint of Carlo and Luigi Vecchi, Luigi Costa, and Leone Coen, freight mezzani, against the unauthorized handling of freight contracts by clerks in commercial firms (ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 63. Livorno, 2 August 1834).

25. See ACCL, Delib., 11 December 1815. In the meeting of 23 December 1816 (ibid.), "it was decided to represent to the government that the chamber believes it neither advantageous to commerce nor useful to the royal treasury to limit the number of mezzani ." The chamber opposed especially limiting the mezzani di cambio to ten: "The instances of exchange that are exercised in this city annually reach very large numbers so that the actual number of mezzani —ten—authorized to handle this activity by law is insufficient," especially since "some of those who have the authorization do little or nothing in this branch of commerce."

26. Ibid., 11 December 1815.

25. See ACCL, Delib., 11 December 1815. In the meeting of 23 December 1816 (ibid.), "it was decided to represent to the government that the chamber believes it neither advantageous to commerce nor useful to the royal treasury to limit the number of mezzani ." The chamber opposed especially limiting the mezzani di cambio to ten: "The instances of exchange that are exercised in this city annually reach very large numbers so that the actual number of mezzani —ten—authorized to handle this activity by law is insufficient," especially since "some of those who have the authorization do little or nothing in this branch of commerce."

26. Ibid., 11 December 1815.

27. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65. Livorno, 20 November 1850: Agostino Kotzian, Francesco Cartoni, Cesare Papanti, Giovanni Formigli, Pietro Bastogi, Rapporto della commissione istituita con la resoluzione ministeriale del 3 Feb. 1850 intorno al progetto di regolamento sopra i mezzani della piazza di Livorno .

28. See n. 24.

29. See especially the observations of G. Baldasseroni (22 April 1846), those of a commission of merchants and bankers in the city (20 November 1850), and those of the Consulta di Stato (12 January 1853), all in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65.

30. Contents of the letter reported in ACCL, Delib., 31 October 1815. In reply, however, the chamber stressed the detriment that any restriction on the extraction of specie would have on the principle of free trade.

31. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 19 January to the secretary of finance.

32. Ibid., f. 1002. Copialettere governatore, 1819: 18 September to the secretary of finance.

31. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 19 January to the secretary of finance.

32. Ibid., f. 1002. Copialettere governatore, 1819: 18 September to the secretary of finance.

33. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16. Livorno, 12 June 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the secretary of finance, Cempini.

34. Ibid., Livorno, 5 March 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the I. and R. Governo [the Imperial and Royal Government]. See also ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 14 September to the director of the department of finance.

33. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16. Livorno, 12 June 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the secretary of finance, Cempini.

34. Ibid., Livorno, 5 March 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the I. and R. Governo [the Imperial and Royal Government]. See also ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 14 September to the director of the department of finance.

35. Gazzetta di Firenze, 14 July 1829.

36. Indicatore livornese, 3 August 1829.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

36. Indicatore livornese, 3 August 1829.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

36. Indicatore livornese, 3 August 1829.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16. Livorno, 20 May 1829: memorial of Walser, Senn, and Bacry to the governor of Livorno. Ellipsis in original.

40. For the discussion of the difference between useful and useless employment of capital and the role that the discount bank would play in encouraging the former see ibid., the memorial cited, and a second memorial from the same authors to the secretary of finance, Cempini, 21 June 1829.

41. Guido Sonnino, Saggio sulle industrie, marina, e commercio in Livorno sotto i primi due Lorenesi (1737-1790) (Cortona, 1909), p.

42. ACCL, Delib., 25 November 1815. For a general summary of the proposal see Baruchello, p. 564.

43. Ibid., 28 November 1815.

44. Ibid., 30 November 1815.

42. ACCL, Delib., 25 November 1815. For a general summary of the proposal see Baruchello, p. 564.

43. Ibid., 28 November 1815.

44. Ibid., 30 November 1815.

42. ACCL, Delib., 25 November 1815. For a general summary of the proposal see Baruchello, p. 564.

43. Ibid., 28 November 1815.

44. Ibid., 30 November 1815.

45. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, no. 8. Livorno, 22 July 1818: B. Bartoletti to the secretary of finance, Frullani. Bartoletti was the secretary of the chamber of commerce. See also ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16, Livorno, 20 May 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the Throne.

46. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818. Livorno, 19 January: governor to the secretary of finance.

47. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, no. 8.

48. The proposals are in ASF. Fin. C.R., f. 16. March 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the I. and R. Governo; 20 May 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the governor of Livorno; 12 June 1829 to Cempini, the secretary of finance. The last contains a summary project for the bank.

49. ACCL, Delib., 15 March 1831.

50. Ibid., 22 March 1831.

49. ACCL, Delib., 15 March 1831.

50. Ibid., 22 March 1831.

51. Baruchello, pp. 584-585.

52. This paragraph is based in large part on material drawn from Commissioner Mochi's first two reports, 7 October 1837 and 9 January 1838. Both are in ASL, Gov., f. 899, b: Banca di Sconto, 1837.

53. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Report 13: Mochi, Livorno, 7 October 1840. "And in truth if in the past bankers had been the greatest users, today they are for the most part surpassed by the other merchants."

54. ASL, Gov., f. 194, n. 7. Aff. Div., 1842. Livorno, 28 May 1842: Mochi to the governor of Livorno; ibid.: Mochi's letter of 21

June 1842 announced that the discount rate had been lowered to 4 percent.

55. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 24 September 1842: Mochi, report 21.

56. Ibid., report 25: 18 October 1843.

55. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 24 September 1842: Mochi, report 21.

56. Ibid., report 25: 18 October 1843.

57. ASL, Gov., f. 279. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 29 February 1848: Mochi, special report.

58. The issue of the baratto illustrates the support that the discount bank enjoyed in the merchant community. Early in 1849, the president of the bank remarked that the excessive redemption of notes issued by the organization was threatening to exhaust the bank's entire cash reserve (ASL, Gov., f. 325, no. 17. Aff. Div., 1850. Livorno, 13 May 1851: discount bank, published annual report). In response, the most wealthy members of the merchant community promised in writing to abstain from this activity and, insofar as it was possible, to use their specie to buy bank notes. The action, however, was considered merely palliative and temporary. Pressure for some form of government relief was made not directly by the bank—private corporation—but by the chamber of commerce. In response the government declared a moratorium on the redemption of bank notes with a face value above 200 lire from February 9 to July 10. On February 12, merchants and bankers in the city pledged to continue employing bank notes in their commercial operations. As a result they were held in high esteem throughout the period—higher, indeed, than the treasury notes issued by the government (ASL, Gov., f. 300, no. 15. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Mochi, report 48).

59. Mochi declared that were it not for the extraordinary factors described in n. 58 the profit for 1849 would not have exceeded that of 1848 (ibid., Livorno, 20 January 1850: Mochi, report 50).

60. The police commissioner for the San Marco quarter reported to the governor that a memorial was circulating in the merchant community demonstrating the damage that would result to commerce from the emission of paper money. The commissioner reported that public opinion was generally opposed to paper money and that this view was shared by the majority of deputies in the chamber of commerce (ASL, Gov., f. 300, no. 20. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 10 January 1849: delegazione di San Marco to the governor of Livorno).

61. The only significant instance occurred during the first year of the bank's operation (Enrico Mayer, "Banca di Livorno. Primo Bilancio presentato dal direttore della medesima il di[dì] 11 Maggio

1839," GAT 13 (1839): 141-149. Debts that remained uncollected for one year were often collected the following year and were reflected in the subsequent budget (ASL, Gov., f. 300, n. 15. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 28 May 1849: Mayer, published report).

62. See the bank's first balance sheet published in GAT (see n. 61). See also ASL, Gov., f. 181, n. 14. Aff. Div., 1841. Livorno, n.d.: Mochi, report 14.

63. Information drawn from the published annual reports of the bank in ASL, Gov., f. 194, 205, 233.

64. Ibid., f. 261, n. 11. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 5 October 1847: Mochi, report 42.

65. Ibid., f. 279, n. 12. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 13 May 1848: Mayer, published report.

63. Information drawn from the published annual reports of the bank in ASL, Gov., f. 194, 205, 233.

64. Ibid., f. 261, n. 11. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 5 October 1847: Mochi, report 42.

65. Ibid., f. 279, n. 12. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 13 May 1848: Mayer, published report.

63. Information drawn from the published annual reports of the bank in ASL, Gov., f. 194, 205, 233.

64. Ibid., f. 261, n. 11. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 5 October 1847: Mochi, report 42.

65. Ibid., f. 279, n. 12. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 13 May 1848: Mayer, published report.

66. Serristori, "Delle banche toscane di sconto e di circolazione," AGA, nuova seria 3 (1857): 194-203. "Moreover, it should be noted that the bank of Florence today prefers to entrust its capital to landed proprietors rather than business men, which is contrary to its initial scope" (ibid., p. 195).

67. Kent Roberts Greenfield, Economics and Liberalism in the Risorgimento, pp. 142-143.

68. The system consisted of setting up individual revolving accounts in twenty-one classes varying from 1,000 to 150,000 lire. The lowest class was added to insure the participation of tradesmen and retailers. Credit was granted to a member of this class, however, only if the request was cosigned by someone enjoying a credit limit of 10,000 lire or above (ASL, Gov., f. 8-9, b. Banca di Sconto, 1837. Livorno, 7 October 1837: Mochi, report 1).

69. In 1844, Mochi estimated that of the 1,313 shares in the bank held by people residing in Livorno, 504 shares were held by nonmerchants. He attributed this to the fact that many found shares in the bank to be a more attractive and secure investment than land (Ibid., f. 222. Aff. Div. 1844, no. 11. Livorno, 27 May 1844: Mochi, report 22).

70. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 18 October 1843: Mochi, report 25.

71. Ibid.

70. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 18 October 1843: Mochi, report 25.

71. Ibid.

72. Torelli wrongly asserted that it was the only example of the spirit of association (Torelli, Dell'avvenire del commercio europeo, 3: 59).

73. Pierallini, Ms, "Osservazioni sulla pace cogli Ottomani e sulla marina e commercio di Livorno," 1764.

74. The petition was signed by Alessandro Patrino[Patrinò], Moise Fernandez, Domenico Castelli, Stefano Bielietz, Mospignotti, Iallia, and Despotti, G. O. Tossizza, and Giorgio Reggio. All styled themselves

as "public traders in this city who own ships" (ASL, Gov., f. 124. Livorno, 24 July 1823 to the governor of Livorno).

75. Ibid., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 25 July to the secretary of state, Florence.

74. The petition was signed by Alessandro Patrino[Patrinò], Moise Fernandez, Domenico Castelli, Stefano Bielietz, Mospignotti, Iallia, and Despotti, G. O. Tossizza, and Giorgio Reggio. All styled themselves

as "public traders in this city who own ships" (ASL, Gov., f. 124. Livorno, 24 July 1823 to the governor of Livorno).

75. Ibid., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 25 July to the secretary of state, Florence.

76. ASL, Gov., f. 124. Florence, 25 Nov. 1823: secretary of state to the governor of Livorno.

77. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825:14 March to the I. and R. Governo.

78. Ibid.

76. ASL, Gov., f. 124. Florence, 25 Nov. 1823: secretary of state to the governor of Livorno.

77. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825:14 March to the I. and R. Governo.

78. Ibid.

76. ASL, Gov., f. 124. Florence, 25 Nov. 1823: secretary of state to the governor of Livorno.

77. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825:14 March to the I. and R. Governo.

78. Ibid.

79. ASF, Estero, f. 2623, b. Carteggio Governatore Livorno, 1828. Livorno, 2 January 1828: Francesco Janer to Garzoni-Venturi, governor of Livorno. The urging of the deputies of the chamber of commerce on the issue in ACCL, Delib., 29 December 1827.

80. Article II of the treaty stipulated: "Passage through the Dardanelles and the canal of the Bosphorus from now on will be entirely open to merchant ships under the Tuscan flag with or without cargo whether coming from the Mediterranean to pass into the Black Sea or vice-versa. The above-named Tuscan ships cannot be arrested nor held under any pretext, with the result that true merchant ships flying the Tuscan flag will enjoy free navigation in the Black Sea under the same conditions and with the same privileges accorded to the subjects and ships of Austria."

81. ASL, Gov., f. 153. Aff. Div., 1833. 22 October 1833: chamber of commerce (Niccolo Pezzer, vice president) to the governor of Livorno.

82. Ibid. Both requests were warmly supported by the governor. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833. 25 October: governor to the secretary of state.

81. ASL, Gov., f. 153. Aff. Div., 1833. 22 October 1833: chamber of commerce (Niccolo Pezzer, vice president) to the governor of Livorno.

82. Ibid. Both requests were warmly supported by the governor. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833. 25 October: governor to the secretary of state.

83. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 September to the I. and R. Governo.

84. Ibid., 26 September 1823 to the I. and R. Governo. That the Aristide was engaged in the commerce of Russian grain seems evident from a letter of the captain of the port reporting that in order to receive permission to pass into the Black Sea the ship was forced to raise the Austrian flag (ASF, Estero, f. 2624, b. Carteggio Governatore Livorno . Livorno, 21 July 1830: D'Angiolo, captain of the port to G. Vivoli, secretary of the ufficio di sanita[sanità] .

83. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 September to the I. and R. Governo.

84. Ibid., 26 September 1823 to the I. and R. Governo. That the Aristide was engaged in the commerce of Russian grain seems evident from a letter of the captain of the port reporting that in order to receive permission to pass into the Black Sea the ship was forced to raise the Austrian flag (ASF, Estero, f. 2624, b. Carteggio Governatore Livorno . Livorno, 21 July 1830: D'Angiolo, captain of the port to G. Vivoli, secretary of the ufficio di sanita[sanità] .

85. ASL, Gov, f. 1009. Copialettere governatore, 1824: 14 May to the I. and R. Governo.

86. Ibid.

85. ASL, Gov, f. 1009. Copialettere governatore, 1824: 14 May to the I. and R. Governo.

86. Ibid.

87. ASL, Gov., f. 180.

88. By the 1850s, though, the hauling of grain from the Mediter-

ranean to the ports of Western Europe appears to have been extremely lucrative (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 6 May 1853: I.R. Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile to the R. Delegato Straordinario di Livorno); ibid., f. 101. Livorno, 23 October 1857: captain of the port to the governor of Livorno; ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 464. Livorno, n.d.: captain of the port.

89. Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 12.

90. ASL, Gov., f. 153. Aff. Div., 1833. 22 October: Niccolo Pezzer to the governor of Livorno.

91. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67, b. Marina Mercantile Toscana . Livorno, 3 December 1849: captain of the port to the R. Delegato Straordinario.

92. In 1827, Cappelli, head of the customhouse in Livorno, remarked that although in September and October of that year a few more ships entered Livorno than Genoa, "it was not without interest to note that the proportion of foreign to national ships arriving in the two ports was one to two in Genoa and thirteen to one in Livorno" (ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 391. Livorno, 5 November 1827: Cappelli to Giuseppe Parer, Seg. Intimo., Florence). A comparative prospectus of the arrivals in Genoa and Livorno in 1831 noted that the excess of 149 arrivals in Genoa was due in large part to the exclusive commerce of the former with the ports of Spain, Portugal, and Sicily, commerce handled with the ships of its own nation, "the number of which is far superior to that of Tuscany" (ibid., Misc. di Finanza, series I, f. 13).

93. See note 80. See also Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 123.

94. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 481, b. Carteggio Governatore di Livorno . Livorno, 10 October 1836: governor to the secretary of finance.

95. ASL, Gov., f. 218. Aff. Div., 1843. 7 May 1843: unsigned memorial.

96. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67, b. Marina Mercantile Toscana . Livorno, 31 December 1849: captain of the port to the R. Delegato Straordinario.

97. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 195.

98. In this matter the government moved with extreme caution. To protect its revenue it refused to lower charges levied on ships from states enjoying favored status but instead simply doubled anchorage charges on those that did not enjoy such status. For the moment the government refused to tamper with its customs charges. Special exemptions continued in force for the ships of all nations carrying cereals, then in critically short supply. For a good sense of the prevailing caution, see ASL, Gov., f. 250. Aff. Div., 1846, n. 271.

Livorno, 3 October 1846: governor of Livorno to the secretary of state.

99. Negotiation dated 23 February 1847. MS in the BLL.

100. For a copy of these agreements see ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67.

101. In 1819 the Tuscan government, through its consuls in Genoa, Marseilles, and Naples, supported the efforts of the monastery of Montenero (roughly five miles southeast of Livorno) to sell timber from its excellent stands (''the resource and commerce of that monastery") to foreign states for ship construction (ASL, Gov., f. 1002. Copialettere governatore, 1819. Livorno, 13 February to Tuscan consuls in Genoa, Marseilles, and Naples).

102. Guido Sonnino, Saggio sulle industrie, marina, e commercio in Livorno, p. 60.

103. Rope manufacturers in Genoa and Marseilles used the poorer quality hemp produced in Piedmont (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 August 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."

104. Ibid. The rope industry in 1830 was one of the largest in Livorno. Rope was produced in four large and four small factories; in time of full production it employed from 200 to 300 workers (Francesco Bonaini, Livorno, considerato nelle sue presenti condizioni e nel suo avvenire, principalmente in ragione del taglio dell'Istmo di Suez e della Centrale Italiana (Florence, 1856), pp. 49-50.

103. Rope manufacturers in Genoa and Marseilles used the poorer quality hemp produced in Piedmont (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 August 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."

104. Ibid. The rope industry in 1830 was one of the largest in Livorno. Rope was produced in four large and four small factories; in time of full production it employed from 200 to 300 workers (Francesco Bonaini, Livorno, considerato nelle sue presenti condizioni e nel suo avvenire, principalmente in ragione del taglio dell'Istmo di Suez e della Centrale Italiana (Florence, 1856), pp. 49-50.

105. Filippo Mariotti, "Delle esposizioni industriali e delle industrie toscane nel 1854," AGA, 2 (1855): 504.

106. ASL, Gov., f. 1003. Copialettere governatore, 1820. Livorno, 26 June 1820: to the department of state.

107. Ibid.

106. ASL, Gov., f. 1003. Copialettere governatore, 1820. Livorno, 26 June 1820: to the department of state.

107. Ibid.

108. ASF, Estero, f. 2623, b. Carteggio Governatore di Livorno, 1828. Livorno, 6 June: governor to the secretary of state.

109. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 638. Livorno, 29 June 1827: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto." Also ibid., f. 640. Livorno, 12 July 1828: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."

110. ASF, Estero, f. 2622, b. Carteggio Governatore di Livorno, 1825-1826. Livorno, 10 November 1826: report of the governor. Also G. Vivoli, Ms, "Accrescimento progressivo," 1: p. 228. And G. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, pp. 102-103.

111. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 August 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."

112. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Prospetto numerico dei bastimenti quadri di bandiera toscana addetti al porto di Livorno e all'Isola dell'Elba dell'anno 1820 all'anno 1850 inclusive.

113. ASL, Gov., f. 145. Aff. Div., 1831. Livorno, 26 March 1831:

R. D'Angiolo, captain of the port, to the governor of Livorno. An extensive report on the state of the Tuscan merchant marine in 1829-30.

114. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. "Prospetto."

115. ASL, Gov., f. 145. Aff. Div., 1831. Livorno, 26 March 1831: captain of the port to the governor of Livorno.

116. In 1842, Carlo Bargagli, the captain of the port, remarked on the difficulty of recruiting skilled captains who met the residence requirements and "who correspond ably and faithfully to the proprietors both in keeping down expenses and in executing shrewdly their commercial speculations." He attributed to this fact the slow rate of growth [ poco incremento ] of the merchant marine in Livorno after 1823 (ASL, Gov., f. 199. Aff. Div., 1842, no. 356. Livorno, 3 June 1842: Bargagli, captain of the port).

117. The poor quality of crewmen serving on Tuscan ships was a cause of general lament. Carlo Chigi remarked that as governor of Portoferraio (Elba), he had tried to maintain the Elban flag distinct from that of Tuscany, "because of the disagreeable practices [ cattive operazioni ] which were committed under the latter" (ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Livorno, 9 January 1851: Chigi to the R. Delegato Straordinario, Livorno).

118. The situation, however, was not uniform throughout the entire duchy. On the island of Elba, which possessed poor soil and a numerous population, there existed a strong incentive for the development of an indigenous marine. Faced with the necessity of drawing their livelihood from the sea, the Elbans developed a fleet and in addition to fishing entered into commercial relations with the ports of Spain and southern France (Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 10).

119. Ibid., pp. 10-11.

118. The situation, however, was not uniform throughout the entire duchy. On the island of Elba, which possessed poor soil and a numerous population, there existed a strong incentive for the development of an indigenous marine. Faced with the necessity of drawing their livelihood from the sea, the Elbans developed a fleet and in addition to fishing entered into commercial relations with the ports of Spain and southern France (Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 10).

119. Ibid., pp. 10-11.

120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.

121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."

122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.

123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.

120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.

121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."

122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.

123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.

120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.

121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."

122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.

123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.

120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.

121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."

122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.

123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.

124. See chap. 7.

125. The number of large merchant ships based in Livorno was

73 in 1847, 76 in 1848, 70 in 1849, and 73 in 1850 (ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 464, b. Marina).

126. Bonaini, Livorno, pp. 10-11.

127. From 1846 to 1855 the number of middle-range ships in Livorno and Elba ( bastimenti di gran cabotaggio ) grew from 54 to 71 and the long-range ships ( lungo corso ) from 30 to 100 (ibid., p. 272). A good portion of the coastal trade was now being handled by steamships.

128. See the attacks made on the recommendation of the consul of Alexandria that the Tuscan merchant marine strive to win as many ships to its banner as possible (ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 464, b. Marina. Livorno, 9 January 1851: Carlo Chigi to the R. Delegato Straordinario; ASL Gov., f. 319, n. 1347. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 19 January 1851: R. Delegato Straordinario to the minister of finance).

129. The governor estimated that the entire job would cost about 100,000 scudi and that over the long run it would pay for itself, since more commerce would be attracted to the port and ships using the new facilities could be assessed a small charge, which they would gladly pay for the added protection (ASL, Gov., f. 1004. Copialettere governatore, 1827. 26 June: to the secretary of finance).

130. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35 (1840). Livorno, 30 September 1840: A. Mighi to the captain of the port.

131. Ibid.

132. Ibid., f. 34 (1839). Florence, 8 May 1839: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.

130. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35 (1840). Livorno, 30 September 1840: A. Mighi to the captain of the port.

131. Ibid.

132. Ibid., f. 34 (1839). Florence, 8 May 1839: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.

130. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35 (1840). Livorno, 30 September 1840: A. Mighi to the captain of the port.

131. Ibid.

132. Ibid., f. 34 (1839). Florence, 8 May 1839: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.

133. Primarily in the Annali di Livorno dalla sua origine sino all'anno di Gesu[Gesù] Cristo 1840 (Livorno, 1842-46), in four volumes. Despite its title, the Annali terminated at the time that the city fell under the domination of Francis II of Lorraine. Vivoli continued his chronicle of Livorno's history in the "Accrescimento progressivo," a two-volume manuscript in the ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 670.

134. Ibid., map 13: "Livorno quale probabilmente dovra[dovrà] addivenire allorquando fara[farà] d'uopo aprire il nuovo porto al fanale."

135. Ibid.

133. Primarily in the Annali di Livorno dalla sua origine sino all'anno di Gesu[Gesù] Cristo 1840 (Livorno, 1842-46), in four volumes. Despite its title, the Annali terminated at the time that the city fell under the domination of Francis II of Lorraine. Vivoli continued his chronicle of Livorno's history in the "Accrescimento progressivo," a two-volume manuscript in the ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 670.

134. Ibid., map 13: "Livorno quale probabilmente dovra[dovrà] addivenire allorquando fara[farà] d'uopo aprire il nuovo porto al fanale."

135. Ibid.

133. Primarily in the Annali di Livorno dalla sua origine sino all'anno di Gesu[Gesù] Cristo 1840 (Livorno, 1842-46), in four volumes. Despite its title, the Annali terminated at the time that the city fell under the domination of Francis II of Lorraine. Vivoli continued his chronicle of Livorno's history in the "Accrescimento progressivo," a two-volume manuscript in the ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 670.

134. Ibid., map 13: "Livorno quale probabilmente dovra[dovrà] addivenire allorquando fara[farà] d'uopo aprire il nuovo porto al fanale."

135. Ibid.

136. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 34 (1840). Livorno, 25 May 1840: Vivoli to the segretario intimo del gran duca.

137. Ibid., f. 35. Livorno, 1 August 1840: G. Vivoli to Fratelli Valaperta, Galli, and Brambilla, Natt. di P. Cajrati, Gug. Ulrich, C. E. Pasteur, and Gaddi di Angiolo. Given the secret nature of the negotiations, no official announcement was made when they were broken off. Vivoli remarked later that the project simply had "an

unhappy outcome.'' (Vivoli, Progetto per ampliare il porto di Livorno grandemente, in tre annie con lieve spesa [Livorno, 1849], p. 12). Semiani E. Borgheri, one of the project's backers, remarked in 1847 that capital that had been pledged for the enterprise (largely by Milanese firms) was allowed simply to disperse ( Corriere livornese 1, no. 12 [3 August 1847]).

136. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 34 (1840). Livorno, 25 May 1840: Vivoli to the segretario intimo del gran duca.

137. Ibid., f. 35. Livorno, 1 August 1840: G. Vivoli to Fratelli Valaperta, Galli, and Brambilla, Natt. di P. Cajrati, Gug. Ulrich, C. E. Pasteur, and Gaddi di Angiolo. Given the secret nature of the negotiations, no official announcement was made when they were broken off. Vivoli remarked later that the project simply had "an

unhappy outcome.'' (Vivoli, Progetto per ampliare il porto di Livorno grandemente, in tre annie con lieve spesa [Livorno, 1849], p. 12). Semiani E. Borgheri, one of the project's backers, remarked in 1847 that capital that had been pledged for the enterprise (largely by Milanese firms) was allowed simply to disperse ( Corriere livornese 1, no. 12 [3 August 1847]).

138. ASL, Gov., f. 284, n. 255. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 March 1848: captain of the port to the governor of Livorno.

139. Corriere livornese 1, no. 10 (27 July 1847).

140. ASL, Gov., f. 266, n. 281. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 13 April 1848: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the governor.

141. This pressure took the form of petitions from individual merchants to the central government (many collected in ASL, Gov., f. 266, n. 281. Aff. Div., 1847), articles in the Corriere livornese (see especially the issues of July 27 and 30 and August 3 and 10, l847), and the formal resolutions of the chamber of commerce (see ACCL, Delib., 9 March, 12 April, 9 July, and 12 August 1847).

142. ACCL, Delib., 12 April 1847.

143. G. Mori, "Linee e momenti," pp. 22-23.

144. Dalgas, "Ancora del porto di Livorno,' Corriere livornese 1, no. 14 (10 August 1847).

145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.

146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.

147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.

148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.

149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.

150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.

145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.

146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.

147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.

148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.

149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.

150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.

145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.

146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.

147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.

148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.

149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.

150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.

145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.

146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.

147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.

148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.

149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.

150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.

145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.

146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.

147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.

148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.

149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.

150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.

145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.

146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.

147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.

148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.

149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.

150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.

151. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 10 April 1838: A. Kotzian to the grand duke.

152. Ibid. The announcement was dated 12 April 1838.

151. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 10 April 1838: A. Kotzian to the grand duke.

152. Ibid. The announcement was dated 12 April 1838.

153. For the protests of Dini-Castelli that he had been despoiled by his principal financial intermediaries and his demands for compensation see ibid., Florence, 23 July 1838: Dini-Castelli to the secretary of finance. Also ibid., f. 53. Florence, 22 December 1840: Dini-Castelli to the secretary of finance.

154. Carlo Corsini, "La Prima ferrovia in Toscana: La Strada Ferrata Leopolda. Da Firenze a Livorno" (Tesi di Laurea in Storia Economica:Facolta [Facoltà] di Economia e Commercio, 1960-61), p. 424. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my thanks to Professor

Corsini for making his dissertation available to me and for facilitating my research in other ways.

155. Seven people signed a cover letter that accompanied a formal request for approval of the project from the chamber of commerce. The list was headed by Niccola Manteri and included Giorgio Pietro Ulrich and Fortunato Regini, who had condemned the project in 1836 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Livorno, 4 April 1838: Commissione provissoria per la strada ferrata to the chamber of commerce).

156. Ibid., Livorno, 5 April 1838: chamber of commerce to the governor of Livorno. See also ACCL, Delib., 5 April 1838.

155. Seven people signed a cover letter that accompanied a formal request for approval of the project from the chamber of commerce. The list was headed by Niccola Manteri and included Giorgio Pietro Ulrich and Fortunato Regini, who had condemned the project in 1836 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Livorno, 4 April 1838: Commissione provissoria per la strada ferrata to the chamber of commerce).

156. Ibid., Livorno, 5 April 1838: chamber of commerce to the governor of Livorno. See also ACCL, Delib., 5 April 1838.

157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).

158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .

159. Ibid.

160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."

157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).

158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .

159. Ibid.

160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."

157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).

158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .

159. Ibid.

160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."

157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).

158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .

159. Ibid.

160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."

161. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke.

162. Ibid., Livorno, 20 December 1839: A. Kotzian to the secretary of finance, Cempini.

161. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke.

162. Ibid., Livorno, 20 December 1839: A. Kotzian to the secretary of finance, Cempini.

163. "As long as the doubt remains of whether or not the government will grant the requested concession one cannot hope for any new shareholder." (Ibid.)

164. Ibid. Though unsigned, a document in the same file entitled "Osservazioni sulle dimande [ sic ] qui appresso notate dei Signori Fenzi e Senn, e concernenti il privilegio per la costruzione delia strada ferrata da Livorno a Firenze," provided, it seems, an official response to the demands. It opposed letting the promoters arbitrarily set freight and passenger rates and argued that they should be set to insure a maximum return of 6 percent to the investors. Also, it opposed absolutely any notion of partial construction, arguing that the line had to be built as a single unit.

163. "As long as the doubt remains of whether or not the government will grant the requested concession one cannot hope for any new shareholder." (Ibid.)

164. Ibid. Though unsigned, a document in the same file entitled "Osservazioni sulle dimande [ sic ] qui appresso notate dei Signori Fenzi e Senn, e concernenti il privilegio per la costruzione delia strada ferrata da Livorno a Firenze," provided, it seems, an official response to the demands. It opposed letting the promoters arbitrarily set freight and passenger rates and argued that they should be set to insure a maximum return of 6 percent to the investors. Also, it opposed absolutely any notion of partial construction, arguing that the line had to be built as a single unit.

165. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 15 June 1840: Fenzi-Senn to A. Manetti, direttore R. Consiglio degl'Ingegneri: "We have the pleasure of informing [the government] that the entire capital of 30 million stipulated in our proclamation of 24 April 1838 has already been accumulated and assured."

166. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 150.

167. Baruchello, p. 596.

168. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine 15 (July, 1846): 27.

169. "This first concession [the Leopoldina ] stimulated also among us a speculative mentality geared to request the favor of other concessions of this sort" (Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 152).

170. Carlo Ilarione Petiti, Delle strade ferrate italiane e del migliore ordinamento di esse. Cinque discorsi (Capolago, 1845), p. 227.

171. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine 15 (July 1846): 27.

172. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 152.