1. See Nezu Masashi, Tenno * to Showa * shi (Tokyo: San'ichi Shobo * , 1974), 322.

2. Maruyama, "Nyozekan san to chichi to watakushi," in Hasegawa Nyozekan , 306-8; Yamaryo * Chronology, 26.

3. Oe Kenzaburo * , "From the Ranks of Postwar Literature" (paper delivered at the University of California, Berkeley, May 1983), 1.

4. Oka Yoshitake, Konoe Fumimaro: A Political Biography , 111.

5. See Halliday, Political History of Japanese Capitalism , 140-59; quotes from 149, 159 respectively.

6. See, for example, Kuno, Tsurumi, and Fujita, Sengo Nihon no shiso * (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo * , 1966); Hidaka Rokuro * , "Sengo no 'kindaishugi,'" introductory essay to Kindaishugi , ed. Hidaka, vol. 34 of Gendai Nihon shiso * taikei (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo * , 1964); Nakamura, Nihon no shisokai * (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1967). Examples of recent discussions of postwar thought include Yoshida Masatoshi, Sengo shiso ron * (Tokyo: Aoki Shoten, 1984); Sugiyama Mitsunobu, Shiso * to sono sochi * ( 1 ): Sengo keimo * to shakai kagaku no shiso * (Tokyo: Shinyosha * , 1983); Ishida Takeshi, Nihon no shakai kagaku , 161-233; Yamada Ko * , Sengo no shisokatachi * (Tokyo: Kadensha, 1985). Much of the important material, of course, is to be found in journals such as Sekai, Shiso * , Shiso no kagaku * , Kokoro , and in many others now defunct.

7. I borrow this phrase from my Wesleyan colleague, the historian of China Vera Schwarcz.

8. Hashimoto Mitsuru, "'Fuhensei o chokoku * suru mono —minzoku," in Senjika Nihon ni okeru minzoku mondai no kenkyu * , ed. Naka Hisao (Kyoto: Minzoku Mondai Kenkyukai * , 1986), 17-30; Ishida, Nihon no shakai kagaku , 147.

9. Even in Japan, the study of the theme of "overcoming the modern" and the work associated with it has barely begun. But a number of works have now appeared that will make substantive research possible. First of all, the papers presented at the actual Kindai no chokoku * conference in 1942, along with the transcript of the discussions, have been reprinted by Fuzanbo * ( Kindai no chokoku , 1979). The volume also includes Takeuchi Yoshimi's famous essay of the same title (also available in the collection of Takeuchi's work, itself with the same title, published by Chikuma Shobo, 1983). In addition, the philosopher Hiromatsu Wataru has published ' Kindai no chokoku * ron (Tokyo: Asahi Shuppansha, 1980), which includes studies of the conference, of the Kyoto school, of Miki Kiyoshi, and a number of other essays immediately relevant to the subject. Finally, we have Kitsukawa Toshitada, Kindai hihan no shiso * (Tokyo: Ronsosha * , 1980), which includes studies of the critique of modernity in its relation to Marxism, to the theory of kyodotai * , and as it is articulated in the work of Yanagida Kunio and Miki Kiyoshi. In this connection, one starting point, in addition to the "Overcoming the Modern" conference, would be the record of the round-table discussions sponsored by the journal Bungakkai in 1934. These attracted philosophers, writers, and critics, many of whom also participated in the continue

later conference. Among the participants (in both) was the Catholic ethical philosopher Yoshimitsu Yoshihiko, discussed briefly in the present book, of whose work I hope soon to begin a more thorough study.

10. Shoji Kokichi * , Gendai Nihon shakai kagakushi josetsu (Tokyo: Hosei * Daigaku Shuppankyoku, 1975), passim; J. Victor Koschmann, "The Debate on Subjectivity in Postwar Japan: Foundations of Modernism as a Political Critique," Pacific Affairs 54, no. 4 (Winter 1981), and "The Fragile Fiction: Maruyama Masao and the 'Incomplete Project' of Modernity" (paper presented at the Conference of the Association for Asian Studies, Boston, April 1987). The "foundation texts" of modernism, including the seminal 1948 debate over "subjectivity," have been collected under the title Kindaishugi , edited by Hidaka Rokuro * . See n. 6 above.

11. Shoji * , Gendai Nihon , chap. 1.

12. Maruyama, "Kindai Nihon no chishikijin," 118.

13. Nakamura, Nihon no shisokai * , 239-40.

14. Quoted in Authority and the Individual in Japan , ed. J. V. Koschmann (Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, 1974), 150.

15. Koschmann, Authority , 150; Shoji, Gendai Nihon , 20-21, 66ff; Matsumoto Sannosuke et al., "Maruyama riron to genzai no shiso jokyo * " (roundtable discussion, May 1972), in Gendai no riron: shuyo * ronbunshu , ed. Ando * Jinbei et al. (Tokyo: Gendai no Rironsha, 1978), 93ff.

16. Maruyama, "Kindai Nihon no chishikijin," 113-30.

17. Ivan Morris, Nationalism and the Right Wing in Japan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960), 105.

18. The preceding discussion is based on Andrew Gordon, The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan: Heavy Industry , 1853-1955 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), 329-48.

19. Maruyama, "Kindai Nihon no chishikijin," 116.

20. Ishida Takeshi, Nihon no shakai kagaku , 174-93.

21. Tanabe, Philosophy as Metanoetics , xvi-xviii, xxxv.

22. Maruyama, "Senso sekinin * ron no moten * ," in id., Senchu * to sengo no aida , 596-602. Quote from 597.

23. Ralf Dahrendorf, Society and Democracy in Germany , 16.

24. Takeuchi Yoshimi, "Kindai to wa nani ka? (Nihon to Chugoku * no bawai)" (1948), in id., Kindai no chokoku * (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo * , 1983), 22.

25. See Maruyama Masao, "Genkei; koso * shitsuyo * tei'on * —Nihon shisoshi hohoron * ni tsuite no watakushi no ayumi," in Nihon bunka no kakureta kata , ed. Takeda Kiyoko, 87-152; Fujita Shozo * , "Shakai kagakusha no shiso * ," in Kuno, Tsurumi, and Fujita, Sengo Nihon no shiso * , 150-81.

26. Ishida Takeshi, Japanese Society (New York: Random House, 1971), 31.

27. Ibid., 32-33.

26. Ishida Takeshi, Japanese Society (New York: Random House, 1971), 31.

27. Ibid., 32-33.

28. Robert Bellah, introduction to the paperback edition, Tokugawa Religion (New York: Free Press, 1985), xv.

29. Dahrendorf, Life Chances , 141-63; on Ui's work, see for example his "A Basic Theory of kogai * " (1972), reprinted in Science and Society in Modern Japan , ed. Nakayama et al., 290-311. break

30. Matsumoto Sannosuke, "The Roots of Political Disillusionment: 'Public' and 'Private' in Japan," in Authority and the Individual in Japan , ed. Koschmann, 31-51.

31. Germaine Hoston, "Between Theory and Practice: Marxist Thought and the Politics of the Japanese Socialist Party," Studies in Comparative Communism 20, no. 2 (Summer 1987).

32. Shimizu Ikutaro * , "The Nuclear Option: Japan, Be a State!" Japan Echo 7 (Fall 1980), 33-45. I am indebted to Adam Bird for bringing this article to my attention.

33. I make this distinction in response to a challenging informal remark by Hashimoto Mitsuru, now of Osaka University.

34. J. Victor Koschmann, "Is Postwar Really Over?," conference paper sponsored by the Center for Japanese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, May 1983, 6-7.

35. Maruyama, "Sensosekinin * ron no moten * ."

36. Sebastien Castilian, De arte dubitandi (1562), epigram in Oe Kenzaburo * , Hiroshima Notes (Tokyo: YMCA Press, 1981).

37. Peter Nettl, "Power and the Intellectuals," in Power and Consciousness , ed. Conor Cruise O'Brien and William Dean Vanech (New York: New York University Press, 1969), 25. break