1. For a brief introduction, see Richard Wolin, "Introduction to 'Martin Heidegger and Politics: A Dossier,' " The New German Critique , no. 45 (Fall 1988): 91-95. Wolin regards the problem as concerning Heidegger and politics, whereas in fact it more narrowly concerns Heidegger and Nazism.

2. For a selection of the newspaper reports, see Schneeberger, Nachlese zu Heidegger (see chap. 1, n. 34), passim, esp. secs. 79 and 82. See also Farias, Heidegger and Nazism (see Introd., n. 4), pp. 109-112.

3. For Croce's letters to Vossler, particularly the letter of 10 August 1933, see Schneeberger, Nachlese zu Heidegger , sec. 93, pp. 110-112.

4. See Jaspers's letter to Heidegger dated 23 August 1933, cited in Ott, Martin Heidegger (see Introd., n. 3), pp. 192-193.

5. With the exception of a version of Löwith's contribution, this debate is still not available in English. See Karl Löwith, "Political Implications of Heidegger's Existentialism," New German Critique , no. 45 (Fall 1988): 117-134.

6. See Guido Schneeberger, Ergänzungen zu einer Heidegger-Bibliographie (Bern, 1960). The reaction of Heideggerians has been predictable. For Harries, Schneeberger's collection of materials is valuable but one-sided. See Karsten Harries's introduction to Martin Heidegger and National Socialism: Questions and Answers (see Introd., n. 9), p. xvii. Yet it is unclear how a collection of materials meant to document the extent of Heidegger's involvement with Nazism, which some of Heidegger's closest students, following Heidegger's lead, have long striven to conceal, could be anything other than "one-sided."

7. See Schneeberger, Nachlese zu Heidegger . Schneeberger's compilation is the indispensable basis for Runes's collection of materials in English. See Dagobert D. Runes, Martin Heidegger: German Existentialism (New York: Philosophical Library, 1965).

8. See Karsten Harries, "Heidegger as a Political Thinker," The Review of Metaphysics 29, no. 4 (June 1976): 642-669, reprinted in Heidegger and Modern Philosophy , ed. Michael Murray (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. 306-307 n. 10.

9. See Victor Farias, Heidegger et le nazisme (Paris: Éditions Verdier, 1987).

10. See Ott, Martin Heidegger .

11. See particularly Zimmerman, Heidegger's Confrontation with Modernity (see chap. 1, n. 23), and Wolin, The Politics of Being (see chap. 1, n. 1).

12. For a recent, short discussion of the French reception of Heidegger, see Jürg Altwegg, "Heidegger in Frankreich—und zurück?" in Die Heidegger Kontroverse , ed. Altwegg (see chap. 3, n. 6), pp. 14-25. See also Haar, Martin Heidegger (see chap. 6, n. 42), and Magazine Littéraire , no. 235 (novembre 1986). It is significant that as late as this period, in a special issue containing a "dossier" specifically devoted to "Martin Heidegger: l'Etre et le Temps ," there was only a brief discussion of the problem of politics. See Francois Fédier, "La question politique,'' Magazine Littéraire , no. 235 (November 1986): 51-52.

13. For a discussion of the reception of Heidegger's Nazism in French philosophy, see Jean Quillien, "Philosophie et politique: Heidegger, le nazisme et la pensée française," in Germanica no. 8 (1990): 103-142. For an account from a different perspective, see Richard Wolin, "The French Heidegger Debate," New German Critique , no. 45 (Fall 1988): 135-160.

14. The texts omitted include Georges Friedmann, in Cahiers de Sociologie 16 (1954), and Mélanges Lucien Febvre (1954); Robert Minder, "Hebel and Heidegger: Lumières et obscurantisme," in Utopies et institutions au XVIIIe siècle , ed. P. Francastel (Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1963), and "Heidegger und Hebel oder die Sprache von Meßkirch," in Robert Minder, Dichter in der

13. For a discussion of the reception of Heidegger's Nazism in French philosophy, see Jean Quillien, "Philosophie et politique: Heidegger, le nazisme et la pensée française," in Germanica no. 8 (1990): 103-142. For an account from a different perspective, see Richard Wolin, "The French Heidegger Debate," New German Critique , no. 45 (Fall 1988): 135-160.

14. The texts omitted include Georges Friedmann, in Cahiers de Sociologie 16 (1954), and Mélanges Lucien Febvre (1954); Robert Minder, "Hebel and Heidegger: Lumières et obscurantisme," in Utopies et institutions au XVIIIe siècle , ed. P. Francastel (Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1963), and "Heidegger und Hebel oder die Sprache von Meßkirch," in Robert Minder, Dichter in der

Page 363

Gesellschaft (Frankfurt a.M.: Insel Verlag, 1966), pp. 210-264; and Alexandre Koyré, "L'évolution philosophique de Heidegger," in Critique , 1946, no. 1:73-82, and ibid., 1946, no. 2:161-183.

15. Despite the "violence" of the recent French reception of Heidegger's Nazism, interest in the discussion seems now to have noticeably waned. Significantly, the recent publication of a French translation of Ott's book has attracted little attention. For a review in the best academic style, written by Thomas Ferenczi, see "Douze ans dans la vie de Heidegger: L'historien allemand Hugo Ott confirme que, de 1933 à 1945, le philosophe est resté fidèle au régime hitlérien," Le Monde , 16 novembre 1990, p. 26.

16. For a classic French study of postmodernism, see François Lyotard, La condition postmoderne (Paris: Éditions de minuit, 1979).

17. It has been suggested that the rapid pace of change in French thought indicates that it is in crisis. See de Man, Blindness and Insight (see chap. 4, n. 11), pp. 3-5.

18. This is perhaps the significance of the enthusiastic reception of Rorty's recent work, which is less an attack on philosophy in general than on analytic philosophy in all its various forms.

19. For an objective review of Farias's book, unthinkable in recent decades in Soviet philosophy, see A. M. Rytkevich, "Gaidegger i Natsizm," Voprosy filosofij , 1988, no. 11:157-165. This is not the first time that Heidegger's politics has attracted attention in eastern Europe. For an earlier discussion touching on Heidegger's Nazism, see the special issue of the Polish journal Znak , no. 240 (June 1974), published in Krakow. See especially Krzysztof Pomian, "Z okazji marcina Heideggera," ibid., pp. 702-713.

18. This is perhaps the significance of the enthusiastic reception of Rorty's recent work, which is less an attack on philosophy in general than on analytic philosophy in all its various forms.

19. For an objective review of Farias's book, unthinkable in recent decades in Soviet philosophy, see A. M. Rytkevich, "Gaidegger i Natsizm," Voprosy filosofij , 1988, no. 11:157-165. This is not the first time that Heidegger's politics has attracted attention in eastern Europe. For an earlier discussion touching on Heidegger's Nazism, see the special issue of the Polish journal Znak , no. 240 (June 1974), published in Krakow. See especially Krzysztof Pomian, "Z okazji marcina Heideggera," ibid., pp. 702-713.

20. The tenth article of the "Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen," promulgated by the Assemblée nationale in August 1789, reads: "Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, même religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par la loi."

21. For a recent example, see André Glucksmann, Descartes, c'est la France (Paris: Flammarion, 1987).

22. See Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel (see chap. 4, n. 71).

23. For an analysis of Hegel's residual Cartesianism, see Tom Rockmore, Hegel's Circular Epistemology (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1986), chap. 6, esp. pp. 142-154.

24. In his otherwise excellent study of Hegel as the central thinker in recent French philosophy, Descombes fails to appreciate the sense in which his role in French thought was in part dependent on his relation to Descartes. See Descombes, Le même et l'autre (see chap. 4, n. 71).

25. For a recent analysis of the role of Heidegger in French philosophy, see Alain Badiou, Manifeste pour la philosophie (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1989), chap. 4, "Heidegger envisagé comme lieu commun," pp. 27-32.

26. For Heidegger's later criticism of philosophical anthropology as deriving from Descartes, see "The Age of the World Picture" (see chap. 3, n. 138), pp. 115-154.

27. Sartre's basic statement of the humanist thrust of his existentialism is

Page 364

contained in his popular lecture, "Existentialism Is a Humanism." Heidegger's rejection of humanism as a metaphysical concept is developed in his "Letter on Humanism."

28. See "Only a God Can Save Us" (see chap. 1, n. 30), p. 282.

29. The main exception to this tendency in the French discussion is the work of Bourdieu. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger (see chap. 2, n. 53).

30. For a representative sample of how Being and Time is received in the French discussion, see "Dossier: Martin Heidegger," Magazine Littéraire , no. 235 (novembre 1986): 16-58.

31. See Martin Heidegger, Lettre sur l'humanisme , trans. Roger Munier (Paris: Aubier, 1964), p. 7.

32. See Heidegger, "Letter on Humanism" (see chap. 1, n. 29), p. 221.

33. See ibid., p. 231.

34. See ibid., p. 202.

35. See ibid., pp. 221, 224, 227.

36. Ibid., Heidegger's emphases.

32. See Heidegger, "Letter on Humanism" (see chap. 1, n. 29), p. 221.

33. See ibid., p. 231.

34. See ibid., p. 202.

35. See ibid., pp. 221, 224, 227.

36. Ibid., Heidegger's emphases.

32. See Heidegger, "Letter on Humanism" (see chap. 1, n. 29), p. 221.

33. See ibid., p. 231.

34. See ibid., p. 202.

35. See ibid., pp. 221, 224, 227.

36. Ibid., Heidegger's emphases.

32. See Heidegger, "Letter on Humanism" (see chap. 1, n. 29), p. 221.

33. See ibid., p. 231.

34. See ibid., p. 202.

35. See ibid., pp. 221, 224, 227.

36. Ibid., Heidegger's emphases.

32. See Heidegger, "Letter on Humanism" (see chap. 1, n. 29), p. 221.

33. See ibid., p. 231.

34. See ibid., p. 202.

35. See ibid., pp. 221, 224, 227.

36. Ibid., Heidegger's emphases.

37. See "Deux documents sur Heidegger," Les Temps Modernes 1, no. 4 (janvier 1946): 713.

38. See Karl Löwith, Heidegger. Denker in dürftiger Zeit: Zur Stellung der Philosophie im 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1984).

39. See Eric Weil, Logique de la philosophie (Paris: Vrin, 1950).

40. See Maurice de Gandillac, "Entretien avec Martin Heidegger," Les Temps Modernes 1, no. 4 (janvier 1946): 713-716.

41. See Alfred de Towarnicki, "Visite à Martin Heidegger," Les Temps Modernes 1, no. 4 (janvier 1946): 717-724.

42. See Löwith, "Les implications politiques de la philosophie de l'existence chez Heidegger" (see Introd., n. 2).

43. See Eric Weil, "Le cas Heidegger," Les Temps Modernes , juillet 1947, pp. 128-138.

44. See Alphonse De Waelhens, "La philosophie de Heidegger et le nazisme," Les Temps Modernes 3 (1947): 115-127.

45. See Karl Löwith, "Réponse à M. de Waelhens," Les Temps Modernes , no. 35 (aoüt 1948): 370-373.

46. See Alphonse De Waelhens, "Réponse ä cette réponse," Les Temps Modernes , no. 35 (août 1948): 374-377.

47. See Jean Beaufret, Introduction aux philosophies de l'existence, Bibliothèque Médiations, 85 (Paris: Denoël/Gonthier, 1971), p. 30, reprinted as De l'existentialisme à Heidegger (Paris: Vrin, 1986), p. 25.

48. See, e.g., his article, "En chemin avec Heidegger," in Martin Heidegger , ed. Haar (see chap. 6, n. 42), pp. 205-233; see also his statement, in J. Beaufret, Entretien avec F. de Towarnicki (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1984), p. 87: "Heidegger n'a jamais rien fait qui air pu motiver les allégations formulés contre lui" and the examination of his philosophy from a political perspective represents "la conspiration des médiocres au nom de la médiocrité." Essentially

Page 365

the same defense is offered later by Vattimo in his claim that Heidegger's thought is more important than that of his accusers.

49. See Annales d'histoire révisionniste , no. 3 (automne-hiver 1987): 204-205; for a discussion of the link between Beaufret and Robert Faurisson, see Michel Kajman, Le Monde , 22 janvier 1988, pp. 1, 18. The following passage (cited in Jean-François Lyotard, The Differend: Phrases in Dispute , trans. Georges Van Den Abbeele [Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988], p. 3) provides an idea of Faurisson's view: "I have analyzed thousands of documents. I have tirelessly pursued specialists and historians with my questions. I have tried in vain to find a single former deportee capable of proving to me that he had really seen, with his own eyes, a gas chamber." This form of historical revisionism is fundamentally different from the more benign discussion in German intellectual circles where the controversy does not concern the existence but rather the interpretation of the so-called Final Solution. See " Historikerstreit": Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der national-sozialistischen Judenvernichtung (Zurich and Munich: Piper Verlag, 1987). For a philosophical reaction to Faurisson, see Lyotard, The Differend , pp. 3-4. For a summary of recent revisionist readings of the Holocaust in English, see Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews (see chap. 2, n. 54), pp. xxi-xxxii.

50. For a good recent survey of his thought, see Werner Jung, Georg Lukács (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1989).

51. See Georg Lukács, Existentialisme ou Marxisme? (Paris: Nagel, 1948).

52. See Georg Lukács, Existentialismus oder Marxismus? (Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, 1951).

53. See Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Les aventures de la dialectique (Paris: Gallimard, 1955), chap. 2: "Le marxisme 'occidental,' " pp. 43-80.

54. See Jean-Michel Palmier, Les écrits politiques de Heidegger (Paris: L'Herne, 1968).

55. Palmier argues that Heidegger made two basic mistakes: he thought that through the Nazi party he could realize an intuition he perceived in Ernst Jünger's book, Der Arbeiter ; and he thought that within Nazism he could develop a philosophical dimension since he deluded himself into perceiving within it a spiritual potentiality. For a statement of his view, see Jean-Michel Palmier, "Heidegger et le national-socialisme," in Martin Heidegger , ed. Haar, pp. 409-446. For a summary of Palmier's criticism, see ibid., pp. 443-444.

54. See Jean-Michel Palmier, Les écrits politiques de Heidegger (Paris: L'Herne, 1968).

55. Palmier argues that Heidegger made two basic mistakes: he thought that through the Nazi party he could realize an intuition he perceived in Ernst Jünger's book, Der Arbeiter ; and he thought that within Nazism he could develop a philosophical dimension since he deluded himself into perceiving within it a spiritual potentiality. For a statement of his view, see Jean-Michel Palmier, "Heidegger et le national-socialisme," in Martin Heidegger , ed. Haar, pp. 409-446. For a summary of Palmier's criticism, see ibid., pp. 443-444.

56. See Jean-Pierre Faye, "Heidegger et la révolution," Médiations , no. 3 (automne 1961): 151-159. Faye has continued to develop his critique of Heidegger. For its most recent form, see Jean-Pierre Faye, La raison narrative (Paris: Balland, 1990).

57. See Jean-Pierre Faye, "Attaques Nazies contre Heidegger," Médiations , no. 5 (été 1962): 137-151.

58. See François Fédier, "Trois attaques contre Heidegger," Critique , no. 234 (novembre 1966): 883-904. The discussion begun by Fédier, including a series of responses and rejoinders, ended with contributions by Bondy and

57. See Jean-Pierre Faye, "Attaques Nazies contre Heidegger," Médiations , no. 5 (été 1962): 137-151.

58. See François Fédier, "Trois attaques contre Heidegger," Critique , no. 234 (novembre 1966): 883-904. The discussion begun by Fédier, including a series of responses and rejoinders, ended with contributions by Bondy and

Page 366

Fédier. See François Bondy, "Une lettre de Heidegger à François Bondy," Critique , 1968:433-435, and François Fédier, "Le point," ibid., pp. 435-437.

59. See Aimé Patri, "Serait-ce une querelle d'allemands?" Critique , no. 237 (février 1967): 296-297.

60. See Robert Minder, "Langage et nazisme," Critique , no. 237 (février 1967): 284-287.

61. See Jean-Pierre Faye, "La lecture et l'énoncé," Critique , no. 237 (février 1967): 288-295.

62. See François Fédier, "A propos de Heidegger: Une lecture dénoncée," Critique , no. 242, pp. 672-686.

63. See the Frankfurter Rundschau , 22 October 1987, no. 245, "Bis zuletzt ein Nazi Heidegger im grellen Licht / Eine Pariser Sensation," p. 11

64. See Die Zeit , no. 46 (6 November 1987), "Wie braun war Heidegger? Die postmodernen Grossfurthsen und ihr deutscher Ahnherr."

65. See Gianni Vattimo, "Il pensiero di Heidegger più forte di chi lo accusa," La Stampa , 14 November 1987.

66. Christian Jambet, preface to Farias, Heidegger et le nazisme (see n. 9), p. 14.

67. Hugo Ott, "Wege und Abwege: Zu Victor Farias' kritischer Heidegger-Studie," Neue Zürcher Zeitung , no. 275 (27 November 1987): 67: "In Frankreich ist ein Himmel eingestürzt— le ciel des philosophes ."

68. See Roger-Pol Droit, "Heidegger était-il Nazi? Une minitieuse enquête de Victor Farias révéle les liens entre le philosophe, mort en 1976, et le national-socialisme," Le Monde , 14 octobre 1987, p. 2.

69. See Georges-Arthur Goldschmidt, "Heidegger, militant et penseur nazi," Le Matin , 15 octobre 1987, p. 16.

70. See Emmanuel Martineau, "De la haine de la pensée aux 'faurisonneries,' " Le Matin , 26 octobre 1987.

71. See Alain Finkielkraut, "Heidegger: La question et le procès," Le Monde , 5 janvier 1988, p. 2.

72. See Georges-Arthur Goldschmidt, "Heidegger: L'allemand et le ressentiment," Le Monde , 13 janvier 1988, p. 2.

73. See Jean Baudrillard, "Néqcrospective autour de Martin Heidegger," Libération , 27 janvier 1988, pp. 1-2.

74. See "Un entretien avec Jacques Derrida. Heidegger, l'enfer des philosophes," Le Nouvel Observateur , 6-12 novembre 1988.

75. See Victor Farias, "Victor Farias: Pas d'accord avec Jacques Derrida," Le Nouvel Observateur , no. 47 (27 novembre-3 décembre 1987).

76. See Aubenque, "Encore Heidegger et le nazisme" (see chap. 2, n. 59), pp. 113-123. This issue, which provides a good point of entry into the recent French discussion of Heidegger and Nazism, contains a diverse collection of articles by P. Aubenque, H. Crétella, M. Deguy, F. Fédier, G. Granel, S. Moses, and A. Renaut under the heading of "Heidegger, la philosophie et le nazisme" as well as a collection of twelve texts under the heading of "Martin Heidegger: Textes politiques 1933-1934."

77. See Pascal David, " Heidegger et le nazisme : A propos du livre de V.

Page 367

Farias de même intitulé," Les Études Philosophiques , avril-juin 1988, pp. 257-263.

78. See also Heidegger: Questions ouvertes , Collège international de philosophie (Paris: Éditions Osiris, 1988). This volume contains a diverse collection of articles on different themes presented at a seminar organized by the Collège international de philosophie. Under the heading of "Histoire, Politique," there is a series of articles by J. Rolland, Eliane Escoubas, P. Lacoue-Labarthe, J. Derrida, M. Abensour, and E. Levinas on various aspects of the theme of Heidegger and Nazism. For a review covering the works by Fédier, Bourdieu, Lacoue-Labarthe, Renaut and Ferry, and Lyotard, see Jean-Michel Palmier, "Heidegger et le national-socialisme," Magazine Littéraire , no. 255 (juin 1988): 89-93.

79. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger (see chap. 2, n. 53). For a more recent French study of Heidegger's language, see Henri Meschonnic, Le langage Heidegger (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1990).

80. Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 7.

81. On the importance of Heidegger's refusal of an anthropological reading of his thought, see Martin Heidegger, La lettre à Jean Wahl , cited in Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 114.

82. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 8.

83. On this point, see ibid., p. 59, where Bourdieu refers to Toni Cassirer's well-known comment, and 61n, where he discusses the influence of H. von Treitschke on later German thought, including the German academy. See also a letter of Husserl to Dietrich Mahnke, dated 4 May 1933, in which Husserl writes: "Vorangegangen ist der von ihm [Heidegger] vollzogene Abbruch des Verkehrs mir mir (und schon bald nach seiner Berufung) und in den letzen Jahren sein immer stärker zum Ausdruck kommenden Antisemistismus—auch gegenüber seiner Gruppe begeisterter jüdischer Schüler und in der Fakultät." Cited by Hugo Ott in Heidegger und die praktische Philosophie (see chap. 2, n. 104), p. 69. This contradicts the widespread view, represented by Pöggeler, ibid., p. 17, that the story of Heidegger's anti-Semitism is at best apocryphal.

82. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 8.

83. On this point, see ibid., p. 59, where Bourdieu refers to Toni Cassirer's well-known comment, and 61n, where he discusses the influence of H. von Treitschke on later German thought, including the German academy. See also a letter of Husserl to Dietrich Mahnke, dated 4 May 1933, in which Husserl writes: "Vorangegangen ist der von ihm [Heidegger] vollzogene Abbruch des Verkehrs mir mir (und schon bald nach seiner Berufung) und in den letzen Jahren sein immer stärker zum Ausdruck kommenden Antisemistismus—auch gegenüber seiner Gruppe begeisterter jüdischer Schüler und in der Fakultät." Cited by Hugo Ott in Heidegger und die praktische Philosophie (see chap. 2, n. 104), p. 69. This contradicts the widespread view, represented by Pöggeler, ibid., p. 17, that the story of Heidegger's anti-Semitism is at best apocryphal.

84. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 67.

85. See ibid., pp. 107-108.

86. Ibid., p. 10.

87. See ibid., p. 102.

88. See ibid., p. 115.

89. See ibid., p. 117.

90. See ibid., p. 118.

84. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 67.

85. See ibid., pp. 107-108.

86. Ibid., p. 10.

87. See ibid., p. 102.

88. See ibid., p. 115.

89. See ibid., p. 117.

90. See ibid., p. 118.

84. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 67.

85. See ibid., pp. 107-108.

86. Ibid., p. 10.

87. See ibid., p. 102.

88. See ibid., p. 115.

89. See ibid., p. 117.

90. See ibid., p. 118.

84. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 67.

85. See ibid., pp. 107-108.

86. Ibid., p. 10.

87. See ibid., p. 102.

88. See ibid., p. 115.

89. See ibid., p. 117.

90. See ibid., p. 118.

84. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 67.

85. See ibid., pp. 107-108.

86. Ibid., p. 10.

87. See ibid., p. 102.

88. See ibid., p. 115.

89. See ibid., p. 117.

90. See ibid., p. 118.

84. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 67.

85. See ibid., pp. 107-108.

86. Ibid., p. 10.

87. See ibid., p. 102.

88. See ibid., p. 115.

89. See ibid., p. 117.

90. See ibid., p. 118.

84. See Bourdieu, L'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger , p. 67.

85. See ibid., pp. 107-108.

86. Ibid., p. 10.

87. See ibid., p. 102.

88. See ibid., p. 115.

89. See ibid., p. 117.

90. See ibid., p. 118.

91. See Jean-Francois Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs " (Paris: Éditions Galilée, 1988), pp. 97-101.

92. See Jürgen Habermas, "Die Moderne: Ein unvollendetes Projekt," in Jürgen Habermas, Kleine politische Schriften I-IV (Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1981), pp. 444-464.

93. "L'affaire Heidegger est une affaire 'française,' " in Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 16.

94. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 52; see also ibid., p. 71, "judéo-christianisme;" p. 73, "société"; p. 103, "politique"; p. 146, "faute''; p. 153, ''Celan"; etc.

93. "L'affaire Heidegger est une affaire 'française,' " in Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 16.

94. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 52; see also ibid., p. 71, "judéo-christianisme;" p. 73, "société"; p. 103, "politique"; p. 146, "faute''; p. 153, ''Celan"; etc.

95. "Penser l'affaire Heidegger," in Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs, " p. 87.

96. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 90; see also ibid., p. 109.

97. See ibid., p. 95.

95. "Penser l'affaire Heidegger," in Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs, " p. 87.

96. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 90; see also ibid., p. 109.

97. See ibid., p. 95.

95. "Penser l'affaire Heidegger," in Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs, " p. 87.

96. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 90; see also ibid., p. 109.

97. See ibid., p. 95.

98. "La méditation anamnésique de ce qui aura eu lieu dans la 'politique' heideggerienne," in Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 103.

99. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 110.

100. See ibid., p. 111; for an initial discussion of this hypothesis, see ibid., pp. 115-120.

101. See ibid., p. 148.

99. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 110.

100. See ibid., p. 111; for an initial discussion of this hypothesis, see ibid., pp. 115-120.

101. See ibid., p. 148.

99. See Lyotard, Heidegger et "les juifs ," p. 110.

100. See ibid., p. 111; for an initial discussion of this hypothesis, see ibid., pp. 115-120.

101. See ibid., p. 148.

102. Lyotard here contradicts such French commentators as Aubenque, who directly deny the political nature of Heidegger's work. For Aubenque's denial, see Aubenque, "Encore Heidegger et le nazisme."

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

103. See Fédier, Heidegger: Anatomie d'un scandale (see chap. 3, n. 69).

104. "Le rectorat n'a cependant rien d'une parenthèse dans la vie de Heidegger et il vaut la peine de lire les 'textes politiques' de la période de 1933-1934." Ibid., p. 22.

105. See ibid., p. 67.

106. Or as he says, "lever l'accusation portée contre Heidegger." Ibid., p. 30.

107. See ibid., p. 31.

108. See ibid., pp. 31-33.

109. See ibid., p. 37.

110. See ibid., p. 162.

111. Article 4 of the NSDAP program is clear: "Only a member of the community [Volksgenosse] can be a citizen. Only a person with German blood, regardless of his religious adherence, can be a member of the community. No Jew may therefore be a member of the community." Cited in Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (see chap. 3, n. 116), p. 18.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

112. See Fédier, Heidegger: anatomie d'un scandale , p. 185.

113. See ibid., p. 114.

114. See ibid., p. 115.

115. See ibid., pp. 115, 147.

116. See ibid., p. 116.

117. See ibid., p. 136.

118. See ibid., p. 152.

119. See ibid., pp. 198-199.

120. See ibid., p. 234.

121. See ibid., p. 237.

122. See ibid., p. 240.

123. Among the French Heideggerians, Lacoue-Labarthe has been most persistent in pursuing the problem raised by Heidegger's Nazism in all its many variations. Heidegger's later view of the role of poetry in the disclosure of truth led to his encounter with Paul Celan. For a recent effort to study the role of

Page 369

poetry based on that encounter, see Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, La poésie comme experience (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1986).

124. A short list of his writings on or about Heidegger includes La vérité en peinture, Ousia, Grammé , "Geschlecht: Différence sexuelle, différence ontologique," "La main de Heidegger (Geschlecht II)," etc. His writings on Heidegger have recently been brought together in a single volume. See Jacques Derrida, Heidegger et la question (Paris: Flammarion, 1990).

125. For denial of the importance of the distinction or distinctions between the Derridian approach and so-called orthodox Heideggerianism in France, see Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes (see chap. 3, n. 115), 99ff.

126. The latter aspect has not been lost on orthodox, or Derridian, Heideggerians. It is significant that his study has in fact been praised by Heideggerians for its Heideggerian quality. For instance, David Krell, in a long review in part intended to defend Heidegger against Farias's criticism, makes this point. See David Farrell Krell, "Spiriting Heidegger: A discussion of De l'esprit: Heidegger et la question by Jacques Derrida," in Research in Phenomenology 18 (1988): 205-230.

127. See Derrida, De l'esprit (see chap. 1, n. 28), p. 11.

128. For a discussion of Derrida's reading of Heidegger's supposed deconstruction of spirit, which does not discuss Derrida's application of his reading to Heidegger's Nazism, see Önay Sözer, "Kommt der Geist fragend zurück? Die Dekonstruktion des Begriffs 'Geist' bei Heidegger nach Derrida," in Zur philosophischen Aktualität Heideggers: Symposium der Alexander yon Humboldt-Stiftung vom 24.-28. April 1989 in Bonn-Bad Godesberg , vol. 2, Im Gespräch der Zeit , ed. Dietrich Papenfuss and Otto Pöggeler (Frankfurt a.M.: Vittorio Klostermann, 1990), pp. 273-283.

129. See Martin Heidegger, "Die Sprache im Gedicht: Eine Erörterung von Georg Trakls Gedicht," 1953, in Unterwegs zur Sprache (Pfullingen: Neske, 1959).

130. See Derrida, De l'esprit , p. 12.

131. See ibid., p. 24.

132. See ibid., p. 156.

133. See ibid., p. 155.

134. See ibid., p. 64.

135. See ibid., p. 66.

130. See Derrida, De l'esprit , p. 12.

131. See ibid., p. 24.

132. See ibid., p. 156.

133. See ibid., p. 155.

134. See ibid., p. 64.

135. See ibid., p. 66.

130. See Derrida, De l'esprit , p. 12.

131. See ibid., p. 24.

132. See ibid., p. 156.

133. See ibid., p. 155.

134. See ibid., p. 64.

135. See ibid., p. 66.

130. See Derrida, De l'esprit , p. 12.

131. See ibid., p. 24.

132. See ibid., p. 156.

133. See ibid., p. 155.

134. See ibid., p. 64.

135. See ibid., p. 66.

130. See Derrida, De l'esprit , p. 12.

131. See ibid., p. 24.

132. See ibid., p. 156.

133. See ibid., p. 155.

134. See ibid., p. 64.

135. See ibid., p. 66.

130. See Derrida, De l'esprit , p. 12.

131. See ibid., p. 24.

132. See ibid., p. 156.

133. See ibid., p. 155.

134. See ibid., p. 64.

135. See ibid., p. 66.

136. See Lacoue-Labarthe, L'imitation des modernes (see chap. 2, n. 123).

137. See ibid., p. 184.

136. See Lacoue-Labarthe, L'imitation des modernes (see chap. 2, n. 123).

137. See ibid., p. 184.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

138. See Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique (see chap. 6, n. 129).

139. See ibid. p. 14.

140. See ibid. p. 75.

141. See ibid. p. 28.

142. See ibid. p. 35.

143. See ibid. p. 38.

144. See ibid. p. 39.

145. See ibid. p. 43.

146. See ibid. p. 64.

147. See ibid., p. 86.

148. See ibid., p. 87; see also ibid., p. 91.

149. See ibid., p. 91; see also ibid., p. 115.

150. See ibid., p. 150.

151. See ibid., p. 58.

152. See ibid., p. 59.

153. Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 12.

154. See Luc Ferry and Alain Renaut, La pensée 68: Essai sur l'antihumanisme contemporain (Paris: Gallimard, 1985).

155. Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 40.

156. See ibid., p. 10.

157. See ibid., p. 12.

155. Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 40.

156. See ibid., p. 10.

157. See ibid., p. 12.

155. Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 40.

156. See ibid., p. 10.

157. See ibid., p. 12.

158. Lacoue-Labarthe, La fiction du politique , p. 58.

159. See Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 117.

160. See ibid., p. 149.

161. See ibid., p. 155.

162. See ibid., p. 227.

163. See ibid., p. 170.

164. See ibid., p. 172.

165. See ibid., pp. 224-225.

159. See Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 117.

160. See ibid., p. 149.

161. See ibid., p. 155.

162. See ibid., p. 227.

163. See ibid., p. 170.

164. See ibid., p. 172.

165. See ibid., pp. 224-225.

159. See Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 117.

160. See ibid., p. 149.

161. See ibid., p. 155.

162. See ibid., p. 227.

163. See ibid., p. 170.

164. See ibid., p. 172.

165. See ibid., pp. 224-225.

159. See Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 117.

160. See ibid., p. 149.

161. See ibid., p. 155.

162. See ibid., p. 227.

163. See ibid., p. 170.

164. See ibid., p. 172.

165. See ibid., pp. 224-225.

159. See Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 117.

160. See ibid., p. 149.

161. See ibid., p. 155.

162. See ibid., p. 227.

163. See ibid., p. 170.

164. See ibid., p. 172.

165. See ibid., pp. 224-225.

159. See Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 117.

160. See ibid., p. 149.

161. See ibid., p. 155.

162. See ibid., p. 227.

163. See ibid., p. 170.

164. See ibid., p. 172.

165. See ibid., pp. 224-225.

159. See Ferry and Renaut, Heidegger et les modernes , p. 117.

160. See ibid., p. 149.

161. See ibid., p. 155.

162. See ibid., p. 227.

163. See ibid., p. 170.

164. See ibid., p. 172.

165. See ibid., pp. 224-225.

166. See Heidegger, "Die Kategorien- und Bedeutungslehre des Duns Scotus," in Martin Heidegger, Frühe Schriften (Frankfurt a.M.: Klostermann, 1972), p. 141: "Es felht dem Mittelalter, was gerade einen Wesenszug des modernen Geistes ausmacht; die Befreiung des Subjekts von der Gebundenheit an die Umgebung, die Befestigung im eigenen Leben."

167. See Nicolas Tertulian, "Trois témoignages: Löwith, Jaspers, Marcuse," La Quinzaine Littéraire , no. 496 (1-15 novembre 1987): 10-11; "A propos de Heidegger, la manipulation des textes à tout de même des limites," ibid., no. 515 (1-15 septembre 1988): 18-21; "Quand le discours heideggerien se mue en prise de position politique,'' ibid., no. 523 (1-5 novembre 1988): 26; "Esquives, abandons et nouvelles inexactitudes: Un tournant dans les recherches sur Heidegger,'' ibid., no. 526 (16-28 janvier 1989): 19-21; "Heidegger et le national-socialisme: Aspects et points de vue," in Tramonto dell'occidente? ed. Gian Mario Cazzaniga, Domenico Losurdo, and Livio Sichirollo (Naples: Istituto per gli Studi Filosofici, 1989), pp. 165-206.

166. See Heidegger, "Die Kategorien- und Bedeutungslehre des Duns Scotus," in Martin Heidegger, Frühe Schriften (Frankfurt a.M.: Klostermann, 1972), p. 141: "Es felht dem Mittelalter, was gerade einen Wesenszug des modernen Geistes ausmacht; die Befreiung des Subjekts von der Gebundenheit an die Umgebung, die Befestigung im eigenen Leben."

167. See Nicolas Tertulian, "Trois témoignages: Löwith, Jaspers, Marcuse," La Quinzaine Littéraire , no. 496 (1-15 novembre 1987): 10-11; "A propos de Heidegger, la manipulation des textes à tout de même des limites," ibid., no. 515 (1-15 septembre 1988): 18-21; "Quand le discours heideggerien se mue en prise de position politique,'' ibid., no. 523 (1-5 novembre 1988): 26; "Esquives, abandons et nouvelles inexactitudes: Un tournant dans les recherches sur Heidegger,'' ibid., no. 526 (16-28 janvier 1989): 19-21; "Heidegger et le national-socialisme: Aspects et points de vue," in Tramonto dell'occidente? ed. Gian Mario Cazzaniga, Domenico Losurdo, and Livio Sichirollo (Naples: Istituto per gli Studi Filosofici, 1989), pp. 165-206.

168. See Janicaud, L'ombre de cette pensée (see Introd., n. 7).

169. See Meschonnic, Le langage Heidegger (see n. 79).