1. Politics II.2 1261a; II.7 1266b; and II.8 1267b.

2. D , fol. 36.

3. See Joachim Prochno, Das Schreiber- und Dedikationsbild in der deutschen Buchmalerei, 800-1100 (Leipzig and Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1929); Dorothee Klein, "Autorenbild," in RDK , vol. 1, cols. 1309-14.

4. Erwin Panofsky, Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1960), 84.

5. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, A History of Academical Dress in Europe until the End of the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 38. Plate 3 (opp. p. 38) shows the lower left scene of our Figure 7 as a basis for identifying this academic costume.

6. For an identification and discussion of this subject, see Paulina Ratkowska, "Sokrates i Platon: Uwagi o ikonografii tematu Magister cum discipulo w sztuce XII-XIII w," Biuletyn Historii Sztuki 36/2 (1974): 103-21. A French summary appears on pp. 120-21. Reference to the inversion of this theme (Plato dictating to Socrates) inspired the work by Jacques Derrida, The Postcard: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond , trans. and intro. Alan Bass (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987). The postcard reproduction of the miniature that led Derrida to write the book is the drawing by Matthew Paris in a collection of prognosticating tracts (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 304, fol. 31v). The drawing is dated to 1250-55 by Suzanne Lewis, The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora , continue

California Studies in the History of Art, 21 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), 386-88, fig. 230. John Tagg kindly called the Derrida publication to my attention.

7. For two informative studies of the subdivisions of the medieval author portrait, see Derek A. Pearsall and Elizabeth Salter, "Pictorial Illustration of Late Medieval Poetic Texts: The Role of the Frontispiece or Prefatory Picture," in Medieval Iconography and Narrative: A Symposium (Odense: Odense University Press, 1980), 100-123; and Jacqueline Perry Turcheck, "A Neglected Manuscript of Peter Lombard's Liber sententiarum and Parisian Illumination of the Late Twelfth Century," Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 44 (1968): 54-60. Michael Gullick kindly brought the second article to my attention.

8. Grabmann, "Methoden und Hilfsmittel des Aristotelesstudiums im Mittelalter," 13.

9. Politiques , Gloss, 76.

10. See Alastair J. Minnis, Medieval Theory of Authorship: Scholastic Literary Attitudes in the Later Middle Ages , 2d ed. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988), 75 and 159.

11. Politiques , 83-84.

12. See Pearsall and Salter, "Pictorial Illustration," 118.

13. For further discussion of Guillaume de Machaut and his relationship to Charles V, see below, Ch. 23 at nn. 22-23.