1. Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Schocken Books, 1976).

2. Stephen Greenblatt, "Towards a Poetics of Culture," in H. Aram Veeser, ed., The New Historicism (New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 8-10.

3. E. D. Hirsch, Jr., Cultural Literacy (Boston: Houghton Mufflin, 1987), p. 29.

4. Richard Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence (Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1973), chs. 9-10; see Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1950), pp. 51-61. The theory implied here is set out in chapter 2 above.

5. [John Filson], Life and Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boon. . . Written by Himself (Brooklyn, N.Y.: C. Wilder, 1823), p. 25.

6. William Carlos Willliams, In the American Grain (New York: New Directions, 1956), p. 133.

7. Stewart Edward White, Daniel Boone: Wilderness Scout (New York: Garden City Publishing, 1922), p. 273.

8. Michael A. Lofaro, The Life and Adventures of Daniel Boone (Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1986), p. 123.

9. [Filson], Life and Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boon. . . Written by Himself, pp. 33, 37.

10. John Collier, Indians of the Americas (New York: Mentor Books, 1963), p. 124; White, Daniel Boone, p. 82.

11. George Orwell, Burmese Days (1934; Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967), p. 25.

12. Doris Lessing, The Grass Is Singing (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1961), p. 192. See Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture in Postwar Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell; Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1989), pp. 119-22 and ch. 7.

13. Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America (New York: Norton, 1976), p. 90.

14. Bernard W. Sheehan, Savagism and Civility (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1980), pp. 110-15.

15. George Rogers Taylor, ed., The Turner Thesis, 3d ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1972), pp. 27, 41-43; see Smith, Virgin Land . On The Renegade, see Roy Harvey Pearce, The Savages of America, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), p. 225 and ch. 7.

16. See Jennings, Invasion, chs. 7-8; and Michael Rogin, "Ronald Reagan," The Movie (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1987), pp. 45-51.

17. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (New York: Bantam Books, 1972), p. 300.

18. George Lamming, The Pleasures of Exile (London: Michael Joseph, 1960), p. 107.

19. Jean-Paul Sartre, Preface, in Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967), p. 22.

20. Jennings, Invasion, p. 60.

21. Brown, Bury My Heart, p. 313, and ch. 11.

22. Rogin, "Ronald Reagan," pp. 45-51.

23. William Bennett, "Lost Generation: Why America's Children Are Strangers in Their Own Land," Policy Review 33 (1985): 43-45, p. 45.

24. Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and Other Works, ed. Angela Richards (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977), p. 198.

25. Ania Loomba, Gender, Race, Renaissance Drama (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1989), p. 16, and ch. 1. See also Lillian S. Robinson, Sex, Class, and Culture (New York: Methuen, 1986), pp. 22-46; Gauri Viswanathan, "Currying Favor: The Beginnings of English Literary Study in British India," Social Text 7, nos. 1-2 (Fall 1988): 85-104; Chris Baldick, The Social Mission of English Criticism, 1848-1932 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1983).

26. Lamming, Pleasures, p. 27. See also Lamming's novel In the Castle of My Skin (1953).

27. Loomba, Gender, Race , p. 22; see Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture, pp. 124-34.

28. Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (New York: Bantam Books, 1971), p. 11; Richard Wright, Black Boy (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), pp. 273-74.

29. Viswanathan, "Currying Favor," p. 94.

30. Joseph Quincy Adams, "The Folger Shakespeare Memorial Dedicated: April 21, 1932: Shakespeare and American Culture," Spinning Wheel 12 (1932): 212-15 and 229-31, pp. 215, 229. See Stephen J. Brown, "The Uses of Shakespeare in America: A Study in Class Domination," in David Bevington and Jay L. Halio, eds., Shakespeare, Pattern of Excelling Nature (Newark: Univ. of Delaware Press, 1978); Esther Cloudman Dunn, Shakespeare in America (1939; NewYork: Benjamin Blom, 1968), cbs. 3, 4, 8, 9; James G. McManaway, "Shakespeare in the United States,'' PMLA 79 (1964): 511-18, p. 514.

31. James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans (New York: Frederick Unger, 1962), 2:113, 100; The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 4, Representative Men, ed. Wallace E. Williams and Douglas Emory Wilson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1987), p. 121.

32. Alfred Van Rensselaer Westfall, American Shakespearean Criticism, 1607-1865 (New York: H. W. Wilson, 1939), p. 202. See also Louis Marder, His Entrances and Exits: The Story of Shakespeare's Reputation (London: John Murray, 1964), 294-313; Lawrence L. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1988), pp. 60-68; Adams, "Folger Shakespeare Memorial Dedicated," pp. 212-13.

33. Ashley Thorndike, "Shakespeare in America," Proceedings of the British Academy 13 (1927): 154.

34. James Fenimore Cooper, The Pioneers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1959), p. 476.

35. Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians (New York: Knopf, 1968), p. 54, and Introduction to Hofstadter and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier (New York: Basic Books, 1968), p. 3.

36. Sic ; Maurice Morgann, "An Essay on the Dramatic Character of Sir John Falstaff," in D. Nichol Smith, ed., Eighteenth-Century Essays on Shakespeare (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), p. 233.

37. Quoted by Westfall, American Shakespearean Criticism, p. 80.

38. Thorndike, "Shakespeare in America," pp. 161-63; Dunn, Shakespeare in America, ch. 10; McManaway, "Shakespeare in the United States," p. 514; Louis B. Wright, Shakespeare for Everyman (New York: Washington Square Press, 1965), pp. 41-48; Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow, pp. 16-21.

39. Adams, "Folger," p. 229; Wright, Shakespeare for Everyman, pp. 43-44.

40. Emerson, Representative Men, p. 125.

41. Dunn, Shakespeare in America, pp. 175-76; Wright, Shakespeare for Everyman, pp. 41-42. See Michael D. Bristol, Shakespeare's America, America's Shakespeare (New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 159 on Hardin Craig as pioneer.

42. Dunn, Shakespeare in America, cbs. 5, 9; Marder, His Entrances, pp. 313-17; Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow, pp. 13-16, 21-23, 42-45.

43. Jonathan Bate, Shakespearean Constitutions (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 43.

44. Marder, His Entrances, pp. 310-11; Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow, pp. 63-68; Charles H. Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage (Washington, D.C.: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1976), pp. 62-87.

45. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow, pp. 30, 56; Levine's emphasis.

46. Robert Falk, "Shakespeare in America: A Survey to 1900," Shakespeare Survey 18 (1965): 102-18, p. 103.

47. Dunn, Shakespeare in America, p. 129; Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage, p. 97 and ch. 4; McManaway, "Shakespeare in the United States," pp. 516-18; Marder, His Entrances, pp. 317-18; Levine, Highbrow/ Lowbrow , pp. 33-34, 45-56, 69-81.

48. Derek Longhurst, "'You base football-player!': Shakespeare in Contemporary Popular Culture," in Graham Holderness, ed., The Shakespeare Myth (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1988), p. 67.

49. Falk, "Shakespeare in America," pp. 109-15; Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture, pp. 39-47; Dunn, Shakespeare in America, p. 278; she illustrates from Lincoln and John Quincy Adams.

50. Irving Babbitt, Literature and the American College (Boston: Roughton Muffin, 1908), pp. 105, 151.

51. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 279, and pp. 251-54, 284.

52. Wright, Shakespeare For Everyman, p. 46.

53. Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History (London: James Frazer, 1841), pp. 184-85; quoted by Malcolm Evans, Signifying Nothing, 2d ed. (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989), p. 89; and see pp. 86-108.

54. Charles Mills Gayley, Shakespeare and the Founders of Liberty in America (New York: Macmillan, 1917), p. vi; see Bristol, Shakespeare's America, pp. 137-43. On the Virginia Company see Jennings, Invasion, pp. 53-56, 76-80.

55. Stewart Bird, Dan Georgakas and Deborah Shaffer, eds., Solidarity Forever (Chicago: Lake View Press, 1985), pp. 10-15, 140-41, and passim; Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (London: Longman, 1980), pp. 366-67.

56. James Yaffe, The American Jews (New York: Random House, 1968), p. 7.

57. Thorndike, "Shakespeare in America," pp. 159-60.

58. Adams, "Folger," p. 230.

59. Ibid., pp. 230-31. See Brown, "Uses of Shakespeare in America"; Louis A. Montrose, "Professing the Renaissance: The Poetics and Politics of Culture," in Veeser, ed., New Historicism, pp. 27-29; Bristol, Shakespeare's America, pp. 78-81; and on a similar attitude in the work of Hardin Craig, see Bristol, pp. 157-66.

60. Quoted by Don Wayne, "Power, Politics, and the Shakespearean Text: Recent Criticism in England and the United States," in Jean E. Howard and Marion F. O'Connor, eds., Shakespeare Reproduced (London: Methuen, 1987), p. 55.

61. Hofstadter, Progressive Historians, p. 85.

62. Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1966), p. 119; and see p. 29.

63. Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1978), pp. 468-70. Soviet unfreedom was branded, in imperialist terms, as "oriental": William Pietz, "The 'Post-Colonialism' of Cold

War Discourse," Social Text 7, nos. 1-2 (Fall 1988): 55-75, pp. 58-59. Diverse aspects of the argument in the remainder of this section are broached in Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture: see chs. 6 and 9.

64. Taylor, ed., Turner Thesis, p. 27.

65. San Francisco Chronicle, February 10, 1989; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill, vol. 4, 1916-22 (London: Heinemann, 1975), p. 797; also pp. 596, 610.

66. Serge Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1983), pp. 128, 172.

67. General Education in a Free Society, Report of the Harvard Committee (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press., 1945), p. xv; see Richard Ohmann, English in America (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1976), pp. 70-80, 86-89; Gerald Graff, Professing Literature (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 162-73; Elizabeth Bruss, Beautiful Theories (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1982), pp. 10-13.

68. See Stephen Spender, The Thirties and After (New York: Random House, 1978), pp. 122-29.

69. Bloom, Closing of the American Mind, pp. 48, 54.

70. Hugh Kenner, A Homemade World: The American Modernist Writers (New York: Knopf, 1975), p. 213.

71. Westfall, American Shakespearean Criticism, pp. 203-4; Bristol, Shakespeare's America, p. 74.

72. Marder, His Entrances, p. 362.

73. Wright, Shakespeare for Everyman, p. 46.

74. Nina Baym, "Melodramas of Beset Manhood: How Theories of American Fiction Exclude Women Authors," in Elaine Showalter, ed., Feminist Criticism (London: Virago, 1986), pp. 71, 75; Slotkin, Regeneration, pp. 300-301.

75. Taylor, ed., Turner Thesis, pp. 14-56; see Smith, Virgin Land; Hofstadter, Progressive Historians, p. 151.

76. Williams, In the American Grain, pp. 136-37. Williams is full of respect for the Indians—they, in his view and, he says, Boone's, knew how to possess the land. But the native was "the prototype of it all," and as such necessarily overwhelmed by white men. See also Rupert Wilkinson, American Tough (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1984), pp. 17-23, 47, 91-104.

77. Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Avon Books, 1978), p. 122; see also Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987). For this situation in relation to England, see Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture, ch. 5.

78. Alfred Austin, The Poetry of the Period, in Joseph Bristow, ed., The Victorian Poet: Poetics and Persona (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 120, 124; Douglas, Feminization, p. 314 and ch. 9. See Carol Christ, "The Feminine Subject in Victorian Poetry," ELH 54 (1987): 385-401.

79. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, No Man's Land, vol. 1: The War of the Words (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1988), p. 154.

80. Quoted by Frank Lentricchia, Ariel and the Police (Brighton: Harvester, 1988), p. 161.

81. From Gilbert Seldes, The Great Audience (1951), repr. in Bernard Rosenberg and David Manning White, eds., Mass Culture (New York: Free Press, 1957), pp. 76-77.

82. Rosenberg and White, eds., Mass Culture, p. 486.

83. Dwight Macdonald, "Masscult & Midcult," in Macdonald, Against the American Grain (New York: Random House, 1962), pp. 14, ix. See Christopher Brookeman, American Culture and Society since the 1930s (London: Macmillan, 1984), chs. 5-6; Andrew Ross, No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture (London: Routledge, 1989), ch. 2.

84. Marder, His Entrances, pp. 310-11. On the Schlegels and Wilcoxes, see Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture , pp. 39-43, 106-11, 238-45, 258-66.

85. Douglas, Feminization, p. 285; Blake Morrison, The Movement (London: Methuen, 1986), pp. 59-61.

86. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1990), p. 56.

87. Baym, "Melodramas of Beset Manhood," in Showalter, ed., Feminist Criticism .

88. C. L. Barber, Shakespeare's Festive Comedy (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1959), pp. 244-45; see pp. 70-71 above. For an investigation that addresses the anxiety and anticipates the current interest, see Leslie Fiedler, The Stranger in Shakespeare (St Albans: Paladin, 1974), pp. 15-40, 71-79.

89. Tennyson's vacillation between a transcendent and worldly role for poetry caused these anxieties to cluster around him: see Alan Sinfield, Alfred Tennyson (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 128; also pp. 17-21 and ch. 5. Critical evasions are amusingly displayed by Simon Shepherd, "Shakespeare's Private Drawer: Shakespeare and Homosexuality," in Holderness, ed., Shakespeare Myth .

90. Eric Partridge, Shakespeare's Bawdy (New York: Dutton, 1948), pp. 13-18. "Lesbianism was an extremely rare deviation in Shakespearean England," Partridge says, but he doesn't share his evidence. I am grateful to Janet Adelman for drawing Partridge to my attention. Hesketh Pearson is quoted from his Life of Shakespeare .

91. Benjamin P. Kurtz, Charles Mills Gayley (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1943), pp. 151-52.

92. Babbitt, Literature and the American College , pp. 118-19; see Gerald Graff, Professing Literature (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 107. From the 1890s on, there were attempts to reduce the proportions of women teachers and reverse the move towards co-education in colleges (Douglas, Feminization , p. 397).

93. John Montgomery, The Fifties (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965), p. 100; see Sinfleld, Literature, Politics and Culture , pp. 134-39 and ch. 7.

94. The Times, September 1, 1955; quoted in William Sargant, Battle for the Mind (London: Heinemann, 1957), pp. 150-51.

95. Lamming, Pleasures, p. 85; Sartre, Preface, in Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, pp. 21, 24.

96. White, Daniel Boone, p. 263.

97. Gore Vidal, "The Day the American Empire Ran Out of Gas," in Vidal, Armageddon? (London: André Deutsch, 1987), p. 115.

98. Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 (London: Corgi, 1969), p. 74.

99. Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969), pp. 23-61.

100. Bloom, Closing of the American Mind, pp. 56, 21, 55; Hirsch, Cultural Literacy, p. 91. In their book Free to Choose (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1980, pp. 2-3), Milton and Rose Friedman assert that in the nineteenth century the United States experienced a "golden age," but begin their account by "omitting" Indians and "excepting" slavery!

101. William Bennett, "To Reclaim a Legacy," American Education 21 (1985): 4-15, pp. 14-15.

102. Hirsch, Cultural Literacy, p. 92.

103. Bennett, "To Reclaim a Legacy," p. 15. See Montrose, "Professing the Renaissance," pp. 27-28.

104. "In the Republic . . . the only possible solution is for philosophers to rule.. . . But this outline of a solution is ironic and impossible. It only serves to show what one must live with" (Bloom, Closing of the American Mind, p. 266; and see pp. 373-74).

105. By Greenblatt, see also Renaissance Self-Fashioning , pp. 180-88, 225-29; "Learning to Curse: Aspects of Linguistic Colonialism in the Sixteenth Century," in Fredi Chiapelli, ed., First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1976), 2:568-76; and "Invisible Bullets: Renaissance Authority and Its Subversion," in Dollimore and Sinfield, eds., Political Shakespeare . Of course, others have addressed these issues; I cite Greenblatt to show their strong presence at the heart of new historicism.

106. C. D. B. Bryan, "Operation Desert Norm," New Republic, March 11, 1991, p. 26. I am grateful to Peter Dreyer for this reference. On the Pequote massacre, see Jennings, Invasion , pp. 220-25, and on the Arapaho, see Brown, Bury My Heart, pp. 108-9, also pp. 257-58, 278-79.

107. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge, ed. Colin Gordon (Brighton: Harvester, 1980), p. 126; "John K. Simon: A Conversation with Michel Foucault," Partisan Review 38 (1971): 192-201; Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1984), pp. 48-53. See Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society (London: Routledge, 1969).

108. Steven Connor, Postmodernist Culture (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 17, 15; Connor argues that "the postmodern" may facilitate this tendency. See Wayne, "Power, Politics," pp. 59-62; Ross, No Respect, p. 211 and ch. 7.

109. Ohmann, English in America, pp. 86-89, 330.

110. T. S. Eliot, Notes towards a Definition of Culture (London: Faber & Faber, 1948), p. 42.

111. So Christopher Jencks and David Riesmann, quoted by Jonathan Culler, Framing the Sign (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), p. 29.

112. See Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals (New York: Basic Books, 1987), pp. 219, 272.

113. Bristol, Shakespeare's America, p. 209. So Louis Montrose writes of "a nagging sense of professional, institutional, and political powerlessness or

irrelevance" ("Professing the Renaissance," p. 26). See also Walter Cohen, "Political Criticism of Shakespeare," in Howard and O'Connor, eds., Shakespeare Reproduced, pp. 35-38; Bloom, Closing of the American Mind, p. 353.

114. Is There a Text in This Class? (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1980), p. 165.

115. Ibid., pp. 171, 173. See Elizabeth A. Meese, "Sexual Politics and Critical Judgment," in Gregory S. Jay and David L. Miller, eds., After Strange Texts (University, Ala.: Univ. of Alabama Press, 1985).

116. Stanley Fish, "Commentary: The Young and the Restless," in Veeser, ed. New Historicism, pp. 312-15.

117. David Simpson, "Literary Criticism and the Return to 'History,'" Critical Inquiry 14 (1988): 721-47, p. 726. See also the powerful discussion in John Fekete, "Literature and Politics / Literary Politics," Dalhousie Review 66 (1986): 45-86.

118. Michel Foucault, L'Ordre du discours (Paris: Gallimard, 1971), p. 46; quoted by Eve Taylor Bannet, Structuralism and the Logic of Dissent (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 177; and see pp. 170-83, 240-49.

119. Michel Foucault, "The Political Function of the Intellectual," trans. Colin Gordon, Radical Philosophy 17 (1977): 12-15, p. 14; "John K. Simon: A Conversation with Michel Foucault," p. 201. See Ross, No Respect, pp. 211-12.

120. Sigmund Freud, Case Histories I: "Dora" and "Little Hans," ed. Angela Richards (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977), p. 117.

121. The Nation, December 12, 1988, p. 644; I am grateful to Richard Burt for this reference.

122. Bennett, "To Reclaim a Legacy," p. 15.

123. James Yaffe, The American Jews (New York: Random House, 1968), pp. 41, 51-52; Culler, Framing the Sign, pp. 31-32; Wayne, "Power, Politics," pp. 53-58; Bristol, Shakespeare's America, pp. 40-51.

124. Yaffe, American Jews, pp. 53-56 and ch. 4. Yaffe suggests that Jewish culture may have been readily adaptable to the professionalizing of culture—an old lullaby of the shtetl enjoins, "Study the Torah, darling. For Torah is the best merchandise": pp. 229-30. Russell Jacoby argues that in the 1950s, professionalization was a refuge from political visibility: Jacoby, Last Intellectuals, pp. 126-30, 135-39, 200-209.

125. Richard Hofstadter, "The Pseudo-Conservative Revolt," in Daniel Bell, ed., The New American Right (New York: Criterion Books, 1955), p. 46.

126. Yaffe, American Jews, pp. 126-27; Marder, His Entrances, pp. 292-93.

127. Robinson, Sex, Class, and Culture, p. 35.

128. Wayne, "Power, Politics," pp. 54-56; and see Jacoby, Last Intellectuals, ch. 4.

129. Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986), pp. 20-21.

130. Wayne, "Power, Politics," p. 58; Culler, Framing the Sign , p. 78 and ch. 4; see pp. 150-51 above.

131. Wayne, "Power, Politics," p. 53. Allan Bloom, of course, sees this as a loss for the education system: once Jews were admitted, he says, Harvard,

Yale, and Princeton ceased to be "the last resorts of aristocratic sentiment" ( Closing of the American Mind, p. 89).

132. Babbitt, Literature and the American College, p. 8.

133. Collier, Indians , pp. 126-29.

134. Raymond Williams, Second Generation (London: Chatto & Windus, 1964), pp. 137-38.

135. John Banks and Martina Weitsch, eds., Meeting Gay Friends (Manchester: Friends Homosexual Fellowship, 1982), p. 18. Marlon T. Riggs, "What Time Is It?" Out/Look , Spring 1990, p. 135. I am grateful to Carrie Bramen for this reference.

136. Celia Kitzinger, "Liberal Humanism as an Ideology of Social Control: The Regulation of Lesbian Identities," in J. Shotter and K. Gergen, eds., Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1989), pp. 85-86; see Kitzinger, The Social Construction of Lesbianism (London: Sage, 1987), chs. 2, 7.

137. Quoted in Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men (London: Junction Books, 1985), p. 409. For a sequence of such responses, see Mandy Merck, "'Liana' and the Lesbians of Art Cinema," in Charlotte Brunsdon, ed., Films for Women (London: British Film Institutte, 1986), p. 170.

138. See Collier, Indians, ch. 11.

139. Suzanne Pharr, Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism (Inverness, Calif.: Chardon Press, 1988), p. 22.

140. Richard Wright, Native Son (1940; New York: Harper & Row, 1966), p. xvi. Cf. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., The Signifying Monkey (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988), pp. 118-20, 181-83.

141. Cf. Barbara Herrnstein Smith, Contingencies of Value (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1988), pp. 166-79.

142. Zinn, People's History, p. 367.

143. Tony Bennett, "Texts in History: The Determinations of Readings and Their Texts," in Derek Attridge, Geoff Bennington and Robert Young, eds., Post-Structuralism and the Question of History (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987), p. 68.

144. Quoted in Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (London: Methuen, 1986), p. 20.

145. Fiedler, Stranger, pp. 82-83.

146. Arnold Wesker, The Journalists / The Wedding Feast / Shylock (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 178. Wesker's play is in effect close to Margaret Ferguson's suggestion that a historical study of productions of the Merchant might be mounted in a course perhaps entitled "Shakespeare and the American Ideology of the 'Melting Pot'" (Ferguson, "Afterword," in Howard and O'Connor, eds., Shakespeare Reproduced, p. 280).

147. Allan Bloom with Harry V. Jaffa, Shakespeare's Politics (New York: Basic Books, 1964; Univ. of Chicago Press, Midway Reprint, 1986), p. 21. It is amusing to note that the falling off of standards Bloom attributes to the 1960s and after in Closing of the American Mind (pp. 313-35) is already being lamented here in 1964 (pp. 1-2). It is typical of a conservative cultural critique to appeal to a supposed good past that always recedes as it is approached.