1. Agnes von Zahn-Harnack, "Um die Ehe (1946)," in Agnes von Zahn-Harnack: Schriften und Reden 1914 bis 1950 , ed. Marga Anders and Ilse Reiche, 49.

2. "Agnes von Zahn-Harnack (1884-1950)," in Frauen in Wissenschaft und Politik , ed. Dorothea Frandsen, Ursula Huffmann, Annette Kuhn, 48-50.

3. See the useful reflections on these processes in Margaret R. Higonnet and Patrice L.-R. Higonnet, "The Double Helix," in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars , ed. Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al., 31-47.

4. I borrow the expression "political reconstruction of the family" from Juliet Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism , 231.

5. Gabriele Strecker, Überleben ist nicht genug: Frauen 1945-1950 , 53.

6. The quotations are from Bernhard Winkelheide, VDBT , [1.] Deutscher Bundestag, 162. Sitzung, 13 September 1951, 6959; and Winkelheide, "Warum Familienausgleichskassen?" Soziale Arbeit 1 (1951): 100. For a summary of Social Democratic views, see Louise Schroeder, "Kinderbeihilfe," Soziale Arbeit 1 (1951): 97-100.

7. On film, see the important work of Heide Fehrenbach, "The Fight for the 'Christian West': German Film Control, the Churches, and the Reconstruction of Civil Society in the Early Bonn Republic," 39-63.

8. See the useful introductions in Angela Delille and Andrea Grohn, eds., Perlonzeit: Wie die Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten , and Ingrid Laurien, "'Wie kriege ich einen Mann'? Zum weiblichen Leitbild und zur Rolle der Frau in den Fünfziger Jahren," 32-44.

9. For introductions to the literature on the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, see the bibliography in John C. Fout, ed., German Women in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History , 385-95; the recent overview, Ute Frevert, Women in German History: From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation ; and Helena Cole, with the assistance of Jane Caplan and Hanna Schissler, The History of Women in Germany from Medieval Times to the Present: Bibliography of English-Language Publications . Recent work on the post-1945 period concentrates heavily on the years 1945-1949, and in Chapter 1, I draw on it extensively. For the 1950s, however, there is still very little. In addition to Delille and Grohn, see idem, Blick zurück aufs Glück: Frauenleben und Familienpolitik in den 50er Jahren . Angela Vogel also provides useful overviews in two articles, "Familie" and "Frauen und Frauenbewegung," both in Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Geschichte in drei Bänden , ed. Wolfgang Benz, vol. 2.

10. See, e.g., Theodor Eschenburg, Jahre der Besatzung, 1945-1949 , and Hans-Peter Schwarz, Die Ära Adenauer: Gründerjahre der Republik, 1949-1957 , parts of a massive multivolume history of the Federal Republic; or Dennis L. Bark and David R. Gress, A History of West Germany , vol. 1. Somewhat better in this respect are the two volumes by Christoph Klessmann, Die doppelte Staatsgründung: Deutsche Geschichte, 1945-1955 and Zwei Staaten, eine Nation: Deutsche Geschichte, 1955-1970 .

11. See, e.g., Marianne Weber, Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung: Eine Einführung .

12. Jean H. Quataert, "A Source Analysis in German Women's History: Factory Inspectors' Reports and the Shaping of Working-Class Lives, 1878-1914," 99-121; and idem, "Social Insurance and the Family Work of Oberlausitz Home Weavers in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Fout, German Women in the Nineteenth Century .

13. See Young Sun Hong, "The Politics of Welfare Reform and the Dynamics of the Public Sphere: Church, Society, and the State in the Making of the Social-Welfare System in Germany, 1830-1930"; and on SPD policies in Weimar, David Crew, "German Socialism, the State and Family Policy, 1918-1933."

14. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era , 14.

15. Helmut Schelsky, Wandlungen der deutschen Familie in der Gegenwart: Darstellung und Deutung einer empirisch-soziologischen Tatbestandsaufnahme , 13.

16. Joan Wallach Scott, "Rewriting History," in Higonnet et al., Behind the Lines , 30.

17. Jane Jenson, "Both Friend and Foe: Women and State Welfare," in Becoming Visible: Women in European History , 2d ed., ed. Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz, and Susan Stuard, 535-56; and the insightful survey of recent literature on the United States in Linda Gordon, "The New Feminist Scholarship on the Welfare State," in Women, the State, and Welfare , ed. Linda Gordon, 9-35.

18. The point eludes Sylvia Ann Hewlett in her invocation of western European examples to highlight her critique of the inadequacy of state support for families in the United States. See Hewlett's A Lesser Life: The Myth of Women's Liberation in America .