Chapter Two The Merchant Community: Social Structure, Economic Values, Institutions
1. Francesco Pera, Ricordi e biografie livornesi (Livorno, 1867), p. 124.
2. ASF, Seg. di Gabinetto, f. 609; MS, Vivoli, "L'Accrescimento progressivo di Livorno," vol. 2, n. 291.
3. James Fenimore Cooper, Excursions in Italy, cited in Lando Bortolotti, Livorno dal 1748 al 1958 (Florence, 1970), pp. 107-108.
4. ASL, Gov., f. 23. Livorno, 5 July 1781: governor of Livorno to the grand duke, cited in Bortolotti, p. 105.
5. Henry James, All'estero, cited in Bortolotti, p. 108.
6. Giuseppe Mery, Scene della vita italiana, cited in Pera, p. 86.
7. A useful reference are the social definitions provided by Elinor G. Barber, The Bourgeoisie in 18th-Century France (Princeton, 1955), pp. 14-33.
8. The auditor of the government noted that the system for conceding credit status in the customhouse "does not admit to that benefit merchants who resell the merchandise in retail shops" (ASL, Gov., f. 198, n. 254. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 25 June 1842: auditor to the governor of Livorno).
9. F. D. Guerrazzi noted that the English merchant Giovanni Grant had refused admission to a party to a young man engaged in retail commerce (BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 25, note of 15 June 1829).
10. For the eighteenth-century regulations (drawn up in 1758 and 1759), see ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65.
11. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: Livorno customhouse.
10. For the eighteenth-century regulations (drawn up in 1758 and 1759), see ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65.
11. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: Livorno customhouse.
12. Perhaps more significant were instances of merchants stepping down into the position of mezzano . For an instance of this, see ASL, Gov., f. 163. Aff. Div., 1837. Livorno, 8 January 1837: David Ferdinandes Leiba to the governor of Livorno.
13. See n. 11.
14. G. Mori, "Linee," pp. 21-22; Nicola Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti livornesi nell'Ottocento (Rome, 1966), p. 86. The interpretation of these two Marxist historians is adopted in toto by the non-Marxist Bortolotti ( Livorno, p. 75).
15. G. Mori, "Linee," p. 22.
16. Narrative descriptions of manufacturing in Livorno abound. For more accessible published accounts see Gino Guarnieri, Livorno marinara, pp. 392-397 (summarizing an account of F. Bartoletti in 1829); Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 765; Bowring, Statistica, pp. 29-30; Torelli, Dell'avvenire del commercio Europeo e in modo speciale quello degli stati italiani (Florence, 1858), 3: 57; Gino Galletti, "Le Industrie del passato," La Rivista di Livorno I (Nov.-Dec., 1926): 3-12; and Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici . Manuscript accounts include ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto";
ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20; and BLL, Carte Vivoli (1817). Livorno, 20 September 1817: Labronica Academy to the Academy of the Georgofili. For a specific discussion of the relationship of the privileges of the city to the development of manufacturing see Temistocle Pergola, Sulla franchigia commerciale di Livorno (Livorno, 1862).
17. Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti, p. 79. For a description of a steam mill and a list of the principal partners see ASL, Catasto, f. 280, n. 184.
18. Both memorials are in ASF, Fin. Seg., f. 799.
19. Baruchello, pp. 361, 557.
20. Torelli, 3: 59.
21. The regulation reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 October 1815.
22. See chapter 1, n. 7.
23. La Settimana 4, no. 9 (26 February 1899). Pietro Bastogi dictated these notes on the early history of the firm in 1888.
24. G. Mori, "Linee," pp. 20-22.
25. ASF, Seg. di Fin., f. 149. 12 July 1834: report of the council.
26. ACCL, Delib., 14 January 1839 indicates that a letter was received from the governor with requests from three noble families (Malenchini, Bevilacqua, and Bertolacci) for exemption from the commercial tax, "[their] not being merchants." The chamber denied the request on the grounds that although the three could not be considered merchants, they were nevertheless heavily engaged in commercial activity.
27. ASL Gov., f. 186, no. 328. Aff. Div., 1841. Livorno, 6 July: governor to the secretary of finance.
28. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826, gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
29. Ibid. See also E. Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 773-774.
28. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826, gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
29. Ibid. See also E. Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 773-774.
30. See n. 31.
31. This series is to be found in the archive of the catasto in the ASL. The series runs from f. 276 (1821) to f. 288 (1833) and contains a detailed list of all property that changes in value (generally due to new construction) or in which there is a change in the person (or persons) liable for the taxes. As such this series notes all property bought and sold in the community and provides detailed descriptions of the real property holdings of a family when title passes from the defunct to the heirs.
32. See, for example, the villa property sold by Carlo Sansoni, an attorney and important dabbler in real-estate speculation, to the English merchant Giovanni Grant. The house is described as palatial, and the vines are "of select quality" (ASL, Catasto, f. 278, n. 32).
33. "An elegant little palace" constructed south of the city for Jacob Attias (ibid., f. 280, n. 225).
34. The exception was a villa (or "former palace") sold by Carlo Sansoni, to Giovanni Grant (ibid., f. 278, n. 32). See n. 32.
35. Bortolotti, Livorno, p. 29. The maps are in ASF, Regie Fabbriche, A. 3, n. 1, cartone 5 ("Porto di Livorno e suoi annessi").
36. Bortolotti, pp. 29-30. Discusses the controversy over the measure and the equalization of the assessments in 1803.
37. The following Jewish families possessed villa holdings: Attias, Arbib, Bacri, Busnach, Della Longa, Rignano, Sajegh, Sacuto. Jewish families can be identified from the records of the archive of the Jewish community of the city and from members of the community chosen to represent it in the chamber of commerce.
38. See, for example, the announcement of the leasing of three shops ( botteghe ) in the center of town by Salamone Tedeschi in 1820 (ASL, Catasto, f. 275, n. 103) and that of the purchase of two shops and a warehouse by Tommaso Appleton, the American consul general in 1831 (Ibid., f. 286, n. 60).
39. Important purchases of palaces in the central city were made by Domenico Castelli in 1826 (ibid., f. 279, n. 118) and Giorgio Gower in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 208); similar edifices in the quarter of Venezia Nuova were purchased by Marco Regini and Giovanni Chelli in 1824 (ibid., f. 279, n. 129) and Carlo Grabau in 1831 (ibid., f. 286, n. 133). Other important contracts were registered by Giovanni Grant in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 250 and f. 280, n. 63). Significant acquisitions of similar properties were made in the older suburbs to the north of the city (on the road to Pisa) by the Pacho[Pachò] family in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 221) and Gherardo Stub (1829) (ibid., f. 284, n. 83).
40. Ibid., f. 278, n. 99.
41. Ibid., f. 279, n. 1.
39. Important purchases of palaces in the central city were made by Domenico Castelli in 1826 (ibid., f. 279, n. 118) and Giorgio Gower in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 208); similar edifices in the quarter of Venezia Nuova were purchased by Marco Regini and Giovanni Chelli in 1824 (ibid., f. 279, n. 129) and Carlo Grabau in 1831 (ibid., f. 286, n. 133). Other important contracts were registered by Giovanni Grant in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 250 and f. 280, n. 63). Significant acquisitions of similar properties were made in the older suburbs to the north of the city (on the road to Pisa) by the Pacho[Pachò] family in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 221) and Gherardo Stub (1829) (ibid., f. 284, n. 83).
40. Ibid., f. 278, n. 99.
41. Ibid., f. 279, n. 1.
39. Important purchases of palaces in the central city were made by Domenico Castelli in 1826 (ibid., f. 279, n. 118) and Giorgio Gower in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 208); similar edifices in the quarter of Venezia Nuova were purchased by Marco Regini and Giovanni Chelli in 1824 (ibid., f. 279, n. 129) and Carlo Grabau in 1831 (ibid., f. 286, n. 133). Other important contracts were registered by Giovanni Grant in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 250 and f. 280, n. 63). Significant acquisitions of similar properties were made in the older suburbs to the north of the city (on the road to Pisa) by the Pacho[Pachò] family in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 221) and Gherardo Stub (1829) (ibid., f. 284, n. 83).
40. Ibid., f. 278, n. 99.
41. Ibid., f. 279, n. 1.
42. ASF, Stato Civile, f. 12308. Cenna statistica della univ. israelitica livornese, 1837. Notes the traditional nature of Jewish investment and also notes that with regard to new construction and speculation, the Jews were falling behind other sectors of the population.
43. Bortolotti, pp. 103-104, 112.
44. The most important relaxation of the restrictions occurred in 1776 when a government provision allowed proprietors to build within one mile of the city walls, previously prohibited for reasons of military defense. See G. Vivoli, Ms, "L'Accrescimento progressivo," 1: 139, 228-230; and 2: n. 296 and 412; Bortolotti, pp. 69, 117.
45. Bortolotti, p. 116. Due to the different ways of calculating
revenue, Bortolotti used the top four classes for the assessment of 1830 and the top three for 1850.
46. Ibid., pp. 114-15.
45. Bortolotti, p. 116. Due to the different ways of calculating
revenue, Bortolotti used the top four classes for the assessment of 1830 and the top three for 1850.
46. Ibid., pp. 114-15.
47. The description of the purchases is in ASL, Catasto, f. 286, n. 277; f. 286, n. 192; f. 287, n. 242; f. 285, n. 15; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163.
48. For a description of the construction, see ibid., f. 287, n. 366.
49. Bortolotti, p. 138.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
54. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 83. The author notes that approximately 2.5 million lire in private capital had been invested in these projects and that an important source of it came from Livorno: "Having need, the capital was not lacking. Wealthy Livorno was near, and the two colonies drew from it powerful assistance."
55. Ibid., pp. 462-463. An excellent discussion of the iron industry can be found in G. Mori, L'industria del ferro in Toscana dalla restaurazione alla fine del granducato (1815-1869) (Turin, 1966). ASL, Gov., f. 219, n. 751 bis., provides a concrete illustration of merchant capital invested in a mining venture for the excavation of mercury.
54. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 83. The author notes that approximately 2.5 million lire in private capital had been invested in these projects and that an important source of it came from Livorno: "Having need, the capital was not lacking. Wealthy Livorno was near, and the two colonies drew from it powerful assistance."
55. Ibid., pp. 462-463. An excellent discussion of the iron industry can be found in G. Mori, L'industria del ferro in Toscana dalla restaurazione alla fine del granducato (1815-1869) (Turin, 1966). ASL, Gov., f. 219, n. 751 bis., provides a concrete illustration of merchant capital invested in a mining venture for the excavation of mercury.
56. The manifesto of the society is in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35. The organizers of the project were Giovanni Pietro Ulrich, Gino Pacho[Pachò], Luigi Fauguet, and Salvatore Carreras. For a description of the project see Bortolotti, p. 144.
57. Carla Ronchi, I Democratici fiorentini nella rivoluzione del '48-'49 (Florence, n.d.), p. 40, indicates that of the more than twenty societies established in the approximately ten-year period after 1835, only a few had prospered. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [1846]: 26) noted the importance of investments in the Maremma and the long-term nature of the returns: "Investments in these undertakings can be rendered profitable to sons and grandsons only; and whoever seek to realize immediate profits, must betake themselves to other objects of investment."
58. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana. Repertorio dei Libri d'Oro .
59. Ibid., f. 125. Copialettere Nobilta[Nobiltà] e Cittadinanza: 24 November 1814.
58. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana. Repertorio dei Libri d'Oro .
59. Ibid., f. 125. Copialettere Nobilta[Nobiltà] e Cittadinanza: 24 November 1814.
60. ASL, Comunita[Comunità] . f. 53. Deliberazioni Magistrali per la Comunita[Comunità]: Livorno, 30 July 1818.
61. The following are some of the more summary justifications:
Bartolomei—"one of Livorno's richest families in terms of real property"; Cipriani—"a rich patrimony in real property"; Coppi—"a large patrimony in real property. . . joins to his wealth extensive cognition"; Danti—''united in matrimony to a noble Pisan, and he is the wealthiest landowner in Livorno"; Papanti—"his wife is the daughter of a Cavaliere di Santo Stefano. He possesses a wealthy patrimony in real property, as a Livornese citizen he has filled diverse civic offices in a praiseworthy manner, and he has a great deal of talent''; Rodriguez—"he has a reasonable patrimony. . . Livornese citizenship. . . and several of his forefathers who died without descendants were justly accorded noble status."
62. See n. 61.
63. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 28 August to the Avvocato Regio.
64. Ibid.
63. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 28 August to the Avvocato Regio.
64. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
69. ASL. Gov ., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 13 March to the Avvocato Regio.
70. Ibid., f. 249, n. 199. Aff. Div., 1846. Livorno, 28 March: Auditor to the governor.
71. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 31 October to the governor of Siena.
69. ASL. Gov ., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 13 March to the Avvocato Regio.
70. Ibid., f. 249, n. 199. Aff. Div., 1846. Livorno, 28 March: Auditor to the governor.
71. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 31 October to the governor of Siena.
69. ASL. Gov ., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 13 March to the Avvocato Regio.
70. Ibid., f. 249, n. 199. Aff. Div., 1846. Livorno, 28 March: Auditor to the governor.
71. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 31 October to the governor of Siena.
72. Florence, 1833-1846.
73. This correspondence between Mayer and Repetti is uncataloged in the ms. collection of the Biblioteca Labronica. Mayer's communication is dated 13 March 1838.
74. Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici ; Giuliano Ricci, 'Livorno," GAT 11 (1837): 101-16.
75. Serristori, pp. 3-4.
76. Giuliano Ricci, "Livorno," p. 113.
77. Benjamin Franklin ecrites[écrites] par lui-meme[lui-même]: traduction nouvelle (Paris, 1828). La strada di far fortuna o la scienza del buon'uomo Riccardo, trans. G. Fantoni (Bologna, 1801). The definitive study of this material remains Antonio Pace, Benjamin Franklin and Italy (Philadelphia, 1958). Pp. 222-224, from which I have drawn heavily, deal specifically with the propagation of Franklin's writings in Livorno.
78. Indicatore livornese 1, nos. 8, 9, 10, 14.
79. See L. Cambini, L'Indicatore livornese (Milan-Rome-Naples,
1925) and Raffaella Abenicar, "La Formazione Politico-Culturale di F. D. Guerrazzi" (Tesi di Laurea, Universita[Università] degli Studi di Firenze, Facolta[Facoltà] di Magistero, 1972), pp. 4-6.
80. The articles were signed only with a "Z." The author was identified by Cambini, p. 79. See also C. Carocci, Prose e poesie di Sansone Uzielli (Florence, 1899).
81. Temistocle Pergola, Memoria ai miei amici (Livorno, 1861), pp. 4-6.
82. Renato Treves, La Dottrina sansimonisma nel pensiero italiano del Risorgimento (Turin, 1931), pp. 7, 25.
83. Abenicar, p. 10. On the diffusion of the doctrines see D. Levi, "Prima fase del socialismo in Italia. Il Sansimonismo," Nuova Antologia 11 (June 1897): 434. On G. P. Vieusseux and the Corresponding Society see Raffaele Ciampini, Gian Pietro Vieusseux, i suoi viaggi, i suoi giornali, i suoi amici (Turin, 1953); Paolo Prunas, L'Antologia di Gian Pietro Vieusseux: Storia di una rivista italiana (Rome, 1906); Lambruschini, Elogi e biografie (Florence, 1872); and Ettore Passerin, "G. P. Vieusseux, lo spirito ginevrino e i moderati toscani," Nuova Rivista storica 30 (1954): 389-401.
84. Treves, pp. 25, 27.
85. Ibid., p. 30.
86. Ibid., and Giuseppe Montanelli, Memorie sull'Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana dal 1814 al 1850 (Florence, 1963), p. 44.
84. Treves, pp. 25, 27.
85. Ibid., p. 30.
86. Ibid., and Giuseppe Montanelli, Memorie sull'Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana dal 1814 al 1850 (Florence, 1963), p. 44.
84. Treves, pp. 25, 27.
85. Ibid., p. 30.
86. Ibid., and Giuseppe Montanelli, Memorie sull'Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana dal 1814 al 1850 (Florence, 1963), p. 44.
87. Among the direct adherents to the new sect, Treves (p. 30) noted Enrico Mayer and Vincenzo Malenchini.
88. Cosimo Ridolfi, "Dell'influenza dello spirito d'associazione negli stabilimenti di pubblica beneficenza," AGA 3 (1828): 378-389.
89. Giuliano Ricci, "Sui caratteri generali dell'industria in Toscana," GAT 12 (1838): 283-297; idem, "Delle condizioni generali dell'agricoltura toscana," ibid., 365-381.
90. B. Levantini-Pieroni, ed., Scritti editi e postumi di Carlo Bini reintegrati sui manoscritti originali e notevolmente accresciuti (Florence, 1869), cited by Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti, p. 31.
91. Rosolino Guastalla, ed., Note autobiografiche e poema di F. D. Guerrazzi (Florence, 1899), cited in Badaloni, p. 33.
92. G. Vivoli, Ms, "L'Accrescimento progressivo," 1: 218, 222, and 2: n. 387; Carlo Giorgio Ciappei, "Intorno alle origini ed agli statuti dell'Accademia Labronica," La Rivista di Livorno 1 (April 1926): 216-221.
93. BLL, Carte Ricci, no. 10: "Pagine Sparse—Associazioni di vario genere esistenti." On the suspension of activity, Giuliamo Ricci remarked: "[It] suspends its meetings in 1829 for a variety of reasons,
of which the principal is the antipathy between the old and young members . . . and the opposition of the old members to the admission of new ones" (the recommendation of the governor for the reopening of the academy is in ASL, Gov., f. 1021. Copialettere governatore, 1837:6 May to the president of the Buon Governo).
94. The address was delivered on 6 May 1838 and is contained in the acts of the academy. BLL, uncataloged ms. collection. See also "Estratto dal diario delle adunanze scientifiche dell'Accademia Labronica, Livorno, 6 Maggio 1838," GAT 12 (1838): 279-293.
95. F. S. Orlandini, "Accademia Labronica. Adunanza solenne del 6 Maggio 1838," GAT 12 (1838): 272-283.
96. A discussion of the session in BNF, Carteggio Vieusseux, A76/ 20, 15 June 1838: Orlandini to Vieusseux. The paper of Ricci is published in the GAT (see n. 93), the presentation of Lattini is in the Acts of the academy, and that of Bastogi has not been traced.
97. Ibid., A76/35, 22 April 1839: Orlandini to Vieusseux. Remarked on a session of the academy "to bang your head on the wall!" and closed: "dear Vieusseux, believe me, this academy is irretrievably juvenile, and not only I am saying it but so is the sanest part of the city."
98. Ibid., A76/99, 1 February 1843: Orlandini to Vieusseux.
96. A discussion of the session in BNF, Carteggio Vieusseux, A76/ 20, 15 June 1838: Orlandini to Vieusseux. The paper of Ricci is published in the GAT (see n. 93), the presentation of Lattini is in the Acts of the academy, and that of Bastogi has not been traced.
97. Ibid., A76/35, 22 April 1839: Orlandini to Vieusseux. Remarked on a session of the academy "to bang your head on the wall!" and closed: "dear Vieusseux, believe me, this academy is irretrievably juvenile, and not only I am saying it but so is the sanest part of the city."
98. Ibid., A76/99, 1 February 1843: Orlandini to Vieusseux.
96. A discussion of the session in BNF, Carteggio Vieusseux, A76/ 20, 15 June 1838: Orlandini to Vieusseux. The paper of Ricci is published in the GAT (see n. 93), the presentation of Lattini is in the Acts of the academy, and that of Bastogi has not been traced.
97. Ibid., A76/35, 22 April 1839: Orlandini to Vieusseux. Remarked on a session of the academy "to bang your head on the wall!" and closed: "dear Vieusseux, believe me, this academy is irretrievably juvenile, and not only I am saying it but so is the sanest part of the city."
98. Ibid., A76/99, 1 February 1843: Orlandini to Vieusseux.
99. On this theme see in particular Ezio Barsanti, "Il Consiglio del Commercio di Livorno," Liburni civitas 9 (1931): 17-192, and Rodolfo Misul, Le Arti florentine decadenza e soppressione: Le Camere di Commercio origine-modificazioni (Florence, 1904).
100. Barsanti, 182. The author also reports that when Gian Gastone, the last Medici grand duke, asked whether the merchant community would welcome the reestablishment of a council of commerce, he received a negative response that was overwhelming, "above all for the suspicions and jealousies that divide the merchants of the various nations, including the Jewish."
101. See in particular the comments of Francesco Maria Gianni, one of the principal eighteenth-century Tuscan reformers, in Scritti di pubblica economia, storico-economici e storico-politici (Florence, 1848-1849), 2: 298, 313.
102. Barsanti, 184-87.
103. The provisions of the Regolamento are reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815.
104. Ibid., article 27, pts. 103.
105. Ibid., articles 30, 32, 34-36.
103. The provisions of the Regolamento are reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815.
104. Ibid., article 27, pts. 103.
105. Ibid., articles 30, 32, 34-36.
103. The provisions of the Regolamento are reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815.
104. Ibid., article 27, pts. 103.
105. Ibid., articles 30, 32, 34-36.
106. See the remarks of the secretary of finance, Frullani, in his memorial of 30 November 1818 in ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, b. 8.
107. See chapter 4.
108. The role of the chamber of commerce as the legal representative of the merchant community was a controversial subject. In response to a report of the administrative office of the Royal Revenues (13 June 1840) which had labeled the chamber of commerce of Livorno "a purely consultative body without representative capacity or a mandate to contract obligations in the name of commerce itself," the governor of Livorno, Neri Corsini, remarked (4 August 1840) that "this chamber had always been the organ of the votes [ voti ] and requests of the merchants, and this for very long custom," and for that reason, ''the tassa di commercio must be regarded as the offering of the legal representatives of the merchant community [ corpo dei negozianti ] in Livorno." Both reports are in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. For the specific functions of the chamber of commerce in the administration of the tassa, see articles 6 and 8 of the notification of 24 July 1834 ( Bandi e Ordini, 1834, n. 43).
109. See the Regolamento pei facchini di manovella e pei facchini di sacco, approved 7 October 1847. Article 27 stated: "The company will be wholly dependent on the chamber of commerce and must observe all the provisions and regulations that it promulgates, pending, as needed, the approval of the central government."
110. For the tassa di commercio see chapter 4; for the dockworkers, chapter 7.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
115. ASL, Gov., f. 111. Aff. Div., 1819. Florence, 6 January: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.
116. Ibid., and article 11 of the Regolamento of 8 September 1815.
115. ASL, Gov., f. 111. Aff. Div., 1819. Florence, 6 January: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.
116. Ibid., and article 11 of the Regolamento of 8 September 1815.
117. These important lists of merchants enjoying the fido may be found in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20.
118. Regolamento, articles 9, 10.
119. See, for example, ASL. Gov., f. 111. Aff. Div., 1919. Florence, 6 January 1819: Frullani to the governor of Livorno for the way in which the selection passes through the various stages and results in the selection of the top candidates proposed by the chamber of commerce. A comparison of the annual lists of candidates recommended by the chamber with the deputies finally selected will confirm the practice.