1. For a recent study of sectarian Methodism in diverse regional contexts, see Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters .

2. For a comparison of pre-Victorian Nonconformist and Methodist growth, see Currie et al., Churches and Churchgoers , and Gilbert, Religion and Society , p. 120.

3. On the sect-denomination dichotomy, see B. R. Wilson, "An Analysis of Sect Development," in Wilson, ed., Patterns of Sectarianism ; Gilbert, Religion and Society , pp. 140-149, and Currie et al., Churches and Churchgoers , pp. 60, 92-93.

4. David Martin, A General Theory of Secutarization (Oxford, 1978), p. 20; cf. Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society , pp. 178-179.

5. See chap. 8 for a study of the Nailsworth Society of Friends.

6. See chap. 9 for a case study of the Shortwood Baptist Church in the nineteenth century.

7. For the model and its application to this study, see chaps. 1 and 2; for the pattern of cooperation, see chap. 4, section on Dissent and the composition of lordship.

8. Glos. Colln. M10073; Revd. M. Rudkin, The History of Horsley (Stroud, 1884), p. 27.

9. Ibid. The Restoration Church, from the outset, showed continuity with its latitudinarian, Cromwellian predecessor; see Patrick Collinson, The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society, 1559-1625 (Oxford, 1985), p. 283.

8. Glos. Colln. M10073; Revd. M. Rudkin, The History of Horsley (Stroud, 1884), p. 27.

9. Ibid. The Restoration Church, from the outset, showed continuity with its latitudinarian, Cromwellian predecessor; see Patrick Collinson, The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society, 1559-1625 (Oxford, 1985), p. 283.

10. BM Add. 33,589ff. 75, 77: Papers Relating to the Supression of Conventicles in the County of Gloucester, 1669-1772.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

10. BM Add. 33,589ff. 75, 77: Papers Relating to the Supression of Conventicles in the County of Gloucester, 1669-1772.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

10. BM Add. 33,589ff. 75, 77: Papers Relating to the Supression of Conventicles in the County of Gloucester, 1669-1772.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

10. BM Add. 33,589ff. 75, 77: Papers Relating to the Supression of Conventicles in the County of Gloucester, 1669-1772.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Rudkin, History of Horsley , p. 27. The "moderation" of Calvinism refers to the theological feat of reconciling the doctrine of Predestination, based on the principle of Election, with the doctrine of Universal redemption.

15. GRO D2595/1, Lower Forest Green Church Book, 1847-1854, Introductory History: Mr. George Fox, ejected from Buckle Church in 1662, had become pastor of a church at Nailsworth soon thereafter; it was this Presbyterian church, referred to by the church book as the "Nailsworth Meeting," that immediately preceded the establishment of the Forest Green Congregationalist Church.

16. Ibid.

15. GRO D2595/1, Lower Forest Green Church Book, 1847-1854, Introductory History: Mr. George Fox, ejected from Buckle Church in 1662, had become pastor of a church at Nailsworth soon thereafter; it was this Presbyterian church, referred to by the church book as the "Nailsworth Meeting," that immediately preceded the establishment of the Forest Green Congregationalist Church.

16. Ibid.

17. See this chapter, section on origins of Dissent.

18. GRO D1460, Thomas Family Papers, Trust Deeds of the Forest Green Congregationlist Church.

19. Ibid., Indenture of Assignment, November, 15, 1688: Conveyance of Property.

18. GRO D1460, Thomas Family Papers, Trust Deeds of the Forest Green Congregationlist Church.

19. Ibid., Indenture of Assignment, November, 15, 1688: Conveyance of Property.

20. GRO D2595/1; Thomas Small of Nailsworth, clothier, and one of the trustees was described in the church book as a "chief leader for many years." He might have become a Dissenter subsequently or remained within the Church of England while continuing to play this role, as did Samuel Sevil in his relationship with the Shortwood Baptists; for Sevil's role, see below.

21. See Charles Russell, A Brief History of the Independent Church at Forest Green, Nailsworth (Nailsworth, 1845, 1912), p. 12.

22. John Walsh, "Moderate Calvinism in the Church of England," unpublished paper; cf. below, n. 40.

23. An account of the riot is given in the Minchinhampton Baptist Church Book, in the possession of Revel. J. Edwards, The Manse, Windmill Road, Minchinhampton; cf. John Walsh, "Methodism and the Mob in the Eighteenth Century," in G. J. Cumming and Derek Baker, eds., Popular Belief and Practices: Studies in Church History , VIII (Oxford, 1972).

24. GRO D1406, Thomas Family Papers, Trust Deeds of the Forest Green Church: March 6, 1720; December 20, 1731; November 20, 1747. Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, trustees were drawn from a middle- and upper-class strata. In 1720, Jeremiah Jones of Avening, gentleman, headed a list of new trustees and was followed by four clothiers and one dyer. In 1731 the trustees consisted of two gentlemen, one maltster, three clothiers, one dyer, and—significantly—one shoemaker. In 1747 the surviving trustees of 1731 conveyed their authority to one clothworker, one tallow chandler, one grocer, one maltster, and one clothier, thereby reversing the positions of the social groups involved in the leadership.

25. No accounts are sufficiently extant to allow for a detailed appraisal of the changing occupational structure of the membership of Forest Green Church or its numerical growth and decline.

26. See chap. 5.

27. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , pp. 19-20.

28. Ibid., p. 21; this was the Revd. Moffat who "openly avowed that he could not baptize infants, on the usual grounds of professed Baptists."

27. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , pp. 19-20.

28. Ibid., p. 21; this was the Revd. Moffat who "openly avowed that he could not baptize infants, on the usual grounds of professed Baptists."

29. Quoted in G. F. Nuttall, Howel Harris, 1714-1773: The Last Enthusiast (Cardiff, 1975), p. 17.

30. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 18.

31. GRO D1406, Thomas Family Papers, Family and Business Correspondence, 1824-1840.

32. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 22.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., p. 23.

35. Ibid., p. 25.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 35.

32. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 22.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., p. 23.

35. Ibid., p. 25.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 35.

32. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 22.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., p. 23.

35. Ibid., p. 25.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 35.

32. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 22.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., p. 23.

35. Ibid., p. 25.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 35.

32. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 22.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., p. 23.

35. Ibid., p. 25.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 35.

32. Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 22.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., p. 23.

35. Ibid., p. 25.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 35.

38. GRO D2424/1. Shortwood Baptist Church Minute Book, 1732-1800, a brief history of the origins of the chapel as recounted by William Harding; henceforth, "Brief History." Cf. Gilbert, Religion and Society , p. 16 and Peter Toon, The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689-1765 (London, 1967).

39. GRO D2424/1, February 12, 1758. A letter to the Western Association of Baptist Churches, recorded in the church book, cites the main doctrines adhered to by the church at this time: "A confession of faith

put forward by our Brethren in the year 1689, especially the doctrine of the Blessed Trinity, Eternal Personal Election, Particular Redemption, Salvation Alone by Christ, Efficacious Grace of God and the Final Perseverance of the Saints."

40. Geoffrey Nuttall, "Calvinism in Free Church History," The Baptist Quarterly , XXII (October 1968): 422; for the differences between moderate and high Calvinism, see idem, "Northamptonshire and the Modern Question: A Turning Point in 18th Century Dissent," Journal of Theological Studies , XVI (1965) and Toon, Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism .

41. GRO D2424/3, Minute Book.

42. Ibid., D2424/3, Shortwood Church Roll, Copy of the Original Trust Deed of the Shortwood Meeting House in the Parish of Horsley, ca. 1768.

43. Ibid., D2424/1, Minute Book, "Brief History."

44. Ibid.

41. GRO D2424/3, Minute Book.

42. Ibid., D2424/3, Shortwood Church Roll, Copy of the Original Trust Deed of the Shortwood Meeting House in the Parish of Horsley, ca. 1768.

43. Ibid., D2424/1, Minute Book, "Brief History."

44. Ibid.

41. GRO D2424/3, Minute Book.

42. Ibid., D2424/3, Shortwood Church Roll, Copy of the Original Trust Deed of the Shortwood Meeting House in the Parish of Horsley, ca. 1768.

43. Ibid., D2424/1, Minute Book, "Brief History."

44. Ibid.

41. GRO D2424/3, Minute Book.

42. Ibid., D2424/3, Shortwood Church Roll, Copy of the Original Trust Deed of the Shortwood Meeting House in the Parish of Horsley, ca. 1768.

43. Ibid., D2424/1, Minute Book, "Brief History."

44. Ibid.

45. J. Thompson, History of Nonconformist Congregations , vol. I, No. 17, MS. 38.7-11, Dr. Williams's Library.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

45. J. Thompson, History of Nonconformist Congregations , vol. I, No. 17, MS. 38.7-11, Dr. Williams's Library.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

45. J. Thompson, History of Nonconformist Congregations , vol. I, No. 17, MS. 38.7-11, Dr. Williams's Library.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

45. J. Thompson, History of Nonconformist Congregations , vol. I, No. 17, MS. 38.7-11, Dr. Williams's Library.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

49. GRO D2424/12, J. Cave, A History of the Shortwood Baptist Church , ca. 1880, MSS, p. 33.

50. Ibid., pp. 48-49.

51. Ibid., D2424/12, Minute book, February 20, 1755.

52. Ibid., D2424/12, Cave, History , p. 61.

49. GRO D2424/12, J. Cave, A History of the Shortwood Baptist Church , ca. 1880, MSS, p. 33.

50. Ibid., pp. 48-49.

51. Ibid., D2424/12, Minute book, February 20, 1755.

52. Ibid., D2424/12, Cave, History , p. 61.

49. GRO D2424/12, J. Cave, A History of the Shortwood Baptist Church , ca. 1880, MSS, p. 33.

50. Ibid., pp. 48-49.

51. Ibid., D2424/12, Minute book, February 20, 1755.

52. Ibid., D2424/12, Cave, History , p. 61.

49. GRO D2424/12, J. Cave, A History of the Shortwood Baptist Church , ca. 1880, MSS, p. 33.

50. Ibid., pp. 48-49.

51. Ibid., D2424/12, Minute book, February 20, 1755.

52. Ibid., D2424/12, Cave, History , p. 61.

53. See chap. 9 (on Shortwood Baptists).

54. See Benjamin Francis, "An Elegy on the Death of the Rev. George Whitefield," unpublished MSS, ca. 1770, a poem eulogizing Whitefield. Calvinism was moderated along evangelical lines from within the Baptist community as well, principally through Andrew Fuller, who seems to have had a direct influence on Shortwood; see E. F. Clipsham, "Andrew Fuller and Fullerism," Baptist Quarterly , XX (1963).

55. Quoted in G. F. Nuttall, "Questions and Answers: An 18th Century English Correspondence," Baptist Quarterly , XXXVI (1977).

56. GRO D2424/3, Copy of the Original Deed of Trust of a Meeting House at Shortwood in the Parish of Horsley in the Country of Glos.

57. See Christopher Hill, Century of Revolution (New York, 1961), p. 168.

58. GRO D2424/20, "Francis and Flint Mss. Family History," app. F.

59. Ibid.

58. GRO D2424/20, "Francis and Flint Mss. Family History," app. F.

59. Ibid.

60. Thompson, History of Nonconformist Congregations , MS. 38.7-11, II: Gloucestershire.

61. GRO D2424/1, Shortwood Church Book, 1732-1800.

62. Thompson, History , MS. 38.7-11, II: Gloucestershire.

63. GRO D2424/20, "Francis and Flint," II: 14.

64. Ibid., p. 60.

63. GRO D2424/20, "Francis and Flint," II: 14.

64. Ibid., p. 60.

65. For discussions of the correlation between universalism and enthusiasm, see Semmel, Methodist Revolution and Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters .

66. GRO D2424/20, "Francis and Flint," II: 61.

67. Ibid., p. 64.

68. Ibid., p. 27.

66. GRO D2424/20, "Francis and Flint," II: 61.

67. Ibid., p. 64.

68. Ibid., p. 27.

66. GRO D2424/20, "Francis and Flint," II: 61.

67. Ibid., p. 64.

68. Ibid., p. 27.

69. See "The Trial of William Winterbotham, Asst. Preacher at Howe's Lane Meeting, Devon 25 & 26 July 1793 for Seditious Words," Dr. William's Library, PP17.7.29(6). The Government brought fourteen counts against him.

70. Smythe, Chronicles of Sbortwood p. 80.

71. Glos. Jnl ., 14 September 1839, "A New Meeting House at Short-wood."

72. GRO D2219/6/6, Nailsworth Episcopal Chapel Minute Book, Copy of Building Subscription List (1794).

73. BM Add. 34,571, f. 457: Letter from D. Ricardo, [II], to Revd. P. Bliss, May 5, 1835.

74. Ibid.

75. Ibid.

73. BM Add. 34,571, f. 457: Letter from D. Ricardo, [II], to Revd. P. Bliss, May 5, 1835.

74. Ibid.

75. Ibid.

73. BM Add. 34,571, f. 457: Letter from D. Ricardo, [II], to Revd. P. Bliss, May 5, 1835.

74. Ibid.

75. Ibid.

76. Glos. Jnl ., 1 September 1823: "New Churches." "Since the previous year ten new churches were completed and nine more were consecrated." The number already built "can afford accommodation to 7,116 persons in pews and 14,399 in free seats." Forty-four were in the progress of being built, twelve of which were due to be completed in 1824: "The whole will be capable of affording accommodation to 34,563 in pews and 39,842 in free seats." Plans for churches and chapels in nine parishes were approved, and plans for the creation of sixteen new churches "are now before the board of commissioners. Altogether, 68,442 persons in pews and 82,105 in free seats will be accommodated.'' Gilbert, Religion and Society , p. 27 has characterized these efforts as "minimal." Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society , pp. 176-178, however, offers a more positive evaluation for South Lindsey, at any rate for the period after 1825.

77. Glos. Colln. JR4.3, A Charge to the Clergy of the Diocese of Gloucester, 1825.

78. Ibid., J4.57, A Charge to the Clergy of the Diocese of Gloucester, 1832.

77. Glos. Colln. JR4.3, A Charge to the Clergy of the Diocese of Gloucester, 1825.

78. Ibid., J4.57, A Charge to the Clergy of the Diocese of Gloucester, 1832.

79. GRO GDR A2/1-2, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

80. Ibid., GDR A2/2-3, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

81. Ibid., GDR A2/4-5, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

82. Ibid.

79. GRO GDR A2/1-2, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

80. Ibid., GDR A2/2-3, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

81. Ibid., GDR A2/4-5, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

82. Ibid.

79. GRO GDR A2/1-2, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

80. Ibid., GDR A2/2-3, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

81. Ibid., GDR A2/4-5, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

82. Ibid.

79. GRO GDR A2/1-2, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

80. Ibid., GDR A2/2-3, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

81. Ibid., GDR A2/4-5, Gloucester Diocesean Book, Survey of Livings.

82. Ibid.

83. GRO P217 CW 2/3, Pews: Sales and Exchanges, 1789-1852.

84. Glos. Jnl ., 10 September 1836.

85. Ibid. Its dimensions were 45 feet by 40 feet by 13 feet high.

84. Glos. Jnl ., 10 September 1836.

85. Ibid. Its dimensions were 45 feet by 40 feet by 13 feet high.

86. Glos. Jnl ., 19 July 1837, "Horsley Church."

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid., 7 April 1838; a sum of £500 was contributed by the Diocesan Church Building Society.

90. Ibid., 19 October 1833.

91. Ibid., 12 September 1835.

86. Glos. Jnl ., 19 July 1837, "Horsley Church."

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid., 7 April 1838; a sum of £500 was contributed by the Diocesan Church Building Society.

90. Ibid., 19 October 1833.

91. Ibid., 12 September 1835.

86. Glos. Jnl ., 19 July 1837, "Horsley Church."

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid., 7 April 1838; a sum of £500 was contributed by the Diocesan Church Building Society.

90. Ibid., 19 October 1833.

91. Ibid., 12 September 1835.

86. Glos. Jnl ., 19 July 1837, "Horsley Church."

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid., 7 April 1838; a sum of £500 was contributed by the Diocesan Church Building Society.

90. Ibid., 19 October 1833.

91. Ibid., 12 September 1835.

86. Glos. Jnl ., 19 July 1837, "Horsley Church."

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid., 7 April 1838; a sum of £500 was contributed by the Diocesan Church Building Society.

90. Ibid., 19 October 1833.

91. Ibid., 12 September 1835.

86. Glos. Jnl ., 19 July 1837, "Horsley Church."

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid., 7 April 1838; a sum of £500 was contributed by the Diocesan Church Building Society.

90. Ibid., 19 October 1833.

91. Ibid., 12 September 1835.

92. See Nuttall, Howel Harris , pp. 38-57; ecumenicism, too, was a chief feature of denominationalism.

93. BM Add. 40420, f. 180-185, Peel Papers, Papers Relating to the Dissenters's Marriage Bill, 1834/35.

94. Ibid.

95. Ibid.

93. BM Add. 40420, f. 180-185, Peel Papers, Papers Relating to the Dissenters's Marriage Bill, 1834/35.

94. Ibid.

95. Ibid.

93. BM Add. 40420, f. 180-185, Peel Papers, Papers Relating to the Dissenters's Marriage Bill, 1834/35.

94. Ibid.

95. Ibid.

96. VCH Glos ., XI: 215.

97. PRO Religious Census Returns, Home Office 129/338/7/1/2.

98. Ibid., Home Office 129/3387/1/7 and 129/338/7/1/4 and 6, for the Shortwood Baptist and Forest Green Churches, respectively.

97. PRO Religious Census Returns, Home Office 129/338/7/1/2.

98. Ibid., Home Office 129/3387/1/7 and 129/338/7/1/4 and 6, for the Shortwood Baptist and Forest Green Churches, respectively.

99. See Russell, History of the Forest Green Church , p. 13; also Joseph Ivimey, History of the English Baptists , IV (London, 1811-1830): 479.

100. See chap. 9.