10. Chatterjee, The Nation , 6.

11. Lêdo Ivo, "Acontecimento do sonêto" (1949), from Acontecimento do sonêto (Rio de Janeiro, 1965), 10.

12. François Xavier Guerra argues that Spanish American countries "belong in their own right—at least in terms of their elites' origins and culture—within a European cultural area. Countries which were among the first within this cultural area to set up modern political regimes." F. X. Guerra, "The Spanish-American Tradition of Representation and Its European Roots," Journal of Latin American Studies 26 (1994):1.