Conclusion Family and Frontier at Independence
1. Leslie Bethell, " The Independence of Brazil," in The Cambridge History of Latin America , 3:157-196, ed. Leslie Bethell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 170.
2. Bethell, "The Independence of Brazil"; A. H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal , 2d ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 455-457.
3. Bethell, "The Independence of Brazil," 180-183; Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal , 429-430, 458-459.
4. Richard M. Morse, From Community to Metropolis: A Biography of São Paulo, Brazil (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1958), 45-58.
5. Raymundo Faoro, Os donos do poder: Formaão do patronato político brasileiro , 2 vols., 5th ed. (Porto Alegre: Editôra Globo, 1979), 1:139-240.
6. Faoro, Os donos do poder , 1:221-234; Fernando A. Novais, Portugal e
Brasil na crise do antigo sistema colonial ( 1777-1808 ) (São Paulo: Editôra Hucitec, 1979).
7. In Os donos do poder , Faoro argues that the bandeirantes were agents of imperial policy and control; see vol. 1:146-165.
8. Heloisa Liberalli Bellotto, Autoridade e conflito no Brasil colonial: O governo do Morgado de Mateus em São Paulo ( 1765-1775 ) (São Paulo: Conselho Estadual de Artes e Ciências Humanas, 1979), 251-261.
9. Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves [Casa-Grande & Senzala]: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization , trans. Samuel Putnam, 2d ed. rev. (New York: Knopf, 1966), 26.
10. Emilia Viotti da Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 20-23.
11. See Warren Dean, Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System 1820-1920 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976), and Stanley J. Stein, Vassouras: A Brazilian Coffee County, 1850-1890 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957; repr. New York: Atheneum, 1974), for a clear description of the expansion of coffee in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century.
12. See Katia M. de Queirós Mattoso, To be a Slave in Brazil, 1550-1888 , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986), for a more thorough discussion of the abolition of Brazilian slavery in the nineteenth century.
13. See João José Reis, "Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The African Muslim Uprising in Bahia, 1835" Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1982, 57-123.
14. Costa, The Brazilian Empire , 78-93.