1. For the establishment of this process, see my "Cebel-i Lübnan," 45-56. The Porte tried to avoid calling a formal conference on the appointments of Franko Pasha and Rüstem Pasha (in 1868 and 1873, respectively), though it sought the approval of the ambassadors. In both cases, the ambassadors obliged the Porte to call a formal conference retroactively, after the governors had already taken their positions. Hence the imperial decrees predate the protocols concerning the appointment of these two governors.

2. On these issues, see Carter Findley, Ottoman Civil Officialdom , and "The Acid Test of Ottomanism," in Christians and Jews , ed. Braude and Lewis, vol. 1: 339-368.

3. Khater, 26-27 and 34-35; Tarabain, 15-16; Rustum, Lubnân , 40-41; Kamal S. Salibi, "Dâwûd Pasha," in Encyclopaedia of Islam , new ed.; Spagnolo, France , 77, note 4; GG 1013: pp. 27-29 and 35; IRADE-Dahiliye 31822, 8 M 1278; and de Testa, vol. 6: 343-345 and 403. I have not seen P. E. Poghossian's Karapet Artin Pascha Daoud (Vienna, 1949).

4. Khater, 36-37, 40, and 45-46; Rustum, Lubnân , 116; GG 1013: pp. 48-50 and 61-62; IRADE-Dahiliye 40129, 13 S 1285; and Noradounghian, vol. 3: 278. Franko's fourth son died at a young age.

5. Khater, 47-48 and 134-135; Rustum, Lubnân , 153-154; GG 1013: pp. 61-63 and 81; and Noradoughian, vol. 3: 346-347. Compare Spagnolo, France , 136-137.

6. Khater, 139-142 and 149-150; Spagnolo, France , 168-169 and 206 n. 15; GG 1013: pp. 80-87; and Noradounghian, vol. 4: 314. Also see CL 3/118: nos. 8-16, 17 Haz.-13 Tem. 1320 (June-July 1904).

7. Khater, 151-153, 161, and 175; GG 1013: pp. 99-109 and 153; CL 1/20: nos. 27-33; YEE: 30/2199/51/78; and Noradounghian, vol. 4: 508 and 547-548. Compare Spagnolo, France , 191, who says that Naum was Armenian Catholic.

8. See al-Mallah, 73-80 and 405-406; Spagnolo, France , 222 and 229; Khater, 162 and 175; CL 3/113: nos. 1-31; GG 1013: p. 154; YEE: 30/2199/51/78; and Noradounghian, vol. 4: 599-600. Also see the documents mentioned in Chapter 3, note 42.

9. Khater, 179, 185, and 188-189; GG 1013: pp. 160-161; and Spagnolo, France , 236.

10. Khater, 190-191 and 201; GG 1013: pp. 163-167; Findley, Otto-

man Civil Officialdom , 271 n. 25; and Spagnolo, France , 285. Khater argues that Ohannes' properties were confiscated during the war; this is improbable.

11. GG 1013: p. 170; Khater, 202-209; al-Hakim, 227, 262, and 292-293; and Fuad Bustani's preface to the 2nd edition of Isma'il Haqqi's book.