Preferred Citation: Chapman, Herrick. State Capitalism and Working-Class Radicalism in the French Aircraft Industry. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c1991 1990. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft9m3nb6g1/


 
Notes

Ten— Toward a Postwar Industrial Order, 1947–1950

1. Henri Ziegler, "Les Technologies avancées vecteur du développment économique: Aéronautique et espace," Bulletin de l'Institut d'histoire du temps présent, supplement no. 6 (1984): 19; Emmanuel Chadeau, "Notes sur les problèmes industriels de l'aéronautique nationale," RHA, no. 3 (1982):47-49.

2. On André Maroselli's career, see L'Air, 20 September 1946 and 5 February 1947.

3. On Marcel Pellenc's career, see Marcel Pellenc, Erreurs et avenir des nationalisations, illustrés par les nationalisations dans l'aéronautique (Paris: Les Echos, 1948), 3-4; and Fédération des Travailleurs de la Métallurgie, L'Aviation française en danger. Les Travailleurs de la métallurgie accusent  . . . (Paris, 1948): 14-15.

4. Pellenc, Rapport, 91.

5. Ministre de l'Air à Monsieur le Président, 23 May 1947, no. 752, AN F60 692.

6. On the Renault strike and the dismissal of Communist ministers from the government, see Philippe Fallachon, "Les Grèves de la Régie Renault en 1947," MS 81 (October-December 1972): 111-42; Fauvet, Histoire du Parti communiste français, 2:191-201; George Ross, Workers and Communists, 44-51; Alexander Werth, France, 1940-1955 (London: Robert Hale, 1957), 348-56.

7. On plans for reducing the work force, see Procès-verbal de la réunion tenue le 24 juillet 1947, la Présidence du Conseil, au sujet de la réduction des effectifs des industries aéronautiques, AN F60 692. For Ramadier and Schuman urging Maroselli to proceed with cutbacks, see Président du Conseil à Monsieur continue

le Ministre de l'Air, 28 July 1947, and Ministre des Finances à Monsieur le Ministre de l'Air, 29 July 1947, AN F60 692.

8. Contrôleur d'Etat des SNCA à M. le Ministre de l'Economie Nationale, 3 October 1947, AN F60 692.

9. Robert Schuman, Ministre des Finances, à M. le Ministre de l'Economie Nationale, M. de la Production Industrielle, M. de l'Air, Commissaire Général au Plan, 29 July 1947, AEF B1406; Rapport sur la Société Nationale des Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre; SNCAC à M. le Ministre de l'Air, M. le Ministre de l'Economie Nationale, M. le Ministre des Finances, 13 August 1947; Note pour le service des affaires générales au sujet de la situation financière des entreprises aéronautiques, 12 September 1947; Ministre de l'Economie Nationale à M. le Président du Conseil, 1 October 1947, AN F 60 692; PV, Présidents des SNCA, 11 October 1947, SHAA Z 11612.

10. Note sur les difficultés des matières premières, AN F60 692.

11. PV, Présidents des SNCA, 23 August 1947, SHAA Z 11612.

12. SNCASE, Direction Générale, 2 September 1947, AN F60 692; PV, Présidents des SNCA, 11 October 1947, SHAA Z 11612.

13. Revue mensuelle, no. 3 (May 1947); Fédération des Travailleurs de la Métallurgie, L'Aviation française en danger .

14. Revue mensuelle, no. 1 (March 1947).

15. Fédération des Travailleurs de la Métallurgie, L'Aviation française en danger, 23.

16. Revue mensuelle, no. 9 (December 1947).

17. On the politics of the Marshall Plan, see John Gimbel, The Origins of the Marshall Plan (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976); Charles S. Maier, "The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth-Century Western Europe," AHR 86, no. 2 (April 1981): 327-52; "The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy after World War II," International Organization 31, no. 4 (Autumn 1977): 25-26; and Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987).

18. See, for example, the cartoon in L'Union des métallurgistes (the new name of L'Union des métaux as of January 1947), April 1948.

19. See the memoranda from Howard Barclay Railey, Civil Air Attaché in Paris, to the Secretary of State, 8 May 1947, 851.796/5-847, National Archives, Washington, D.C., and from Russell S. McClure, Chief of the Transport Section of the U.S. Embassy, Paris, to Walter A. Radius, State Department, Washington, D.C., 6 June 1949 851.796/6-649, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

20. Corrected copy of a telegram from Caffrey to Secretary of State, 17 February 1948, 851.796/2-1748, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

21. Comité de défense de l'Industrie aéronautique de la région bordelaise à Monsieur Ramadier, Président du Conseil, 22 September 1947; Préfet de la Gironde à Monsieur le Président du Conseil, 26 September 1947; Union des Syndicats des Métaux de la Région Bordelaise, Résolution adoptée par les travailleurs de l'aéronautique, AN F60 692.

22. Secrétaire Général, Syndicat des Métaux, Bordeaux, à Monsieur le Président du Conseil, AN F60 692. break

23. Préfet de la Gironde à Monsieur le Président du Conseil, 8 November 1947, AN F60 692.

24. On the strikes of November and December 1947, see Annie Lacroix-Riz, CGT de la libération, 328-62; Ross, Workers and Communists, 52-55; Lorwin, French Labor Movement, 120-29; and Fauvet, Histoire du Parti communiste français, 206-12.

25. A. H. Lovell, "How the French Communists Take Over a Nationalized Industry," memorandum, 2 July 1948, 851.796/7-248, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

26. Union Syndicale des Industries Aéronautiques à Monsieur le Ministre du Travail, 8 December 1947, AN TR 10235.

27. PV, Comité de Direction, Syndicat des Métaux, Toulouse, 10 December 1947.

28. La 'politisation' de la Société Nationale de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 8 Dr 1.

29. Vincent Auriol, Journal du septennat, 1947-1954, 1:652.

30. On work force figures, see Jalabert, Industries aéronautiques et spatiales, 128; and Rapport de Georges Hereil, Conseil Economique, Salembier Papers, carton 20.

31. On the purge, see Revue mensuelle, special number, 24 March 1948; and report on SNECMA to the Finance Committee of the National Assembly, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 8 Dr 2 sdr c, pp. 10-11.

32. Raymond Aron, "Pour une réforme du secteur nationalisé," Le Figaro, 9-10 May 1948.

33. Airgram from Mayer to Secretary of State, 26 March 1948, 851.796/3-2648, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

34. On eliminating production committees and bringing plant committees under closer scrutiny, see the correspondence on the comité d'entreprise at Turboméca, September 1950, AN TR 14040; Rapport au Conseil d'Administration (SNCAC), 20 September 1948, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 13 Dr 4, pp. 14-18, 31; Robert Corsin, comments in "Table ronde des militants CGT"; and interview with Lucien Llabres, former aircraft technician and CGT official, Toulouse, 13 June 1980.

35. Commission Wahl, Enquête à la Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Sud-Est, 25 March 1947, and Enquête à la Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Sud-Ouest, 23 June 1947; Rapport sur la Société Nationale de construction Aéronautique du Centre, AN F60 692, p. 40; interview with Roger Gourbeix, director of social affairs, Aérospatiale, Bourges, 29 February 1980.

36. Henri Jourdain à Monsieur le Président du Conseil, 7 October 1947, AN F60 692; Corsin, comments in "Table ronde des militants CGT."

37. "Les travailleurs de la SNECMA denoncent la 'productivité,'" L'Union des métallurgistes (October 1950), Salembier Papers, carton 19.

38. Jalabert, Industries aéronautiques et spatiales, 129.

39. Chadeau, De Blériot à Dassault, 403-4.

40. U.S. Embassy, Paris, despatch no. 701, 29 July 1949, 851.796/7-2949, National Archives, Washington, D.C. break

41. Jalabert, Industries aéronautiques et spatiales , 128.

42. Report on SNECMA to the Finance Committee of the National Assembly, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 8 Dr 2 sdr c, p. 36.

43. For criticism of the plan, see Marcel Pellenc, Sommes-nous défendus dans les airs? (Paris: Publications du Comité d'Etudes pour le Redressement Economique et Financier, 1951).

44. On the plan, see Loi no. 49-1052 août 1949 relative à la réorganisation des quatre Sociétés Nationales de Construction Aéronautique et de la Société National d'Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation, Project de loi visant à l'adoption d'un programme quinquennal de construction aéronautique, exposé des motifs; and Inter-Avia, no. 1869, 7 January 1950, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 13 Dr 2 sdr a; and Christienne and Lissarrague, History of French Military Aviation , 444, 448.

45. Rapport de Georges Hereil, Conseil Economique, Salembier Papers, carton 20.

46. Adolf Sturmthal, "The Structure of Nationalized Enterprises in France," Political Science Quarterly 67 (1952): 366-67; Sturmthal, "Nationalization and Workers' Control in Britain and France," Journal of Political Economy 61, no. 1 (February 1953), 60-61.

47. Jules Moch, M. de la Défense Nationale, à M. du Budget, 12 September 1950, AEF B1406.

48. Georges Hereil à Monsieur le Secrétaire d'Etat aux Forces Armées (Air), 1 October 1949; Résumé d'un exposé fait par M. Hereil, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 13 Dr 3; Union Syndicale des Industries Aéronautiques, Cinquantaine , 67-70.

49. Rapport sur la Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Centre, AN F60 692, p. 43.

50. Observations sur le rapport de la commission de réorganisation de l'industrie aéronautique, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 13 Dr 3. Pellenc had also recommended against reducing the number of national companies (Pellenc, Rapport, 118).

51. Quoted in Georges Houard, "Une Incertitude déprimante," Les Ailes , 9 April 1949.

52. Ibid.

51. Quoted in Georges Houard, "Une Incertitude déprimante," Les Ailes , 9 April 1949.

52. Ibid.

53. Georges Vigne, Rapport présenté au nom de la commission du commerce et de l'industrie et de la commission des questions financières et fiscales, Chambre de Commerce de Paris, 19 February 1949; Gérard Ansieau, Rapport présenté au nom de la commission des questions financières et fiscales, et dont les conclusions ont été adoptées par la Chambre de Paris dans sa séance du 17 mars 1948. Archives de la Chambre de Commerce de Paris, III 6-13.

54. Jalabert, Industries aéronautiques et spatiales , 128.

55. Chadeau, De Blériot à Dassault , 399-404.

56. Ibid., 430.

55. Chadeau, De Blériot à Dassault , 399-404.

56. Ibid., 430.

57. Jalabert, Industries aéronautiques et spatiales , 140-46.

58. On the movement of administrators and engineers between the public and private sectors, see ibid., 142, 146.

59. PV, Assemblée Générale, USIA, 16 December 1948.

60. See, for example, Observations de l'Union Syndicale des Industries Aéronautiques et de la Chambre Syndicale des Constructeurs de Moteurs d'Avions sur continue

la note établie par les représentants des Ministères des Forces Armées, de l'Air, des Finances et du Travail, au sujet des appointements du personnel mensuel des Industries Aéronautiques, 7 June 1948, AN TR 10235.

61. Chadeau, De Blériot à Dassault , 404-8.

62. Rapport au Conseil d'Administration de SNCAC, 20 September 1948, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 13 Dr 4, p. 11.

63. André Lunet, "Unité d'action pour le droit au travail," Le Peuple , 7-13 July 1949.

64. About three-fourths of the workers at the Argenteuil plant lived in Argenteuil itself, according to L'Union des métallurgistes , September 1949. Robert Corsin estimates that 70 to 80 percent of the workers at the Gennevilliers plants lived close to their factory as well (Corsin, interview, 27 February 1980).

65. Revue mensuelle , special number, 24 March 1948.

66. Revue mensuelle , special numbers, 24 March, 13 April 1948.

67. Report on SNECMA to the Finance Committee of the National Assembly, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 8 Dr 2 sdr c, pp. 21-23.

68. Semiannual report of the Labor Ministry on strikes in the Paris region, 1948, AN TR 13521.

69. Report on SNECMA to the Finance Committee of the National Assembly, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 8 Dr 2 sdr c, pp. 4-5.

70. Lettre ouverte du Comité de Défense de l'Aéronautique de la SNECMA-Kellermann à Monsieur le Président du Conseil et Messieurs les Ministres des Finances, des Forces Armées, des Transports, et Monsieur le Secrétaire d'Etat aux Forces Armées de l'Air, 31 May 1948, annexe 10 of the report on SNECMA to the Finance Committee of the National Assembly, Daladier Papers, 5 DA 8 Dr 2 sdr c.

71. Projet de loi, no. 4420, Assemblée Nationale, 2 June 1948, AN TR 13647.

72. JO , Débats, Assemblée Nationale, 22-25 June 1948; Maurice Thorez, André Marty, and Charles Tillon, Où en est l'aviation française? (Paris: Editions du Parti Communiste Français, 1948), 18, 54, 58.

73. Henri Potez to M. le Secrétaire d'Etat à l'Air, 19 November 1948, reprinted in Revue mensuelle , special number, 10 December 1948.

74. Revue mensuelle , special number, 10 December 1948.

75. Revue mensuelle , no. 18 (December 1948).

76. Semiannual report of the Labor Ministry on strikes in the Paris region, 1949, AN TR 13521.

77. L'Union des métallurgistes , September 1949.

78. Revue mensuelle , special number, 15 September 1949.

79. Few workers at the SNCASO plants in Bordeaux, Saint-Nazaire, and Bouguenais, for example, participated in the strikes of November 1947 (PV, Conseil d'Administration, SNCASO, 22 December 1947). Moreover, in 1948 and 1949 FO made significant gains in délégué elections in aviation in Bordeaux, Toulouse, and Nantes ( La Métallurgie syndicaliste , July 1948, August 1949).

80. PV, Conseil d'Administration, SNCASE, 22 December 1948.

81. See reports on wage conflicts in the aircraft industry, AN TR 10235 and 13521.

82. PV, Conseil d'Administration, SNCASO, 28 January 1950. break

83. PV, Conseil d'Administration, SNCASE, 22 September 1948.

84. La Métallurgie syndicaliste , June 1948, July 1948; PV, Conseil de Direction, Syndicat des Métaux, Toulouse, 11 June 1951.

85. On trade union rivalries in the white-collar ranks of the industry in the 1960s, see Marc Maurice, Colette Monteil, Roland Guillon, and Jacqueline Gaulon, Cadres et l'entreprise: Etude sociologique des rapports entre profession et organisation parmi les cadres, les ingénieurs et les techniciens de l'industrie aéronautique (Paris: Institut des Sciences Sociales du Travail, Université de Paris, 1967), 255-331.

86. Lorwin, French Labor Movement , 177.

87. Val R. Lorwin, "The Struggle for Control of the French Trade-Union Movement, 1945-1949," in Modern France: Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics , ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 207-9, 211-18.

88. G. Montane, Secrétaire G.S.E. (aviation de la SNCASE) au camarade Daniel Mayer, Ministre du Travail, 13 March 1948, AN TR 10235.

89. See the correspondence on SNCASO layoffs in Bordeaux in the autumn of 1947, AN F60 692.

90. Revue mensuelle , no. 17 (November 1948).

91. Thorez, Marty, and Tillon, Où en est l'aviation française? 13.

92. L'Union des métallurgistes , May 1950.

93. La Métallurgie syndicaliste , June, July 1948; PV, Conseil de Direction, Syndicat des Métaux, Toulouse, 11 June 1951. At SNECMA in Paris the CGT increased its control over the committee in 1949, winning sixteen of twenty seats on the Comité Central d'Entreprise, up from fourteen the year before; FO delegates held the remaining seats ( Revue mensuelle , no. 20 [June 1949]).

94. Lorwin, French Labor Movement , 131-33.

95. On the preservation of wage hierarchies in aviation and other metalworking industries, see Charles Savouillan, "Quelques problèmes posés par la hiérarchie des salaires" (Report presented at the 23e Congrès Fédéral, Fédération des Syndicats de la Métallurgie [CFTC], 11-14 July 1948).

96. Gérard Desseigne, L'Evolution des structures de l'emploi dans l'industrie aérospatiale française (Paris: Editions Cujas, 1966), 137.

97. See the sample of wage rates at a variety of metalworking establishments in L'Union des métallurgistes , March, April 1951.

98. Syndicalisme , 31 March 1949.

99. Syndicalisme , 24 June 1948.

100. Quoted in Fédération des Travailleurs de la Métallurgie, Les Comités d'entreprise: Principes d'orientation, d'organisation et de fonctionnement , 2d ed. (Paris: CGT, 1947), 19.

101. See, for example, the campaign against building the British Vampire jet at SNCASE, PV, Conseil d'Administration, SNCASE, 30 May, 18 July 1951. On the burdens of party-dominated unionism, see Ross, Workers and Communists .

102. For a description of this strike, see Andrée Hoyles, Imagination in Power: The Occupation of Factories in France in 1968 (Nottingham: Spokesman Books, 1973), 16-18.

103. For further discussion of the centralization and politicization of labor conflict in postwar France generally, see Peter Lange, George Ross, and Maurizio continue

Vanicelli, Unions, Change and Crisis: French and Italian Union Strategy and the Political Economy, 1945-1980 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), 20-21, 71-72; Marc Maurice and François Sellier, "Societal Analysis of Industrial Relations: A Comparison between France and West Germany," British Journal of Industrial Relations 17, no. 3 (November 1979): 322-36; Maurice, Sellier, and Silvestre, Social Foundations of Industrial Power , 142-43; and François Eyraud, "The Principles of Union Action in the Engineering Industries in Great Britain and France: Towards a New Institutional Analysis of Industrial Relations," British Journal of Industrial Relations , 21, no. 3 (November 1983): 358-76.

104. On the continuing strength of the CGT in shop floor elections into the 1960s, see Desseigne, Evolution , 330.

105. On the importance of state structures and political upheaval in shaping working-class radicalism in the nineteenth century, see Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States , ed. Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zolberg (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); and Bertrand Badie and Pierre Birnbaum, The Sociology of the State , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 77-78.

106. Duncan Gallie argues powerfully for this period as the moment of critical divergence in working-class organizations in Britain and France. See Gallie, Social Inequality and Class Radicalism , 224-51.

107. On the importance of events in the development of worker solidarities, see Charles F. Sabel, Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 17-18, 153.

108. On the government's role in regulating labor relations and conditions of employment in postwar France, see Lorwin, French Labor Movement , chaps. 12-14.

109. On the enduring nature of industrial-relations systems forged in pivotal periods, see Shalev, "Industrial Relations Theory," 29; and Jean-Daniel Reynaud, "Industrial Relations and Political Systems: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Industrial Relations in Western Europe," British Journal of Industrial Relations 18, no. 1 (March 1980): 9-10.

110. Jean-Charles Asselain, "Les Nationalisations, 1944-1945," in L'Histoire: Etudes sur la France de 1939 à nos jours (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1985), 199; Wall, French Communism , 69.

111. On the nationalizations in coal mining, see Darryl Holter, "Mineworkers and Nationalization in France: Insights into Concepts of State Theory," Politics and Society 11, no. 1 (1982): 29-49; Holter, "Politique charbonnière et guerre froide, 1945-1950," MS 130 (January-March 1985): 33-53; and Donald Reid, The Miners of Decazeville: A Genealogy of Deindustrialization (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985). On electricity, see Robert L. Frost, "La Technocratie au pouvoir . . . avec le consentement des syndicats: La Technologie, les syndicats et la direction à l'Electricité de France (1946-1968)," MS 130 (January-March 1985): 81-96; Frost, "Alternating Currents: Technocratic Power and Workers' Resistance at Electricité de France, 1946-1970" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1983); and Jean-François Picard, Alain Beltran, and Martine Bungener, Histories de l'EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours (Paris: Dunod, 1985), 23-58. On the railroads, see Maire-Renée Valentin, "Les Grèves des cheminots français au cours de l'année 1947," MS 130 (January- hard

March 1985): 55-80. On Renault, see Patrick Fridenson, "Renault, une régie à la conquête de l'autonomie," in Les Nationalisations de la libération: De l'utopie au compromis , ed. Claire Andrieu, Lucette Le Van, and Antoine Prost (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1987), 279-93; and Fridenson, "La Bataille de la 4 CV Renault," L'Histoire 9 (February 1979): 33-40.

112. For a careful analysis of trade union membership and shop floor elections in the 1950s and 1960s, see Martin A. Shain, "The French Trade Union Movement: Mass Action, Organization and Politics" (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1971), esp. 213-84. On the continuing importance of the public sector, see Alain Touraine, Michel Wieviorka, and François Dubet, The Workers' Movement , trans. Ian Patterson (New York: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge University Press, 1987), 160-64.

113. On state intervention and the process of industrial concentration in British aircraft manufacturing, see K. Hartley, "The Mergers in the UK Aircraft Industry, 1957-60," Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society 69, no. 660 (December 1965): 846-52; Fearon, "British Airframe Industry and the State, 1918-35," 236-51; Malcolm Smith, British Air Strategy between the Wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 248-53. For the contrast between assertive state planning in French aerospace from the 1950s on and British indecisiveness, see M. S. Hochmuth, "Aerospace," in Big Business and the State: Changing Relations in Western Europe , ed. Raymond Vernon (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), 145-69.

114. On limits to nationalization as a means for altering authority relations in British industry, see Sturmthal, "Nationalization and Workers' Control," and Kenneth O. Morgan, "La Politique de nationalisation en Grande-Bretagne," MS 134 (January-March 1986): 37-54.

115. Bryn Jones, "Controlling Production on the Shop Floor: The Role of State Administration and Regulation in the British and American Aerospace Industries," in Shop Floor Bargaining and the State: Historical and Comparative Perspectives , ed. Steven Tolliday and Jonathan Zeitlin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 231-39. See also Sturmthal, "Nationalization and Workers' Control."

116. On labor relations in British aviation, see Jones, "Controlling Production"; T.J. Claydon, "The Development of Trade Unionism among British Automobile and Aircraft Workers, c. 1914-1946" (Ph.D. diss., University of Kent, Canterbury, 1981); Croucher, Engineers at War; Cronin, Labour and Society in Britain , 103-10; and Parker, "British Rearmament 1936-9," 306-43.

117. On the contrast between autonomy in the highest levels of the civil service in Britain and the more political control of ministries in France, see Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front: Government and People, 1936-1986 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 204.

118. On the radical ambitions for nationalization in France in 1945, in contrast to Britain, Italy, West Germany, and Austria, see Claire Andrieu, "La France à gauche de l'Europe," MS 134 (January-March 1986): 131-53. break


Notes
 

Preferred Citation: Chapman, Herrick. State Capitalism and Working-Class Radicalism in the French Aircraft Industry. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c1991 1990. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft9m3nb6g1/