1. Recent studies include Peter Pierson, Philip II of Spain (London, 1975); Geoffrey Parker, Philip II of Spain (London, 1977); Miguel de Ferdinandy, Philipp II (Wiesbaden, 1977); and Robert van Roosbroeck, Filips II, Koning van Spanje, Soeverein der Nederlanden (The Hague, 1983).

2. J. J. W. Verhofstad, De Regering der Nederlanden, 82-107.

3. Ibid., 118-159; AFR, 99-107.

2. J. J. W. Verhofstad, De Regering der Nederlanden, 82-107.

3. Ibid., 118-159; AFR, 99-107.

4. R. Fruin, "Het Voorpsel van de Tachtig-Jarige Oorlog," in his Verspreide Geschriften, 1 (The Hague, 1900), 276-288; Verhofstad, De Regering der Nederlanden, 28-30; and G. Janssens, "De Eertse Jaren van Filips II, 1555-1566," NAGN, 6: 189-190.

5. Margaret of Parma to Philip II, 13 June 1562, in L. P. Gachard, Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche avec Philippe II, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1867-1870), Letter 165.

6. Philip II to Margaret of Parma, 24 August 1559, and Margaret of Parma to Philip, 4 October 1559, in Gachard, Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche, Letters 7, 8. What the King says is, "Je n'entens aucunement dissimuler."

7. The number of Calvinist and Anabaptist communities in Flanders ca. 1560 is graphically represented in S. Groenveld, De Kogel door de Kerk?, 61. For a case study, see Charlie R. Steen, A Chronicle of Conflict: Tournai, 1559-1567 (Utrecht, 1985), 23-26. I am not aware of any official notice of Calvinism in Holland prior to the complaint in Lindanus's 1565 report (see below, note 110) that "Anabaptists and Calvinists are increasing daily."

8. P. Th. van Beuningen, Willem Lindanus als Inquisiteur en Bisschop (Assen, 1966), 43-99; Woltjer, Friesland in Hervormingstijd, 91-97; Margaret of Parma to Philip II, 17 March, 23 April, and 27 August 1560, Gachard, Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche, Letters 29, 40, 60.

9. M. Dierickx, S.J., De Oprichting der Nieuwe Bisdommen in de Nederlanden onder Filips II, 1559-1570 (Antwerp, 1950) = L'Erection des Nouveaux Diocèses aux Pays Bas, 1559-1570 (Brussels, 1967).

10. Dierickx, Oprichting der Nieuwe Bisdommen, 15-37, 45-75, 92. N. M. Sutherland, "William of Orange and the Revolt of the Netherlands: a Missing Dimension," Archiv für Reformationsagechichte 74 (1983): 203-209, argues that Orange's breach with the Netherlands government traces to his fears of a "Catholic crusade," which were revived by formation of the Catholic "triumvirate" in France in March 1561, including the Duke of Guise and the Constable, Anne de Montmorency. She mentions the bishoprics only in passing, and does not cite the work

of Dierickx (above, n. 9), which has led to a scholarly consensus that the bishoprics were indeed the rock of division in the Council of State.

11. Dierickx, Oprichting der Nieuwe Bisdommen, 12-14, 39-40, 161-176; cf. Rogier, Geschiedenis van het Katholicisme, 1: 212-246, 402, 414. Dierickx rather skirts the issue raised by Rogier's contention that most of Philip II's new bishops were "servile." See Fruin, "Voorspel van de Tachtig-Jarige Oorlog," 312-320.

12. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, 1977), 51-54.

13. Ibid., 62-67; John Lothrop Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 3 vols. (New York, 1859), 1: 448-485.

12. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, 1977), 51-54.

13. Ibid., 62-67; John Lothrop Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 3 vols. (New York, 1859), 1: 448-485.

14. RSH, 15 July 1560, 17 January, 10 March 1562, 8 January 1564; See GRK, 3457-3462, the ordinaris bede accounts for the period 1560-1567. Assignations on the ordinaris bede at this time included interest on the renten sold between 1515 and 1533 (about 22,000 pounds), money for warships, and wages for the garrison of Vredenburg castle in Utrecht.

15. Minute by Suys, enclosed with Council of Holland to Margaret of Parma, 23 December 1560 ( HH, 381); Council of Holland to the Council of Finance, with identical letters to Viglius and Margaret of Parma, 6 July 1562 ( HH, 381); Council to Margaret, 5 May 1563 ( HH, 381); and Suys to Viglius, an autograph in Latin, 12 May 1563 (Aud. 1417/11).

16. The one extraordinaris bede granted by the States between 1560 and 1565 was a sale of renten (100,000) in 1565: see below, note 33.

17. For troubles with England, see RSH, 4 July 1560, 11 March 1562, 1 May 1565. Margaret of Parma to the Council of Holland, 23 May 1564 (Aud. 1704/1), Hollanders are not to resort to Emden (East Frisia) to buy English cloth. For problems in the Baltic, see RSH, 24 July 1563, 6 February 1564, 2 May, 14 September, 17 November 1565. Charles E. Hill, Danish Sound Dues and the Command of the Baltic (Durham, 1926), 63-68; Sven Cedergreen Bech, Reformation og Renaissance = Danmarks Historie, ed. John Danstrup, Hal Koch, (Copenhagen, 1963), 6: 364-446.

18. SH, 2343 and 2344, for the two tenth-pennies; the amounts entered as income were 266,593 and 278,855.

19. The Dominican cloister was where the accounts of the Receiver for the Common Land were heard, until the new office was built.

20. RSH, 21 May 1556, 4 May 1557, 17 August 1557, 23-24 June 1558, 28 September 1558, 5 May 1560.

21. RSH, 3 May 1557, 26-28 February, 6, 25 April, 18-19 May, 28 September 1558, 7 April, 14 July 1559, 27 October 1561, 10 March, 19 December 1562. For resistance by the Council of Holland to the

States' summoning themselves to meet, see Council of Holland to the Secret Council, 17 March 1561 ( HH, 381); Margaret of Parma to the Council of Holland, 5 November and 10 December 1562, and the Council to Margaret, 28 November 1562 (Aud. 327).

22. P. A. Meilink, "Remonstrantie van het Hof van Holland en de Rekenkamer nopens de Administratie van de Ontvanger-Generaal A. Coebel en de Staten van Holland," BMHGU 45 (1924): 157-183.

23. Bede figures from GRK, 3417-3434 (for Goudt) and SH, 2277-2288 (for Coebel); Mellink, "Remonstrantie van het Hof van Holland," 164.

24. Sandelijn, 12 December 1555. 6 January 1556; all of the income for this bede was in fact collected by Coebel: see SH, 2283.

25. On Philip II's financial problems at this time, see Modesto Ulloa, La Hacienda Real de Castilla en el Reinado de Felipe II (Madrid, 1977), 759-831. Vere to Savoy, 24 February 1557 (Aud. 325); cf. AVR, 5 June 1557 (Amsterdam is asked for a 50,000- obligatie "to strengthen the credit of his majesty"), and 15 July 1562 (request for a 200,000- obligatie "on the faith and credit" of the States of Holland).

26. Cf. the disquiet caused when Arent van Dale, a well-known Antwerp merchant-banker, purchased a large Holland rente on the secondary market: RSH, 26 February, 29 September 1556.

27. On Gaspar Schetz, see the references in Baelde, De Collaterale Raden, 307-308. For disputes between Schetz and the States of Holland, see RSH, 21 June, 6 October, 2 November 1558, 3 February 1559, 5 March 1560, and AVR, 27 January 1557,

28. RSH, 2 April, 5 May 1560, 27 October 1561, 12 March 1562.

29. One account might show Coebel paying out 38,000 less than he took in, another might show him paying out 66,000 more than he took in; these totals were combined and carried forward without regard to the distinction between beden owed to the prince, and impost and land tax revenue for the debts of the Common Land: cf. SH, 2282, 2294.

30. RSH, 27 July 1559; cf. 3 February 1559, orders to Coebel for the use of 25,000 in cash

31. RSH, 4-5 August 1558, 6-7 September 1559, 17-19 January 1560.

32. AFR, 93-99. When he was looking for investors who would accept conversion of their renten to a lower rate, instead of demanding to have the cash back, Coebel was instructed to try this approach "with rentiers, since they have nothing else to do with their money to make a profit, unlike the merchants" ( RSH, 5 March 1560).

33. SH, 2289 (the sale of renten ), 2304 (impost and land tax account for 1565/1566), and 2344 (tenth penny levied in 1564). The rentenier

was Duke Erich von Braunschweig, currently lord of Woerden in Holland.

34. Meilink, "Remonstrantie van het Hof van Holland," 169.

35. See column 7, "Gratuities," in Table 4, Tracy, "The Financial System of the County of Holland," 115-117.

36. RSH, 10-11 February, 30-31 March, 7-9 April 1559; SH, 2283.

37. RSH, 23-24 February, 4-5 May 1557, 5 March 1560; SH, 2303: 1,200 for Viglius, and 300 each for Philibert de Bruxelles and Albrecht van Loo, the same names and amounts indicated in discussions in the States in 1557. Cf. RSH, 6 June 1561, wine for Viglius.

38. RSH, 6 June 1560, Coebel is to pay for a "glass" given to the President [Suys]. GRK, 3440, under "Mandamenten," payment of 300 pounds to Aert van der Goes for his "services" to the Emperor, according to a payment order dated 30 September 1540.

39. E.g., RSH, 10 June 1558, Coebel is instructed to give his account for the sale of losrenten at 1: 12 to redeem lijfrenten at 1: 16 to Mr. Gerrit Hendrikszoon and the other commissioners, so they can notify the deputies when to meet to close the account. In this account ( SH, 2347), Mr. Gerrit himself is listed as having purchased four renten with a total value of 4,800 pounds.

40. Aud. 1659/3 has extensive correspondence on naval affairs in the early 1550s, between Brussels and Vere and his two deputies, Wackene and Scepper. Occasional letters to and from Vere occur in the folios devoted to correspondence with Holland and Zeeland in 1555-1558, Aud. 325 and 326.

41. For the history of the two branches of the family down to 1554, see Felix Rachfahl, Wilhelm von Oranien und der Niederländische Aufstand, 2 vols. (Halle, 1906-1907), 1: 7-126.

42. Rachfahl, 2: 85-128; Fruin, "Voorspel van de Tachtig-Jarige Oorlog," 318-320.

43. RSH, 27-28 June 1560, AVR, 10 December 1561.

44. On the taxation of Orange's fisheries in south Holland, see RSH, 5-6 May, 1-3 June 1559, 4-9 February 1561, 12 August 1562; on Holland's suit against the three personages, see RSH, 10 April 1557, 19 December 1562.

45. Council of Holland to the Secret Council, 17 December 1562 ( HH, 381).

46. Sandelijn, 5-9 August, 28 October, 25-26 November 1555, 9 May 1556; AVR, 25 September 1556; RSH, 3 January, 11 October 1556, 4 January 1562. "Jacob the land-measurer" was perhaps Jacob van Deventer, whose map of Holland, printed in Abraham Ortelius,

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Antwerp, 1570) shows the Spoeye as the main channel, and Bernis as much narrower.

47. Letters to the Council under Assendelft's leadership are addressed, "To the First Councillor and the Other Councillors," not "To the President and the Council."

48. When Mary of Hungary issued a placard renewing the obligation of military service by the Emperor's vassals, Assendelft declined to give an opinion, lest he incur "the indignation of the nobles here." Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 16 September 1536 (Aud. 1530).

49. F. A. Holleman, Dirk van Assendelft, Schout van Breda, en de Zijnen (Zutfen, 1953), 10-17 239-247; unsigned letter to Mary of Hungary, 25 February 1541, Zeghers's notes on a meeting of the Secret Council on the Assendelft case, at Binche on 18 March, and Mary of Hungary to the Council of Holland, 6 April 1541 (Aud. 1533).

50. Assendelft recommended Suys for promotion to the post of Councillor Ordinary (with salary) to replace Abel van Coulster, instead of the son-in-law to whom Coulster wished to resign his office. Assendelft to Lodewijk van Schore, 19 March 1543 (Aud. 1646:3). Suys got the job.

51. Suys's reply to articles presented by Snouckaert, dated 1 October 1555 (Aud. 1646:2).

52. Assendelft's reply to Snouckaert's charges, 7 December 1555 (Aud. 1646:3). Like Guilleyn Zeghers (see chap. 5), Snouckaert was evidently trusted by Brussels in the sensitive matter of preserving orthodoxy, for it was he whom the Council proposed, in place of the inquisitor Ruard Tapper, for the task of culling the Council's library for forbidden books: Mary of Hungary to the Council of Holland, 22 October 1546, and the Council to Mary, 29 October 1546 (Aud. 1646: 1). Assendelft's letters make no comment on Snouckaert, but show a definite coolness towards Zeghers: he declined to support Zeghers's candidacy for Councillor Ordinary, as well as the candidacy of one of his friends, and made fun of Zeghers for purchasing the right to call himself "lord" of Wassenhove. Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 12 September 1535 (Aud. 1529), 22 February 1539 (Aud. 1531), and 8 February 1540 (Aud. 1528).

53. Van Nierop, Van Ridders tot Regenten, Chapter 2, "Deugd en Afkomst," and Chapter 6, "Ambachtheren en Ambtenaren."

54. Hugo de Schepper, Belgium Nostrum, 1500-1650: Over de Integratie en Desintegratie van het Nederland (Antwerp, 1987).

55. HH, 381, the folder of correspondance between the Council of Holland and the Secret Council. Aud. has five folders of correspon-

dence with Holland for this period, but Aud. 325, covering the period from January through June 1557, is almost entirely occupied with the grain shortage, and Aud. 326-330 (1557-1566) has correspondence on Zeeland and Utrecht as well as Holland (the three provinces had the same Stadtholder). For Suys's Latin letters to Viglius, in an elegant humanist hand, see Suys to Viglius, 6 January 1550 (Aud. 1646:2), and 12 May 1563 (Aud. 1417/11).

56. Paul van Peteghem, "Centralisatie in Vlaanderen onder Karel V," 257-276.

57. Boussu to Savoy, 24 January 1559 (Aud. 326), a complaint that, with both the Stadtholderate and the Presidency of the Council vacant, there was no one in Holland "who dares speak for the service of his majesty, to push [the States] forward." For Suys as commissioner to the States of Holland, see Margaret of Parma to Suys, 10 May 1560 (Aud. 326), 20 June 1560 and 28 December 1560 (Aud. 1704/1), and 23 January 1561 (Aud. 327); Suys to Margaret, 1, 11 January 1561 (Aud. 327). For examples of Assendelft's success as a mediator of disputes within the States, see Assendelft to Mary of Hungary, 5, 15 August 1547 (Aud. 1646:3), and 10, 14 August 1552 (Aud. 1646:3).

58. Baerdes to Viglius, n.d. [probably 1553-1554] (Aud. 1441/1), to Suys, 13 February 1563 (Aud. 328), and to Margaret of Parma, 18 November 1565 (Aud. 329) and 14 January 1566 (Aud. 330).

59. AVR, 4 February 1557; Philip II to the Council and the Council's reply, 30 November 1557 (Aud. 1704/1), 16 December 1557 ( HH, 381); Council to Margaret of Parma, 18 January, 18 February, 9 March 1563, and to the Prince of Orange, 18 February 1563 ( HH, 381); Margaret of Parma to the Council, 24 February 1563 (Aud. 328) and 16 March 1563 (Aud. 1704/1); AVR, 16 February, 5, 6, 8, 16 March. 14 July 1563; Council to Orange, 14 May 1565 (Aud. 329), and Margaret to the Council, 5 September 1565 ( HH, 381).

60. Tracy, "Habsburg Grain Policy and Amsterdam Politics," 314-318.

61. Aud. 326, leaf 49, undated memo in Baerdes's distinctive hand, outlining the four alternatives, and leaves 61-62, copy of Savoy to the Council of Holland, 10 June 1568.

62. Woltjer, "Het Conflikt tussen Willem Baerdes en Hendrik Dirkszoon," 189. On the pursuit of Adriaan van Heemstede of Zierikzee, see Council of Holland to Margaret of Parma, 23 December 1560 ( HH, 381), and 11 January 1561, enclosing a copy of Baerdes's letter to Orange of 22 December (Aud. 327).

63. In 1539 the magistrates of Delft presented the Council of Holland with certain "articles" against Sheriff Jan de Heuter: Gemeentear-

chief Delft, Eerste Afdeling, "Memoriaalboek" of the burgomasters, entries for 11, 15 November 1539. For Sheriff Wouter Bekesteyn's quarrel with the magistrates of Haarlem, see Council of Holland to the Secret Council, 10 January 1550, and to Mary of Hungary, 15 November 1550 (Aud. 1646:2), an unsigned letter to Assendelft, 24 March 1551 (Aud. 1646:3). There were also disputes of this kind in smaller towns like Schoonhoven (Council of Holland to Vere, 18 November 1557, HH, 381) and Medemblik (Council of Holland to the Grand Council of Mechelen, 10 April 1564, HH, 381).

64. Ter Gouw, 4: 279-284, 414-416; Tracy, "Habsburg Grain Policy and Amsterdam Politics."

65. Aud. 1441:3, no. 13, undated memorandum [1554 or 1555] listing Baerdes's complaints against the magistrates; AVR, 6 May, 29 July 1556, 21 October 1557, 9 January, 27 August, 6 October, 3 November, 15 December 1558, 7 February 1560. Woltjer, "Het Conflikt tussen Willem Baerdes en Hendrik Dirkszoon," 190-195.

66. Vere to Philip II, 9 December 1557 (Aud. 325).

67. Council of Holland to Margaret of Parma, 27 September 1559, and to the Secret Council, 19 June 1560, and 27 October 1561 ( HH, 381); Margaret to the Council, 2 January 1562, and the Council to Margaret, 17 April 1562, with a copy of the Council's sentence against Engelbrechtszoon, dated 16 April (Aud. 327; as this letter makes clear, it was episcopal officials in Utrecht who denied permission for the pastor to be tortured); and Council of Holland to the Grand Council of Mechelen, 15 May 1564 ( HH, 381).

68. De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy, 89-90.

69. AVR, 6 April, 5, 7 June, 8, 9, 14 August 1557, 27 March, 12, 23 April 1558; Savoy to Vere, 4 June 1557 (Aud. 325). ASR shows a surplus for every year from 1544 through 1564, ranging from a low of 6,306 for 1549 to a high of 66,798 in 1563. For both 1557 and 1558 the surplus was around 25,000.

70. Brouwer-Ancher, "De Doleantie van een Deel der Burgerij van Amsterdam;" Margaret of Parma to Amsterdam, 29 January 1565, and to the Council of Holland, 3 September 1565 (Aud. 329).

71. On Amsterdam's role in providing warships to protect the returning grain ships during the famine of 1557, see the following from Aud. 325: Council of Holland to Savoy, 18 and 20 February; Amsterdam to the Council, 20 February; Vere to Savoy, 21 February, 3, 15, 17, 29 March, 25, 28 April, 15, 22 May; Savoy to Vere, 12 March, 16 April, 3, 22 May, 4 June; Wackene and Quarré to Savoy, 1 May; and Quarré to Berlaymont, 4 May. See also RSH, 8, 19, 31 March, 13, 16, 27 April, 2-5 May 1557; for the sale of renten, see SH, 2285.

72. Philip II to Margaret of Parma, 15 June 1561, Gachard, Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche, Letter 112; Margaret of Parma to William of Orange, 15 June 1561, G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou Correspondance Inédite de la Maison Orange-Nassau, (Leiden, 1835), 1:109-114.

73. RSH, 15 July, 26 October 1561, 24 July 1563; AVR, 21 March 1561. Elais, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1: 176-177.

74. See above, note 60.

75. Woltjer, "Een Hollands Stadsbestuur in het Midden van de 16e Eeuw;" Tracy, "A Premature Counter-Reformation," 158-159.

76. Names of the Doleanten are given in Brower-Ancher, "De Doleantie van een Deel der Amsterdamse Burgerij," and names of those who paid taxes in 1563 on the roughly one hundred houses on either side of the street are given in Kam, Waar Was dat Huis op Warmoes Straat? By dividing the street arbitrarily in the middle, according to the modern house numbers Kam uses, one obtains the following picture:

77. Christopher Grayson, "The Common Man in the County of Holland, 1560-1572: Politics and Public Order in the Dutch Revolt," BMGN, 95 (1980): 45. The Doleanten were correct in charging the Dirkist government with nepotism in the choice of junior magistrates. See Tracy, "A Premature Counter-Reformation," 160-162.

78. See the references in Van Nierop, Van Ridders tot Regenten, for Niklaas van Assendelft, lord of Assendelft, Arend van Duvenvoirde (d. 1579), lord of Duvenvoirde, and Gijsbrecht van Duvenvoirde, lord of Warmond (d. 1580).

79. Schorl, Het Waddeneiland Callensoog, 67-72, describes the work done in north Holland in the 1550s by the Brabant dikage expert Andries Vierlingh; see also the modern edition of his Tractaet van Dyckagie, ed. J. Hullu, A. G. Verhoeven (The Hague, 1920 = 1 Rijksgeschiedkundige Publicatiën, Kleine Serie, no. 20).

80. Much of Schorl's discussion in Het Waddeneiland Callensoog, 67-130, deals with works relating to the Zijpe in the middle decades of the sixteenth century. RSH, 17 November 1562, presents a request from the tenants of "Heyman van der Ketels land," on the Moerdijk near Lage Zwaluwe.

81. Verhofstad, De Regering der Nederlanden, 74.

82. AVR, 30 June, 31 July 1556.

83. RSH, 6 April, 7, 22 May, 25 June, 29 September, 22 October, 2 December 1563, 9 April 1564, 2 May, 13 July 1565, 30 April 1566. Orange also offered to mediate the quarrel between the States and the Count of Hornes as Admiral of the Netherlands: RSH, 18 July, 2, 5 December 1563, 12 July 1565.

84. Holleman, Dirk van Assendelft, Schout van Breda; Rienk Vermij, " s Konings Stadhouder in Holland, Oranjes Trouw aan Filips II," Utrechtse Historische Cahiers 2/3 (1984): 43: RSH, 14 September 1565; see above, note 44.

85. Margaret of Parma to the Council of Holland, 29 January 1565; AVR, 7 May 1565.

86. RSH, 29 January, 10 February 1564, 2 May, 20 November, 1 December 1565.

87. RSH, 27 January, 15 July 1566; SH, 2305.

88. Vermij, " s Konings Stadhouder in Holland," 40.

89. See Woltjer, Friesland in Hervormingstijd, and De Cavele, Dagraad van de Reformatie in Vlaanderen .

90. Soutelande's complaint to the Stadtholder and the Council, 18 April 1557 (Aud. 1704: 1), and the reply of Haarlem's magistrates, 15 May 1557 (Aud. 1704:2).

91. Savoy to Vere and the Council, 25 September 1557 (Aud. 1704: 1), and to Haarlem, 17 October 1557 (Aud. 1715: 1); Council of Holland to Charles Count of Lalaing [Hoogstraten's nephew], 1 October 1557, and Lalaing to the Council, 17 October 1557 (Aud. 1704: 1).

92. Information on the Oudewater incident is contained in Savoy's letter to Vere and Lalaing's to the Council, cited in note 91.

93. On Coelthuyn's activity in Enkhuizen, see Geraerdt Brandt, Historie der Vermaerde Zee- en Koop-Stadt Enkhuizen, ed. S. Centen (Hoorn, 1740), 107-115.

94. On the ritual element in sixteenth-century popular protest, see Natalie Zemon Davis, "The Rites of Violence," in Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Palo Alto, 1975), 152-187.

95. Savoy to Vere and the Council, 25 September 1557, Council of Holland to Lalaing, 1 October 1557, and Lalaing to the Council, 17 October 1557 (Aud. 1704: 1); Council to Savoy, 20 December 1557, and to Philip II, 10 January 1558 ( HH, 381); copy of Lindanus's 1565 report, with replies by the Council entered in the margin at the appropriate point, under "Enkhuizen" (Aud. 1397:8).

96. Council of Holland to Philip II, 28 March, 30 March, 31 March 1558 (Aud. 1715/1), 11 April 1558, and [January] 1559 ( HH, 381);

Council to Vere, 29 March 1558 ( HH, 381); Boussu and Cruyningen to Philip II, 19 April 1558 (Aud. 326).

97. Margaret of Parma to Suys, 8 July 1564, and Suys to Margaret, 24 July 1564 (Aud. 328).

98. RSH, 19-20 June 1556, 24 February, 16 March 1557, 16-19 September 1558, 17-19 January, 19-20 November 1560. In one of the cases the States sided with Klaas van Berendrecht, Sheriff of Leiden, whose harassment of the Jewish-Christian physician Andries Salomonszoon was being challenged by Salomonszoon before the Grand Council of Mechelen: Jeremy D. Bangs, ''Andries Salomonsz, a Converted 'Rabbi and Doctor' in Leiden (1553-1561),'' Jewish Social Studies 40 (1978): 271-286. At the same time, the States backed Delft in demanding that an inquisitor show his commission from the King before summoning a burgher to The Hague: RSH, 3 July 1557, 9 January 1564.

99. Margaret of Parma to the Council of Holland, and to Suys, both dated 15 July 1562 (Aud. 327); Mellink, Documenta Anabaptistica, 2: nos. 254, 255. Lindanus's report, under "Amsterdam" (Aud. 1397/8).

100. RSH, 17 April 1564.

101. Council of Holland to Philip II, 27 May 1558 ( HH, 381), responding to the King's order that a confessed Anabaptist whom Dordrecht had already put to torture twice be tortured again by the Council: apart from the fact that the Council was busy with other matters, like the recent "tumult" in Rotterdam, "it is also very harsh, begging your majesty's leave, that one should torture for the third time a prisoner who has already been sharply examined twice."

102. Margaret of Parma to the Council of Holland, 15 July 1560 (Aud. 326), and 8 February 1561 (Aud. 327); Rijksarchief van ZuidHolland, HH, no. 138, "Criminele Sententiën," 371 ^v .

103. Council of Holland to Margaret of Parma, 31 March 1561, enclosing a copy of Boschhuysen's letter to the Council, 29 March 1561, and Margaret to the Council, 10 April 1561 (Aud. 1704/1); Council to William of Orange, 28 May 1561 ( HH, 381).

104. Margaret of Parma to the Council of Holland, 29 January 1562 (Aud. 327); Lindanus's report, under Enkhuizen (Aud. 1397/8); Brandt, Historie van Enkhuizen, 121-124 (in December 1562, ten men received light sentences from the city court for their part in this affair).

105. Aud. 328, leaves 198, 214, unsigned reports to Margaret, in French, [June] 1564 and 8 July 1564; HH, no. 138, "Criminele Sententiën," 385.

106. Council of Holland to Margaret of Parma, 15 January 1565, Margaret to the Council, 24 January 1565, and Medemblik to the Council, 12 January 1565 (Aud. 329).

107. Fruin, "Het Proces van Angelus Merula," 257; Nieuwland to Margaret of Parma [March 1564], and Margaret of Parma to Nieuwland, 17 March 1564 (Aud. 328).

108. Van Beuningen, Willem Lindanus als Inquisiteur en Bisschop, 112-131; Lindanus to Margaret of Parma, October 1562, and 10 November 1562, and Margaret to Lindanus, 27 October 1562 (Aud. 327); ? to Suys, 21 February 1563 (Aud. 1704/1).

109. Comment in the first of the anonymous memoranda cited in note 105; Margaret of Parma to the Council of Holland, 31 March 1565, 16, 27 November 1565 (Aud. 329); the Council to Margaret, 6 April, 30 June, 31 July, 3 September 1565 ( HH, 381), and 27 August 1565 (Aud. 329); Margaret to Lindanus, 20 July, and Lindanus to Margaret, 24, 29 July 1565 (Aud. 329).

110. Lindanus's report, with replies by the Council, Aud. 1397/8; on Medemblik, see above, note 106.

111. On Lindanus's report, see Margaret of Parma to Philip II, 12 April 1565, and Philip to Margaret, 13 May 1565, in M. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, J. S. Theissen, Correspondance Française de Marguerite d'Autriche, 3 vols. (Utrecht, 1925-1942), 1: Letters CCCLXXIV, CCCLXXVIII: Council of Holland to Margaret, transmitting its reply to the charges, 17 February 1566 (Aud. 1397/8).

112. J. J. Woltjer, "De Vredemakers," Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 89 (1976): 299-321.