1. James T. Bruce, Bruce W. MacDonald, and Ronald L. Tammen, "Star Wars at the Crossroads: The Strategic Defense Initiative After Five Years" (U.S. Congress, staff report to senators J. Bennett Johnston, Dale Bumpers, and William Proxmire, June 12, 1988, typescript), p. 66.

2. John P. Holdren and F. Bailey Green, "Military Spending, the SDI, and Government Support of Research and Development: Effects on the Economy and the Health of American Science," F.A.S. Public Interest Report 39 (September 1986): 10.

3. Bruce, MacDonald, and Tammen, "Star Wars at the Crossroads," p. 67.

4. John Pike, "Corporate Interests in the SDI," F.A.S. Public Interest Report 40 (April 1987): 3.

5. Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, Report to the Congress on the Strategic Defense Initiative (Washington, D.C.: SDIO, April 1987), chap. 2, p. 14.

6. Ibid., table 7.2

7. Ibid., chap. 4, p. 2.

8. Ibid., chap. 4, p. 3.

9. Ibid.

10. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Ballistic Missile Defense Technologies, OTA-ISC-254 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1985), p. 217.

11. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, SDI: Technology, Survivability and Software, OTA-ISC-353 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1988), p. 24.

12. Ashton B. Carter, "Ballistic Missile Defense Applications: Performance and Limitations," in Ballistic Missile Defense, ed. Ashton B. Carter and David N. Schwartz (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1984), p. 119.

13. William D. Hartung et al., with Jeb Brugman, The Strategic Defense Initiative: Costs, Contractors & Consequences, ed. Alice Tepper Marlin and Paula Lippin (New York: Council on Economic Priorities, 1985), p. 121.

14. Office of the Secretary of Defense, SDIO, "Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space: With Comments," table 13, cited ibid., p. 127.

15. Ashton B. Carter, Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space (background paper prepared under contract for the Office of Technology Assessment [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, April 1984]), p. 130.

16. Hartung et al., Contractors & Consequences, pp. 70-72.

17. Ibid., p. 75.

18. Ibid., pp. 78-80.

19. Ibid., p. 79.

20. Bruce, MacDonald, and Tammen, "Star Wars at the Crossroads," p. 69.

21. Ibid., pp. 69-71.

22. Barry M. Blechman and Victor A. Utgoff, Fiscal and Economic Implications of Strategic Defenses, SAIS Papers in International Affairs no. 12 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview / Foreign Policy Institute [School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University], 1986).

23. Ibid., pp. 145-46.

24. William Loomis, quoted in SDI Monitor 2 (April 6, 1987): 94.

25. George C. Marshall Institute, Report of the Technical Panel on Missile Defense in the 1990s (Washington, D.C.: Marshall Institute, February 1987), p. 3.

26. Ibid., p. 6.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid., pp. 7-8.

29. Ibid., pp. 8-11.

30. Ibid., pp. 10-11.

31. Harold Brown, "Too Much, Too Soon," Arms Control Today 17 (May 1987): 3.

32. Blechman and Utgoff, Implications of Strategic Defenses, p. 60.

33. Ibid., pp. 66-72.

34. R. G. Finke et al., Continuing Issues (FY 1985) Concerning Military Use of the Space Transportation System, IDA Paper P-1889 (Alexandria, Va.: Institute for Defense Analyses, December 1985).

35. Hartung et al., Contractors & Consequences, p. 111.

36. SDIO, Report to Congress, chap. 8, pp. 1-4.

37. Hartung et al., Contractors & Consequences, pp. 93-99. See also Council on Economic Priorities (CEP), Star Wars: The Economic Fallout (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1988), esp. chap. 8, pp. 119-44.

38. CEP, Star Wars, p. 106.

39. Ibid. See also Stewart Nozette and Robert Lawrence Kuhn, eds., Commercializing SDI Technologies (New York: Praeger, 1987), esp. pt. IV, "SDI Technologies and Spin-Offs," pp. 95-170.