1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker: Critical Articles on Matters Pertinent to Society (Madrid, 1762-1767), 4:291.

2. E. and J. Goncourt, Women in the Eighteenth Century (Paris, 1878), 39-40.

3. Mateo Alemán, Guzmán de Alfarache , vol. 3 of Biblíoteca de Autores Españoles (Madrid: Real Academía Española), 554. Henceforth abbreviated BAE and RAE, respectively.

4. C. B. Bourland, "Family Life in Seventeenth-Century Spain," Homage to Menéndez y Pidal (N.p., 1925), 2:349.

5. Jean Francois Bourgoing, Travels in Spain: Contains a New, Accurate & Comprehensive View of the State of that Country to the Year 1806 , Trans. from the French, with engravings (London: Richard Phillips, 1808), 284. All passages from Bourgoing were extracted from this English translation rather than from the original French—Trans.

6. Nipho, Odds and Ends , (Madrid, 1781), 2:60.

7. Luis de León, The Perfect Married Woman , vol. 37 of BAE, 220.

8. Francisco Osuna, A Guide for Different Roles in Society , quoted in Fitzmaurice Kelly, 610.

9. León, 218.

10. Antonio de Guevara, Familiar Letters , quoted in Fitzmaurice Kelly, 601.

11. M. Fernández de Navarrete, On the Stability of Monarchies , Discourse 23 (Madrid, 1626).

12. Bourgoing, 101 and 154.

13. G. Desdevises Du Dézert, Old-Regime Spain (Paris, 1879-1904), 1:164ff.

14. Louis, Duke of Saint Simon, Complete and Authentic Memoirs of Louis XIV and the Regency 2, ch. 16 (Paris, 1856-1858).

15. Leopoldo Augusto Cueto y Ortega, Marquis of Valmar, Literary History of Spanish Poetry in the Eighteenth Century (Madrid, 1893), 1.271. break

16. Nipho, Odds and Ends 2:202.

17. Juan Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury and on the Sumptuary Laws in Spain (Madrid: Royal Press, 1788), 203-205.

18. Sarrailh, 244.

19. Nipho, Odds and Ends 4:77-78.

20. Joseph Townsend, A Journey Through Spain in the Years 1786- 1787 (London, 1791), 2:138.

21. Karl Vössler, Lope de Vega and His Time (Madrid: n.p., 1933), 184.

22. Antonio Muñoz, "Adventures in Verse and Prose, 1739" in Gesellschaft für Romantische Literatur (Dresden; n.p., 1907), 148.

23. Eloína Vílez López, "The Role of Women in Eighteenth-Century Spain" (M.A. thesis, Madrid, 1970).

24. Auguste Geffroy, The Unpublished Letters of the Princess of Ursini (Paris, 1887). See also: Carmen Martín Gaite, The Inquisitional Case of Macanaz (Madrid: Moneda y Crédito, 1970), 43.

25. Bourgoing, 284.

26. Alexandre, Laborde, Descriptive Itinerary of Spain and a Basic Table of its Different Administrative and Industrial Branches (Paris, 1808), 5:340-343.

27. Muñoz, 151

28. Juan Antonio Zamácola, Elements of the Contredance (Madrid, 1796).

29. Jose Cadalso, The Complete Works (Madrid, 1818), 1:311.

30. Zamácola, 62.

31. Ibid., 68.

32. Ibid., 70-71.

30. Zamácola, 62.

31. Ibid., 68.

32. Ibid., 70-71.

30. Zamácola, 62.

31. Ibid., 68.

32. Ibid., 70-71.

33. Charles Kany, Life and Manners in Madrid , 1750-1800 (Berkeley: University Press, 1932), 279.

34. Zamácola, 21.

35. Ibid., 112.

34. Zamácola, 21.

35. Ibid., 112.

36. Ossorio, 99-100

37. Alejo de Dueñas, Up-to-date Education of Young Girls (Pamplona, 1786), 9-10.

38. The Censor 3:148. Periodical founded by Luis Cañuelo in 1781. For more information see Richard Herr, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958).

39. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 178.

40. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:503.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., 407.

40. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:503.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., 407.

40. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:503.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., 407.

43. Quijano, 167.

44. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:102. break

45. José Luis Velázquez, Marquis de Valdeflores, Collection of Various Writings on the Cortejo (Madrid, 1764), 25.

46. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 177.

47. Diego Torres Villarroel, Moral Dreams (Madrid, 1794), 1:79.

48. Alfred Morel-Fatio, Studies on Spain (Paris: n.p., 1904), 3:252.

49. E. Gigas, "A German-Danish Traveler in the Spain of Charles III," Revue Hispanique 69 (1927) 459.

50. Zamácola, 128.

51. Esteban Terreros y Pando, Spanish Dictionary with Up-to-date Terms in French, Italian and Latin , vol. 1, entry abanico = "fan" (Madrid 1786-1793).

52. Muñoz, 20.

53. Ibid., 147-148.

52. Muñoz, 20.

53. Ibid., 147-148.

54. Luis de Eijoeceme, A Book on the Art of Pleasing (Madrid, 1785), 19-20.

55. Kany, 193.

56. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 3:294.

57. Luis Carmena y Millaá, Chronicle of Italian Opera in Madrid (Madrid, 1878), 7 ff.

58. Luis Coloma, Portraits of Yore (Madrid, 1895), 1:256-257.

59. Ibid., 26off.

58. Luis Coloma, Portraits of Yore (Madrid, 1895), 1:256-257.

59. Ibid., 26off.

60. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 48.

61. Eijoecente, 41-43.

62. Literary Report . . . from Madrid , June 1989.

63. Nipho, A Friend to Women (Madrid, 1763), trans. and adapted by Mirabeau, 84. This little book must have been quite popular by 1801 when the Inquisition forbade its circulation, because "It is difficult to expurgate and, as it stands, it may be an eye opener for young people." The censors, nevertheless, were aware that "its goal is to correct and teach women." A.H.N., National Archive of History, State papers. Document 4.492, no. 5. The L.o refers to legajo = bundle (bundle of papers). From this point on I shall omit this Spanish abbreviation. Estado, L.o 4.492, no. 5.

64. Coloma 1:258.

65. Nipho, Odds and Ends , 82.

66. Ossorio, 298.

67. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 4:299.

68. Juan Ignacio Gonzalez del Castillo, The Cradle of Desires (Madrid: Royal Spanish Academy, 1914), 1:293.

69. Muñoz, no and 112.

70. Leandro Fernández de Moratín, "The Baron," Dramatic and Lyrical Works (Madrid, 1840), 1:80.

71. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 2:422. break

72. The Censor 2:449.

73. The Spanish Theater: History and Anthology (Madrid: Aguilar, 1943), 5:461ff.

74. The Censor 3:148.

75. The Diligent Escort , MS no. 14. 526, National Library, Madrid.

76. Ibid.

75. The Diligent Escort , MS no. 14. 526, National Library, Madrid.

76. Ibid.