1. Hubert Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent , 2 vols. (New York: B. Herder, 1961), 2:10, 29.

2. Jedin, A History , 2:331.

3. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern. Europe (London: Temple Smith, 1978), 220-221. For a discussion of the relative role of reforming bishops and the Inquisition in imposing Tridentine reforms in Cuenca, see Sara Nalle, Religion and Reform in a Spanish Diocese: Cuenca , 1645-1650 (Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1983), 54.

4. Burke, Popular Culture , 211-212.

5. Lea, A History , 4:328.

6. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 224.

7. Lea, A History , 4:329.

8. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 63-64.

9. Lea, A History , 4:331-332.

10. Ibid., 4:329-330.

9. Lea, A History , 4:331-332.

10. Ibid., 4:329-330.

11. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 204.

12. García Cárcel, Herejía , 343. The overall figures are my own, as Contreras fails to differentiate between blasphemy and propositions.

13. AHN, Inquisition , January 14, 1612, leg. 804#2, f. 235v.

14. AHN, Inquisition , May 3, 1647, lib. 941, ffs. 295-298.

15. AHN, Inquisition , July 23, 1643, leg. 803#1, nf.

16. Antonio Maravall, La Cultura del Barroco: Análisis de una estructura histórica (Barcelona: Ariel, 1975), 138-139.

17. Burke, Popular Culture , 212-213.

18. AHN, Inquisition , December 14, 1742, leg. 522#6.

19. AHN, Consejos , December 20, 1701, leg. 4759, as quoted in Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 424-426.

20. Jean Pierre Dedieu, "Le modèle sexual: La défense du mariage chrétien," in Bennassar, L'Inquisition espagnole , 326-327.

21. AHN, Inquisition , December 14, 1474, lib. 713, f. 335.

22. For the tribunals of Toledo and Logroño, see Dedieu, "Le modèle." The figures on Valencia are my own.

23. Lea, A History , 4:316.

24. Dedieu, "Le modèle sexuel," 315-316.

25. AHN, Inquisition , September 15, 1563, leg. 503, f. 58.

26. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1567, leg. 518#1, exp. 11.

27. AHN, Inquisition , October 1, 1746, leg. 518#2, exp. 21.

28. Lea, A History , 4:319.

29. Dedieu, "Le modèle sexuel," 319.

30. Lea, A History , 4:322-323.

31. AHN, Inquisition , December 11, 1765, leg. 518#2, exp. 15.

32. AHN, Inquisition , October 26, 1569, leg. 518#1, exp. 9.

33. AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1564, leg. 518#1, exp. 13.

34. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 226-227.

35. Bartolomé Bennassar, "Le modèle sexuel: L'Inquisition d'Aragon et le rèpression des péchés 'abominables,'" in Bennassar, L'Inquisition espagnole , 342; AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1687, lib. 932, f. 337v; Cerdan de Tallada, Visita , 198.

36. Lea, A History , 4:363. García Cárcel, Herejía , 288, seems unaware that Clement VII's Brief of February 24, 1524, gave jurisdiction over sodomy only to the tribunals of Aragon.

37. Bennassar, "Le modèle," 346-347.

38. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 211.

39. García Cárcel, Herejía , 288, follows Contreras when he asserts that the tribunal tried 379 cases of sodomy and bestiality between 1540 and 1700, but these figures are unreliable because Contreras lumped these offenses with several others so that the figure of 379 must include many offenses unconnected with the "crimes against nature." Contreras, "Las causas de fé," 18. Rafael Carrasco, Inquisición y represión sexual en Valencia (Barcelona: Laertes, 1985), 38, counts 347 eases between 1566 and 1775, 259 of which referred to male homosexuality, but Carraseo is not aware of the existence of ARV, Clero , leg. 161, and has therefore left out many eighteenth-century cases.

40. AHN, Inquisition , November 7, 1572, leg. 503#1, nf.

41. AHN, Inquisition , January 28, 1573, leg. 503#1, nf.

42. Lea, A History , 4:371.

43. AHN, Inquisition , January 2, 1572, leg. 503#1, nf.; Lea, A History , 4:370; AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1573, lib. 913, f. 163.

44. AHN, Inquisition , November 7, 1572, leg. 503#1.

45. AHN, Inquisition , August 22, 1616, leg. 559#1, exp. 7.

46. Lea, A History , 4:369.

47. AHN, Inquisition , November 14, 1624, leg. 507#1, f. 392.

48. García Martínez, 86-87.

49. AHN, Inquisition , April 23, 1573, leg. 503#1, nf. The tribunal warned the Suprema in this letter that Francisco Tallada and Miguel Centelles were in extreme personal danger as a result of their testimony:

50. AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1573, leg. 503#1, nf.; February 21, 1575, leg. 503#1, nf.

51. AHN, Inquisition , November 20, 1572, leg. 503#1, nf.

52. AHN, Inquisition , October 14, 1574, leg. 503, nf.

53. AHN, Inquisition , November 18, 1575, lib. 913, ffs. 571, 575.

54. AHN, Inquisition , April 23, 1571, leg. 503#1, nf., for a list often leading Valencian nobles already punished or under suspicion for aiding their Morisco vassals.

55. García Cárcel, Herejía , 293. In his brief comlnent on this case, García Cárcel makes no mention of the original sentence, which was noted in Lea, A History , 4:370, and leaves the mistaken impression that he was not punished at all.

56. AHN, Inquisition , July 19, 1613-August 22, 1616, leg. 559#1, exp.

57. AHN, Inquisition , August 9, 1581, leg. 559#1, exp. 2.

58. AHN, Inquisition , March 25, 1621, leg. 518#1, exp. 5.

59. Tomás y Valiente, E1 derecho penal , 229.

60. Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 31.

61. AHN, Inquisition , February 9, 1609, leg. 803#1, f. 429v.

62. AHN, Inquisition , July 24, 1666, leg. 802#1, f. 346.

63. Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 120-121.

64. AHN, Inquisition , April 23, 1574, leg. 559#3, exp. 16.

65. AHN, Inquisition , May 15, 1758, leg. 560#1, exp. 7; Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 25, discusses this case.

66. AHN, Inquisition , May 16, 1796, leg. 560#1, exp. 3. A similar easy-going attitude toward homosexuality may be seen in Bouchard's Confessions written in the seventeenth century which contains an account of casual homosexuality among schoolmates at a Jesuit academy. Aldous Huxley, The Devils of Loudun (New York: Harper, 1952), 10. All this is a far

cry from the "massive societal rejection" of homosexual behavior seen among the popular classes by Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 22.

67. AHN, Inquisition , February 5, 1573, lib. 913, ffs. 13-14.

68. See above.

69. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1687, lib. 932,, ffs. 337-338. Carrasco, Inquisición y represi ó n , 63-65, presents ten eases in which the Suprema intervened to alter sentences. In some eases, the Suprema made the penalty somewhat harsher, but it never imposed the death penalty and, in three eases, reduced it to galley service.

70. Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 69, has a considerably higher figure for those relaxed for sodomy, but the additional eases I draw from the eighteenth century tend to reduce the percentage of executions and other heavier penalties.

71. E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act (New York: Pantheon, 1975), 260.

72. Alfred Soman, "Les Procès de Sorcellerie au Parlement de Paris (1565-1640)," Annales ESC (July-August 1977): 810-811.

73. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 230-231.

74. H. C. Erik Midlefort, Witch-hunting in Southwestern Germany (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), 18.

75. Mary O'Neil, "Magical Healing, Love Magic, and the Inquisition in Late-Sixteenth-Century Modena," in Stephen Haliczer, ed., Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe (London: Croom-Helm, 1986), 91.

76. Gaspar Navarro, Tribunal de superstición ladina (Huesca: Pedro Bluson, 1631), 1631, ffs. 52-55v. Navarro cites the Malleus Maleficarium quite frequently; see ffs. 56v-57, 61-62.

77. Lea, A History , 4:217.

78. Henningsen, The Witches' Advocate , 176.

79. Lea, A History , 4:212-213.

80. Henningsen, The Witches' Advocate , 371-373.

81. AHN, Inquisition , June 19, 1588, lib. 937, ffs. 74-75v. For the child witches of Germany, see Midlefort, Witch-hunting , 144-145, 159, 179.

82. AHN, Inquisition , December 15, 1642, lib. 941, ffs. 209-210.

83. AHN, Inquisition , March 14, 1640, January 9, 1648, lib. 941, ffs. 324v-326.

84. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 69, 78, 79, 101, 114, 121.

85. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 25.

86. Ibid., 29.

87. Ibid., 49-50.

85. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 25.

86. Ibid., 29.

87. Ibid., 49-50.

85. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 25.

86. Ibid., 29.

87. Ibid., 49-50.

88. Lea, A History , 4:198-199.

89. AHN, Inquisition , October 7, 1732, leg. 514, f. 60.

90. AHN, Inquisition , March 18, 1680, leg. 804#2, nf.

91. AHN, Inquisition , January, 9, 1648, lib. 941, f. 326.

92. AHN, Inquisition , January 28, 1651, lib. 941, ffs. 346-347.

93. AHN, Inquisition , October 3, 1642, lib. 941, ffs. 213-214.

94. AHN, Inquisition , November 26, 1653, leg. 523#1, exp. 7.

95. Ibid.

94. AHN, Inquisition , November 26, 1653, leg. 523#1, exp. 7.

95. Ibid.

96. Midlefort, Witch-hunting , 183-185.

97. Jedin, A History , 25; T. M. Parker, "The Papacy, Catholic Reform and Christian Missions," in R. B. Wernham, ed., New Cambridge Modern History 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), 45.

98. Jedin, A History , 355.

99. Bossy, "The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe," Past and Present , no. 47 (May 1970): 52-53.

100. Jedin, A History , 99.

101. Antonio Mestre, Ilustración y reforma de la Iglesia: Pensamiento político-religioso de D. Gregorio Mayans y Síscar (Valencia: Ayuntamiento de Oliva, 1968), 223-224.

102. Pinto Crespo, Inquisición y control , 253; Lea, A History , 4:99.

103. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 205.

104. Burke, Popular Culture , 211.

105. See Lea, A History , 4:139, for definitions of propositions.

106. AHN, Inquisition , March 13, 1691, leg. 558#5, exp. 5.

107. AHN, Inquisition , August 3, 1638, "méritos de la causa de fé contra Fray Jerónimo Navarro," lib. 926, ffs. 7-12; June 3, 1630, lib. 923, f. 600.

108. AHN, Inquisition , November 10, 1629, lib. 923, f. 574.

109. AHN, Inquisition , September 18, 1638, lib. 923, f. 573.

110. For a discussion of the role of the religious orders in education, see Francisco Martín Hernández, "La forlnación del clero en los siglos XVII y XVIII," in Antonio Mestre, ed., Historia de la Iglesia , 4:524-581.

111. AHN, Inquisition , November 22, 1680, leg. 804#2, nf.

112. AHN, Inquisition , November 18, 1698, leg. 1786#1, exp. 6.

113. Pinto Crespo, Inquisición y control , 197-233; J. M. López Piñero, Ciencia y técnica en la sociedad española de los siglos XVI y XVII (Barcelona: Labor Universitaria, 1979), 197-204, 373-374.

114. AHN, Inquisition , April 26, 1638, leg. 804#2, ffs. 483-484.

115. López Piñero, Ciencia y t é cnica , 316-317, 389-393, 415.

116. AHN, Inquisition , June 7, 1691, leg. 803#2, f. 382.

117. AHN, Inquisition , November 8, 1691, leg. 803#2, nf.

118. Jedin, A History , 371-372, 388.

119. The bishop of Sinigaglia voiced the concerns of many of his col-

leagues when he demanded "greater care and reverence in the administration of the sacraments." Jedin, A History , 384.

120. Lea, A History , 4:100.

121. Ibid., 4:96; AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1625, leg. 507#1, f. 549.

120. Lea, A History , 4:100.

121. Ibid., 4:96; AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1625, leg. 507#1, f. 549.

122. Lea, A History , 4:99.

123. AHN, Inquisition , March 20, 1563, lib. 324, ffs. 39-40.

124. Juan Mathado de Chaves, Perfecto confessor y cura de almas , 2 vols. (Barcelona: Pedro de la Cavalleria, 1641), 2:776.

125. See the case of Fray Lorenzo de Santissima Trinidad, a friar obsessed with masturbation who constantly brought it up while confessing Josefa de Jesús María. AHN, Inquisition , May 21, 1710, leg. 564#3, exp. 13.

126. AHN, Inquisition , August 24, 1764, leg. 564#1, exp. 13.

127. AHN, Inquisition , May 4, 1691, leg. 803#1, nf.

128. Lea, A History , 4:123-124.

129. AHN, Inquisition , April 14, 1750, leg. 2317#1, nf.

130. AHN, Inquisition , May 13, 1764, leg. 562#2, exp. 8.

131. AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1577, lib. 497, ffs. 183-184.

132. Lea, A History , 4:126. See the case of Pascual Giner who lost his benefice and could no longer support his aged mother and sisters. AHN, Inquisition , July 4, 1713, leg. 2309, nf.