1. Melinda Blau, "Ordinary People," New York , 28 November 1994, 38-46.

2. See, in particular, Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1941), and Jessica Benjamin, The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and the Problem of Domination (New York: Pantheon, 1988).

3. See, e.g., a prominently displayed article by Louis Uchitelle, "Insecurity Forever: The Rise of the Losing Class," New York Times , 20 November 1994, sec. 4, p. 1. For a more theoretical account of why economic insecurities may be rising, see also Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. the introduction.

4. See, for instance, Ruth Sidel's latest work that documents the increasing stigmatization of poor women on welfare, Keeping Women and Children Last: America's War against the Poor (New York: Penguin, 1996).

5. See Lynn S. Chancer, Sadomasochism in Everyday Life (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992).

6. See, for example, Pat Califia, "Feminism and Sadomasochism" and

"Genderbending: Playing with Roles and Reversals," in Public Sex: The Cultureof Radical Sex (Pittsburgh: Cleis, 1994), 165-74, 175-82.

6. See, for example, Pat Califia, "Feminism and Sadomasochism" and

"Genderbending: Playing with Roles and Reversals," in Public Sex: The Cultureof Radical Sex (Pittsburgh: Cleis, 1994), 165-74, 175-82.

7. Ibid., e.g., 168.

8. For feminist writings on social sadomasochism, see the essays in Robin R. Linden, ed., Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis (San Francisco: Frog in the Well, 1982). On sexual sadomasochism, see Califia, Public Sex; also, noting that the stress on sexuality links women of diverse sexual orientation, hetero and bisexual as well as lesbian, see Sallie Tisdale's Talk Dirty to Me: An Intimate Philosophy of Sex (New York: Doubleday, 1994), esp. 147-66, where Tisdale takes issue with the Dworkin/Mackinnon approach to "sex debates."

9. See Linden, Against Sadomasochism; Coming to Power: Writings and Graphics on Lesbian S/M (San Francisco: Samois, 1981); and Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality , ed. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review, 1983).

10. The implicit argument I am about to make could be drawn out of a radical feminist work such as Kate Millett's Sexual Politics (New York: Doubleday, 1970); compare the overt association of sadomasochism with oppression that we find in a text like Andrea Dworkin's Letters from a War Zone (New York: Lawrence Hill, 1993), e.g., 81.

11. Millett, Sexual Politics , 24-26.

12. See Sherry B. Ortner, "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?" in Women, Culture, and Society , ed. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), 67-87.

13. Andrea Dworkin, "Wuthering Heights," in Letters from a War Zone , 81.

14. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality , trans. and ed. James Strachey (New York: Basic Books, 1962). He specified three types of masochism, of which feminine masochism was the second, in "The Economic Problem of Masochism," in Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1964), 164-69.

15. See Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation , 2 vols. (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1944-45).

16. Pat Califia, Sapphistry: The Book of Lesbian Sexuality , 3d ed.(Tallahassee, Fla.: Naiad, 1988), 118.

16. Pat Califia, Sapphistry: The Book of Lesbian Sexuality , 3d ed.(Tallahassee, Fla.: Naiad, 1988), 118.

17. Ibid., 119.

18. For a fuller description, see the interpretation of sadomasochism found in Freud, Three Essays on Sexuality , 25.

19. Chancer, Sadomasochism in Everyday Life; see chap. 2, "A Basic Dynamic." In addition to Pauline Réage's Story of O (New York: Ballantine Books, 1965) and Leopold yon Sacher-Masoch's Venus in Furs (New York: Sylvan, 1947) the other examples from which I drew the definition about to be provided (which uses the conventional associations of sadomasochism with a specifically sexual example to glean more generally applicable possible conclusions) were Sade's Juliette , trans. Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Grove Press, 1968), Jenni Diski's Nothing Natural (London: Methuen, 1986) and Elizabeth

McNeill's Nine and a Half Weeks: A Memoir of a Love Affair (New York: Dutton, 1978).

20. The terms "secondary" and "inessential" link this analysis with that made by Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex , ed. and trans. H. M. Parshley (1952; rpt., New York: Vintage, 1974), which immediately brings up the particular application of this theoretical perspective to the world of gender.

21. I am indebted here to Jessica Benjamin, who used "mutual recognition" to describe this state of simultaneously acknowledged dependence on, and independence of, two parties in relation to one another. See esp. "The First Bond," chap. 1 of The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and the Problem of Domination (New York: Pantheon, 1988).

22. See Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feelings (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 11, 25. See the Delta training seminar described on 25.

23. Judith Rollins, Between Women: Domestics and Their Employers (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985), 182-83.

24. See, e.g., L. N. Newell, Contemporary Industrial/Organizational Psychology (St. Paul, Minn.: West, 1983). I elaborate this dynamic in greater detail in Sadomasochism in Everyday Life , chap. 4, "Employing Chains of Command."

25. Michael Lewis, Liar's Poker (New York: Penguin, 1989), 43, 46-47.

26. See, for example, Robin Norwood, Women Who Love Too Much (New York: Pocket, 1986); Kevin Leman, The Pleasers: Women Who Can't Say No—And the Men Who Control Them (New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell, 1987); and Brenda Schaeffer, Is It Love or Is It Addiction?: Falling into Healthy Love (New York: Harper/Hazelton, 1987). I describe these examples in greater detail in Sadomasochism in Everyday Life , chap. 5, "Engendering Sadomasochism."

27. See Chancer, Sadomasochism in Everyday Life , chap. 5, "Engendering Sadomasochism."