1. "Paganism" is used here as the Buguias people use it: to denote a specific religious creed. It is thus capitalized to avoid impugning its legitimacy as a religion.

2. For example, Worcester (1906) placed the many villages that most Spanish and German ethnographers had classified as belonging to the separate tribal groupings of the Buriks, the Busaos, and the Itetepanes into the Tinguian category (an older division that he retained). Yet it is absolutely clear that these three tribal names had earlier referred to people belonging to the groups that Worcester himself identified as the Benguet-Lepanto Igorots (the Buriks and the Busaos) and the Bontoc Igorots (the Itetepanes).

3. Another American scholar and administrator, David Barrows, was at the same time developing a much more sophisticated view of cultural and social variation within the Cordillera based on language and, more significantly, on the indigenous peoples' own definitions of their identities and those of their neighbors. Yet Worcester (1906) cavalierly dismissed Barrows's work, and subsequently Barrows dropped out of the debate (see Barrows 1905, and especially his unpublished field notes of 1902 and 1908).

4. As Boon (1982:15) shows, "standard ethnographies" of a given group characteristically lack discussions of neighboring cultural groups. This has helped create an unfortunate blindness: cultural groups exist within the scholarly literature only if they have been anthropologically scrutinized.