1. "Ci aprés commence les titres des chapitres du sexte livre d'Ethiques, ou il determine des vertus intellectueles qui sont en l'entendement. Et contient ceste livre .xvii. chapitres" ( Ethiques , 330).

2. "Ou premier chapitre il met son entencion et une diffinicion qui fait a son propos" (ibid.).

3. Ibid.

1. "Ci aprés commence les titres des chapitres du sexte livre d'Ethiques, ou il determine des vertus intellectueles qui sont en l'entendement. Et contient ceste livre .xvii. chapitres" ( Ethiques , 330).

2. "Ou premier chapitre il met son entencion et une diffinicion qui fait a son propos" (ibid.).

3. Ibid.

1. "Ci aprés commence les titres des chapitres du sexte livre d'Ethiques, ou il determine des vertus intellectueles qui sont en l'entendement. Et contient ceste livre .xvii. chapitres" ( Ethiques , 330).

2. "Ou premier chapitre il met son entencion et une diffinicion qui fait a son propos" (ibid.).

3. Ibid.

4. Ross, Aristotle , 209; Ethiques , 332.

5. NE VI.3 1139a; Ethiques , 331.

6. According to Menut, these terms are neologisms introduced by Oresme. ( Ethiques , 79-81).

7. Ibid., 541-42.

6. According to Menut, these terms are neologisms introduced by Oresme. ( Ethiques , 79-81).

7. Ibid., 541-42.

8. Sherman, "Representations of Charles V," 87-92. break

9. NE VI.4 1140a.

10. Ethiques , 336.

11. Renaissance Thought: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper, Torchbooks, 1965), vol. 2, 166.

12. Ibid.

11. Renaissance Thought: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper, Torchbooks, 1965), vol. 2, 166.

12. Ibid.

13. Ethiques , 336; NE VI.4 1140a.

14. Ethiques , Gloss 1, 336.

15. Ibid., 544.

14. Ethiques , Gloss 1, 336.

15. Ibid., 544.

16. See Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible , trans. Stephen Corrin (New York: Harper & Bros., 1962), chs. 8-10.

17. See R. F. Tylecote, "The Medieval Smith and His Methods," in Medieval Industry , ed. D. W. Crossley (London: Council for British Archaeology, 1981), 42-50, and in the same volume, Ian H. Goodall, "The Medieval Blacksmith and His Products," 51-62. See also W. A. Oddy, "Metalworkers," in DMA , vol. 8, 291-97. I am grateful to Prof. Natalie Zemon Davis for sharing material and ideas on medieval blacksmiths with me.

18. This series of citations is drawn from Ross, Aristotle , 211.

19. Ethiques , Gloss 3, 341. Although Aristotle's use of the term Intelligences probably refers to the highest intelligible things, Oresme probably means the word to connote heavenly spirits or angels included in the celestial hierarchies. I owe this explanation to Profs. Robert Mulvaney and Ellen Ginsberg.

20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.

21. Ibid., 15-17.

22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.

23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4.

20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.

21. Ibid., 15-17.

22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.

23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4.

20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.

21. Ibid., 15-17.

22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.

23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4.

20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.

21. Ibid., 15-17.

22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.

23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4.

24. For a recent discussion of the Christian emphasis in the Sapience miniature, see Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 79-81.

25. See Ursula Nilgen, "Evangelisten," in LCI , vol. 1, cols. 696-713; and Erika Dinkler-von Schubert, " Vita activa et contemplativa ," in ibid., vol. 4, cols. 463-68.

24. For a recent discussion of the Christian emphasis in the Sapience miniature, see Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 79-81.

25. See Ursula Nilgen, "Evangelisten," in LCI , vol. 1, cols. 696-713; and Erika Dinkler-von Schubert, " Vita activa et contemplativa ," in ibid., vol. 4, cols. 463-68.

26. For further discussion of the contemplative life, see below Ch. 14. break

27. Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 81.

28. For a summary of editorial changes in C , see Ch. 4 above.

29. In other words, Art and Prudence, who fall into the sphere of practical wisdom, make a logical pairing on the top, whereas Science should more appropriately accompany Entendement and Sapience below. Or, if the upper register is equated with higher or spiritual values, as is often the case in medieval art, Science, Entendement, and Sapience should occupy the upper zone; Art and Prudence, the lower.

30. Ross, Aristotle , 210; NE VI.3 1139b; Ethiques , 334-36.

31. See Michael Evans, "Allegorical Women and Practical Men: The Iconography of the Artes Reconsidered," in Medieval Women , ed. Derek Baker, Studies in Church History, subsidia 1 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, for the Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978), 305-28. For bibliography on the liberal arts, see Mary D. Garrard, "Artemisia Gentileschi's Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting," AB 62/1 (1980): 99, n. 8; for further discussion of the liberal arts, see idem, "The Liberal Arts and Michelangelo's First Project for the Tomb of Julius II (With a Coda on Raphael's 'School of Athens')," Viator 15 (1984): 335-55, and for further bibliography, 337, n. 7. See also David L. Wagner, ed., The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1983).

32. London, Brit. Lib., MS Add. 30024, fol. Iv. See Evans, "Allegorical Women and Practical Men," 305-6, 319-28, and pl. 1.

33. The second part of Brunetto's encyclopedia is based on an abbreviated version of Aristotle's Ethics known as the Summa alexandrina , first translated into Italian by Maestro Taddeo of Florence, ca. 1260 (see Ethiques , 39). For Brunetto's work as a source of Ambrogio Lorenzetti's fresco cycle of Good and Bad Government, see Ch. 9 above at nn. 60-63.

34. I owe this important observation to Rieneke Nieuwstraten.

35. The Princeton Index of Christian Art identifies these tools.

36. For this association, see Rudolf Berliner, "Arma Christi," Muenchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst 6 (1955): 112.

37. For another example of the migration of Passion iconography, see Ch. 9 above at nn. 51-52.

38. Ross, Aristotle , 210.

39. Ibid., 211.

38. Ross, Aristotle , 210.

39. Ibid., 211.

40. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 360-61.

41. Ibid., 344-46. break

42. Prudence or Practical Wisdom is applied to the conduct of an individual, household management, legislation, and politics. Politics is subdivided into deliberative and judicial aspects (ibid., 345); for a diagram, see Ross, Aristotle , 212.

40. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 360-61.

41. Ibid., 344-46. break

42. Prudence or Practical Wisdom is applied to the conduct of an individual, household management, legislation, and politics. Politics is subdivided into deliberative and judicial aspects (ibid., 345); for a diagram, see Ross, Aristotle , 212.

40. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 360-61.

41. Ibid., 344-46. break

42. Prudence or Practical Wisdom is applied to the conduct of an individual, household management, legislation, and politics. Politics is subdivided into deliberative and judicial aspects (ibid., 345); for a diagram, see Ross, Aristotle , 212.

43. Ethiques , 542-46. These terms are architectonique, demotique, eubulie, gnomé, rectitude , and synesie .

44. The Princeton Index of Christian Art solved this puzzle.

45. For a history of this tradition, see Erwin Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence : A Postscript," in Meaning in the Visual Arts (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1955), 149-51.

46. See Samuel C. Chew, The Pilgrimage of Life (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1952), 136.

47. Martin of Braga, "Rules for an Honest Life ( Formula vitae honestae )," in Iberian Fathers , trans. Claude W. Barlow, The Fathers of the Church, A New Translation, 62 (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1969), 90; Cicero, De inventione , trans. and ed. H. M. Hubbell (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1949), II.liv.160; and Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence ," 149-50.

48. Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence ," 149.

49. See Li livres du gouvernement des rois , ed. Molenaer, 40, ll. 10-14.

50. For the derivation of the eight-part division of Prudence from Macrobius, In somnium Scipionis , 1-8, see Tuve, Allegorical Imagery , 63-65, and Appendix 2.

51. See Garrard, "The Liberal Arts," fig. 13.

52. See Georg Troescher, "Dreikopfgottheit und Dreigesicht," in RDK , vol. 4, 501-12.

53. Malines/Mechelen, Grand Séminaire, Codex I, fol. 3. For other Italian examples, see Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence ," 150, nn. 12-14.

54. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters, 69.86, fols. 32Iv-322.

55. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 340-41.

56. For illustrations of Giovanni Pisano's Sibyls, see Michael Ayrton and Henry Moore, Giovanni Pisano, Sculptor (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1969), figs. 144-46 and 167.

57. Among early examples in Carolingian manuscripts of an image of St. Matthew, see the Gospel Book of Lothair , Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 266, fol. 22b; and for an image of St. Mark, fol. 75b. The manuscript is dated between 840 and 851. See Wilhelm Koehler, Die karolingischen Miniaturen , vol. 1, Die Schule von Tours (Berlin: B. Cassirer, 1930), (text), 247, (plates), 99a and b. break

58. Similar problems with the inscription occur in Figure 43, the illustration of Book X in C . Here too the iconographic type is like that of Sapience in Figure 34.

59. For an example of Forgerie, see Evans, "Allegorical Women and Practical Men," fig. 1.

60. Yates, The Art of Memory , 101.