1. Cheng Shewo, "'Zhidan' yi ke jiandi," DGB (Hankou), 13-15 May 1938.

2. For a list of war correspondents during the 1930s and 1940s, see Bu Shaofu, Zhandi jizhe jianghua (Guiyang: Wentong shuju, 1942), pp. 5, 10-11. See also Zeng Xubai, Zeng Xubai zizhuan, pp. 123-124.

3. For more on the early history of war correspondence, see Bu Shaofu, Zhandi jizhe jianghua, p. 5. For information on Lu Yi, see his Zhandi pingzong (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1985), pp. 3-5; some of the present material was also gotten from an interview with Lu Yi on 16 November and 10 December 1989 in Shanghai. China, of course, had journalists reporting its armed conflicts with foreign countries at least as early as the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 (see Li Liangrong, Zhongguo baozhi wenti fazhan gaiyao [Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe, 1985], p. 11), but they were not full-time, formal war correspondents in the modern sense of the word.

4. Bu Shaofu, Zhandi jizhe jianghua, p. 109.

5. Ibid., p. 10.

6. George L. Mosse, "Two World Wars and the Myths of the War Experience," Journal of Contemporary History 21.4 (October 1986): 492.

7. The journalist Gao Tian called for the founding of numerous "cultural war stations," designed specifically to channel the news to the frontline and thus establishing what he called a reliable "spiritual supply line" ("Pubian jianli 'wenhua bingzhan,'" XWJZ 1.9-10 [10 December 1938]: 12). According to Lu Yi (interview, 16 November, 10 December 1989, Shanghai), journalists frequently carried newspapers and other reading materials to the front during the war.

8. In 1921, there were 550 daily newspapers in China (not including local papers); in 1926, 628; in 1937, 1,031; and in 1948, 1,372 (see China Handbook, 1937-1945, comp. Chinese Ministry of Information [New York: Macmillan, 1947], p. 506; and China Handbook, 1950, comp. China Handbook Editorial Board [New York: Rockport Press, 1950], p. 678).

9. See YZF 108 (1 November 1940): 381, and 110 (1 December 1940): 459.

10. Liu Zhuzhou, "Zenyang zuo zhandi jizhe," Xinwen zhanxian 2.2-3 (16 May 1942): 16.

11. Zhao Junhao, Shanghai baoren de fendou (N.p.: Erya shudian, 1944), esp. chaps. 2 and 3.

12. Zigang, "Yanhuo zhong de Hanyang," DGB (Hankou), 12 August 1938, p. 2.

13. Cao Juren, "Zhandi guilai," in Tian Han et al., Zhandi guilai (Shanghai: Zhandi chubanshe, 1937), pp. 16-17.

14. Changjiang, ed., Huaihe dazhan zhi qianhou (N.p.: Jiangsheng shushe, 1938), pp. 62-64.

15. Changjiang, Zhongguo de xibei jiao (Tianjin: Dagong bao, 1937), pp. 307-308.

16. On the popularity of the book, see Zhou Fei, "Zhongguo de xibei jiao," Guowen zhoubao 13.39 (5 October 1936): 41-43; YZF 64 (21 March 1938): 153-154; and Kong Xiaoning, "Fan Changjiang xinwen de tese," XWYJZL 23 (January 1984): 2. Fan's book was even used as a reference text in university geography courses; see XWYJZL 1 (August 1979): 89-91, esp. p. 91.

17. Ironically, Fan Changjiang did not set out to be a journalist. Born into a declining gentry family in Neijiang county, Sichuan province, Fan (whose original name was Fan Xitian), overwhelmed by the revolutionary tide in the early Republican period, became a student activist in his youth. Forced to leave Chengdu in 1927 after participating in student demonstrations against Sichuan warlords, he joined the army in Wuhan. In 1928, Fan attended Nanjing's Central Political Institute, a GMD-sponsored academy. Disappointed with the GMD's passive policy against the Japanese, he left in 1931 for Beiping (Beijing). In the fall of 1932 he entered National Beijing University as a student of philosophy. To help pay his tuition, he began to freelance for Beijing's Chen bao and Tianjin's Yishi bao, writing mostly on cultural and educational affairs. In 1934 he became a regular reporter for the Dagong bao. Fan returned home to Sichuan during the summer of 1935. He wrote to Hu Zhengzhi, manager of the Dagong bao, saying that after visiting his hometown he would like to travel to western Sichuan and write reports about his trips. Hu concurred. Thus began Fan's famous trip to the northwest. For a biography of Fan's life, see Fang Meng, Fan Changjiang zhuan (Beijing: Zhongguo xinwen chubanshe, 1989); see also XWYJZL 1 (August 1979): 72-110 (a special issue on Fan Changjiang); and XWYJZL 11 (May 1982): 74-78. For a discussion of Fan's journalistic style, see Chang-tai Hung, "Paper Bullets: Fan Changjiang and New Journalism in Wartime China," Modern China 17.4 (October 1991): 427-468.

18. Other books about the frontiers included Liu Wenhai, Xixing jianwen ji (Journeys to the west) (Shanghai: Nanjing shudian, 1933); Chen Yan, Shaan-Gan diaocha ji (Survey of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces), 2 vols. (Beiping: Beifang zazhishe, 1936-1937); and Chen Gengya, Xibei shicha ji (A tour of the northwest) (Shanghai: Shen bao, 1936). Chen Gengya's trips might have been prompted by Fan's highly rated reports. As a reporter for Shanghai's Shen bao, the Dagong bao's main competitor, Chen was specially assigned to cover the border regions. His works were less successful than Fan's, however. See Xu Zhucheng, Zhadan yu shuiguo (Hong Kong: Sanlian shudian, 1983), p. 208.

19. Israel Epstein, The Unfinished Revolution in China (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), p. 147.

20. Fan Changjiang, ''Shaanbei zhi xing," in Saishang xing (Tianjin: Dagong bao, 1937), pp. 311-338. Fan was the first Chinese reporter to visit Yan'an (see ibid., p. 330). The first reporter ever to visit the Red capital, of course, was Edgar Snow, who went to the blockaded Red area in June 1936, staying there for four months. See Snow, Red Star over China.

21. With the exception of Huaihe dazhan zhi qianhou, most of these books—which also included reports by fellow correspondents such as Qiujiang (Meng Qiujiang) and Xu Ying—were edited by Fan.

22. Many Chinese reporters lost their lives during the war. See XWJZ 1.6-7 (10 October 1938): 21; and Zeng Xubai, ed., Zhongguo xinwen shi 2:418-419.

23. Qiujiang, "Nankou yuhui xian shang," DGB (Hankou), 3-4 October 1937. The article also appears in Changjiang, ed., Xixian fengyun (Shanghai: Dagong bao, 1937), pp. 55-68.

24. It is interesting to compare the writing of Fan Changjiang with that of Ernie Pyle (1900-1945), widely acclaimed as America's greatest war correspondent during the Second World War. See my article "Paper Bullets," esp. p. 462, n. 9.

25. Chen Jiying, Hu Zhengzhi yu Dagong bao, p. 287.

26. Changjiang, "Baoding qianfang" (At the Baoding front), in Cong Lugouqiao dao Zhanghe (Hankou: Shenghuo shudian, 1938), p. 30.

27. See, for example, Changjiang, ed., Lunwang de Ping-Jin (Hankou: Shenghuo shudian, 1938), 83-86, 110-114; and Changjiang, Cong Lugouqiao dao Zhanghe, pp. 22-24.

28. Changjiang, ed., Huaihe dazhan zhi qianhou, p. 12.

29. Ibid., pp. 9-10.

30. I am indebted to Lynn Hunt for this idea; see her Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), esp. p. 24.

31. For the term "eight-legged news essay," see Liu Wenqu, "Chuangzao xinwen xiezuo de xinxing," Xinwen zhanxian 2.2-3 (16 May 1942): 24-25.

32. See Zhanshi xinwen gongzuo rumen (N.p.: Shenghuo shudian, 1940), pp. 72, 112, 200, 257.

33. For Fan Changjiang's pieces, see Changjiang, "Diao Datong," in Changjiang et al., Xixian xuezhan ji (N.p.: Zhanshi chubanshe, n.d.), pp. 38-45; and "Yi ye zhanchang," in Tian Han et al., Zhandi guilai, pp. 35-42. For Qiujiang, see "Nankou yuhui xian shang"; and "Ketong de Zhangjiakou,'' in Changjiang, ed., Xixian fengyun, pp. 23-42.

34. Gao Tian, "Pubian jianli 'wenhua bingzhan,'" p. 12.

35. See XWJZ 2.7 (1 June 1940): 5.

36. Cheng Shewo, "'Zhidan' yi ke jiandi," 13 May 1938, p. 3.

37. Shi Yan, "Xinwen gongzuo de zhuanxingqi," XWJZ 1.9-10 (10 December 1938): 6.

38. Changjiang, "Zenyang fa zhanshi dianxun yu xie zhandi tongxun," p. 6.

39. See Zhanshi xinwen gongzuo rumen; Bu Shaofu, Zhandi jizhe jianghua; and Liu Zhuzhou, "Zenyang zuo zhandi jizhe."

40. See Lu Yi, "Tan dangqian de zhandi xinwen gongzuo," XWJZ 1.6-7 (10 October 1938): 17.

41. Lu Yi, "Ji Zhongguo qingnian jizhe xuehui de chengli dahui." See also XWJZ 1.2 (1 May 1938): 23-24; and a special issue on the Young Journalists Society, XWYJZL 7 (December 1981): 26-75.

42. See Fan Changjiang, Tongxun yu lunwen, pp. 263-273.

43. Zhanshi xinwen gongzuo rumen, esp. sec. 2. The majority of the articles in this book appeared first in the Reporter.

44. Qiujiang, "Zenyang zuo zhandi xinwen jizhe," XWJZ 1.6-7 (10 October 1938): 20.

45. Changjiang, "Jianli xinwen jizhe de zhengque zuofeng."

46. Changjiang, "Yige xinwen jizhe de renshi," in Qian, Hu, and Zhang, eds., Kangzhan de jingyan yu jiaoxun, p. 85.

47. See Feng Yingzi, "Huiyi Changjiang," XWYJZL 28 (December 1984): 150; interview with Lu Yi, 16 November, 10 December 1989, Shanghai.

48. See, for example, Changjiang, Zhongguo de xibei jiao, pp. 16-17, 64-65, 100-101, 134, 137-138, 252-253.

49. For example, when he wrote about his visit to the town of Wanping in July 1937, he gave the reader a feeling of the past by invoking the legend of the nearby Marco Polo Bridge. See Fan Changjiang (Changjiang), Tongxun yu lunwen, p. 8.

50. Bu Shaofu, Zhandi jizhe jianghua, pp. 114-118.

51. Changjiang, "Lugouqiao pan," DGB (Tianjin), 23 July 1937, p. 3.

52. Changjiang, Xixian fengyun, p. 1.

53. Zhang Youluan, Zhanshi xinwenzhi (Chongqing: Zhongshan wenhua jiaoyuguan, 1938), p. 19.

54. Xie Liuyi, "Zhanshi de xinwen jizai," Kangzhan 5 (3 September 1937): 10.

55. Shi Yan, "Litihua de zhandi caifang," XWJZ 1.6-7 (10 October 1938): 14-15.

56. Liu Zhuzhou, "Zeyang zuo zhandi jizhe," p. 19.

57. Gao Tian, "Zhandi tongxun de xin dongxiang," XWJZ 1.6-7 (10 October 1938): 16.

58. Liu Zunqi, "Zhandi jizhe de yixie yinxiang," in Qian, Hu, and Zhang, eds., Kangzhan de jingyan yu jiaoxun, p. 21.

59. Changjiang, "Jianli xinwen jizhe de zhengque zuofeng."

60. Xubai (Zeng Xubai), "Wenxue zuopin yu xinwen zuopin," XWJZ 1.1 (1 April 1938): 9.

61. Interview with Lu Yi, 16 November, 10 December 1989, Shanghai.

62. Changjiang, "Zhanshi xinwen gongzuo de zhenyi."

63. Walter Lippmann's advice, as quoted in David S. Broder, Behind the Front Page (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 356. See also the discussion in Lippmann's Public Opinion (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1922).

64. Zhang Jiluan, "Xinwen jizhe genben de genben," in Baoren zhi lu, ed. Wang Wenbin (Shanghai: Sanjiang shudian, 1938), pp. 6-7.

65. Chen Bosheng, "Zuo xinwen jizhe de jige yuanze," XWJZ 1.1 (1 April 1938): 6.

66. Hu Zhengzhi, "Xinwen jizhe zui xuyao you zerenxin," in Wang Wenbin, ed., Baoren zhi lu, pp. 8-11.

67. Changjiang, "Diao Datong," p. 44.

68. See Changjiang et al., Xixian xuezhan ji, pp. 22-30.

69. See Qiujiang, "Tuishou Yanmenguan," DGB (Hankou), 30 September 1937, p. 2. See also Changjiang et al., Xixian xuezhan ji, p. 51. Liu Ruming gave a different version of the incident in his memoirs, accusing Fan Changjiang of "sowing discord" among Guomindang troops; see Liu Ruming huiyilu (Taibei: Zhuanji wenxue chubanshe, 1966), pp. 115-116.

70. Changjiang, Zhongguo de xibei jiao, p. 5.

71. Changjiang, ed., Huaihe dazhan zhi qianhou, pp. 54, 82-84.

72. See Theodore H. White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China (New York: William Sloane, 1961). For an account of American journalism in China in the 1930s and 1940s, see Stephen R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987).

73. Xiao Fang, "Baoding yi nan," in Changjiang, ed., Cong Lugouqiao dao Zhanghe, p. 65.

74. Qiujiang, "Ketong de Zhangjiakou," p. 42; also idem, "Dazhan Pingxingguan," DGB (Hankou), 7 October 1937, p. 2.

75. Changjiang, "Yi ye zhanchang," p. 40.

76. Qiujiang, "Tuishou Yanmenguan," 2 October 1937, p. 2.

77. Changjiang, "Yi ye zhanchang," p. 40.

78. Agnes Smedley, for example, was highly critical of the government's medical service, calling it"negligent" and "careless." See XWJZ 1.5 (1 August 1938): 23; and Smedley, Battle Hymn of China. See also Mowrer, Dragon Wakes, chap. 6.

79. Changjiang, ed., Xixian fengyun, pp. 93, 96.

80. See Shi Yan, "Litihua de zhandi caifang," p. 14.

81. Xiao Fang, "Baoding yi nan," pp. 62-63.

82. Xiao Fang, "Cong Niangziguan dao Yanmenguan," in Changjiang, ed., Xixian xuezhan ji, p. 47; see also Changjiang, ed., Huaihe dazhan zhi qianhou, p. 9.

83. Changjiang, ed., Xixian fengyun, p. 76.

84. Changjiang, "Zhanshi xinwen gongzuo de zhenyi."

85. Li Mo et al., "Guomindang fandongpai chajin baokan mulu," in Zhongguo xiandai chuban shiliao, ed. Zhang Jinglu, vols. 3-4 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1956-1959), 4:153-176. See Ting, Government Control of the Press, pp. 18-19 and chap. 6.

86. See Fan Changjiang, Tongxun yu lunwen, p. 32.

87. See Changjiang, ed., Xixian fengyun, p. 76.

88. Ibid., pp. 2, 6.

89. See Zhang Jiluan, Jiluan wencun (Tianjin: Dagong bao, 1947), esp. 2:77-79, 82-85, 175-178.

90. See Fang Meng, Fan Changjiang zhuan, pp. 207-212; also Chen Jiying, Hu Zhengzhi yu Dagong bao, pp. 300-312.

91. Fan may even have developed a personal conflict with Wang Yunsheng (1901-1980), an editor well known for his multivolume work on the history of Sino-Japanese relations. See Cao Juren, Caifang waiji (Hong Kong: Chuangken chubanshe, 1955), pp. 79-80.

92. Changjiang, "Dao Jiluan xiansheng," Huashang bao, 8 September 1941, p. 3.

93. See Changjiang, "Zenyang xue zuo xinwen jizhe" (How to learn to be a reporter), in Tongxun yu lunwen, p. 214.

94. Ibid., p. 290.

95. Fang Meng, Fan Changjiang zhuan, p. 258; interview with Fang Meng, 8 October 1989, Beijing.

96. Cheng Shewo, "Wo suo lixiang de xinwen jiaoyu," Baoxue jikan 1.3 (29 March 1935): 112.

97. Wilbur Schramm, Mass Media and National Development: The Role of Information in the Developing Countries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964); Herbert Passin, "Writer and Journalist in the Transitional Society," in Communications and Political Development, ed. Lucian W. Pye (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).

98. Rudolf Löwenthal, "Public Communications in China," p. 57.

99. Rudolf Löwenthal, "The Tientsin Press: A Technical Survey," Chinese Social and Political Science Review 19.4 (January 1936): 557.

100. Vernon Nash and Rudolf Löwenthal, "Responsible Factors in Chinese Journalism," Chinese Social and Political Science Review 20.3 (October 1936): 423.

101. See the discussion in Schramm, Mass Media and National Development, esp. chap. 3.

102. Hong Shen, "Xinwen dianying yu baozhi," Baoxue jikan 1.2 (1 January 1935): 24.

103. Baoxue jikan 1.2 (1 January 1935): 57-93.

104. Chen Qiancun, "Bianjiang neidi yu dushi de xinwen xiezuo," Baoxue jikan 1.1 (10 October 1934): 78-79.

105. Tang Ren'an, "Difang baozhi," Baoxue jikan 1.1 (10 October 1934): 36.

106. The popularization of the press was a major concern of journalists during the war; see discussion in Zeng Xubai, ed., Zhongguo xinwen shi 1:416.

107. Cheng Shewo, "Wo suo lixiang de xinwen jiaoyu," p. 111.

108. See Cheng's own biographical sketches in his Baoxue zazhu (Taibei: Zhongyang wenwu gongyingshe, 1956), pp. 118-159. For a solid account of Cheng's life, see Cheng Cangbo, "Zhongguo ziyoushi shang yiwei duli de jizhe—Cheng Shewo xiansheng," Baoxue 2.1 (June 1957): 6-8. People's Livelihood News was closed down by Wang Jingwei in 1934 for printing highly critical articles about the Executive Yuan, of which Wang was the president. Cheng was incarcerated for some forty days.

109. Cheng Shewo, "Wo suo lixiang de xinwen jiaoyu," p. 111.

110. See China Handbook, 1950, p. 680; also Rudolf Löwenthal, "Printing Paper: Its Supply and Demand in China," Yenching Journal of Social Studies 1.1 (June 1938): 107-121.

111. Cheng Shewo, "Zhongguo baozhi zhi jianglai," Wenhua yuekan 2 (March 1934): 77.

112. Ibid., p. 76.

113. Cheng Shewo, "Women xuyao 'pingjia bao,'" Dongfang zazhi 39.9 (15 July 1943): 24-27.

114. Stand-up journal was not the first tabloid founded by Cheng Shewo. He had earlier started People's Livelihood News, but it was never as influential and popular as Stand-up Journal.

115. For a brief account of mosquito papers, see Yao Jiguang and Yu Yifen, "Shanghai de xiaobao"; see also Perry Link, Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies, chap. 3.

116. Quoted in Xinwen daxue (Journalism university), 14 (August 1987): 64-66.

117. See, for example, Xiang Shiyuan, "Ruhe shi xinwen shiye zhenzheng minzhonghua," Baoxue jikan 1.3 (29 March 1935): 93-97.

118. Zou Taofen, "Benkan yu minzhong," in Taofen wenji, vol. 1 (Shanghai: Sanlian shudian, 1956), p. 6.

119. For a discussion of Zou's years as the editor of Life Weekly, see Margo S. Gewurtz, "Tsou T'ao-fen: The Sheng-huo Years, 1925-1933" (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1972); for the circulation numbers of the weekly, see p. 40.

120. Zou Taofen, Huannan yushengji (Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 1980), p. 32.

121. Zou Taofen, " Shenghuo ribao de chuangban jingguo he fazhan jihua," in Renmin de houshe (Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe, 1980), p. 157.

122. Xie Liuyi, "Dazhongyu he baozhi," Shehui yuebao 1.5 (15 October 1934): 14-16.

123. Liu Shi, "Difang ribao qikan bianji yaodian shangque," XWJZ 1.2 (1 May 1938): 8-9. See also Shou Ming, ed., Kangzhan gequji, vol. 2 (Hankou: Shenghuo shudian, 1938), esp. Tian Han's preface.

124. Jiang Shuchen, "Li Furen," Xinwenjie renwu 8 (April 1987): 65. See also JFRB, 24 July 1946, pp. 1, 4.

125. See Li Furen, ed., Laobaixing shelunji (Xi'an: Laobaixing biankanshe, 1940), p. 5. I am indebted to Zhu Jiefan for providing me with this text.

126. JFRB, 24 July 1946, p. 1; Jiang Shuchen, "Li Furen," pp. 69, 73, 77, 104; interview with Zhu Jiefan, 5 September 1989, Taibei.

127. Quoted in Jiang Shuchen, "Li Furen," p. 77.

128. Ibid.

129. Ibid., p. 69.

130. See, for example, Zhao Junhao, Shanghai baoren de fendou.

131. Cheng Shewo, "'Zhidan' yi ke jiandi," 14 May 1938, p. 3.

132. Feng Yingzi, "Fuzhi difang xinwenzhi," XWJZ 1.4 (1 July 1938): 23-24; see also idem, "Jianli difang baozhi he dihou baozhi," Minzu gonglun 1.6 (20 February 1939): 118-123.

133. Liu Shi, "Difang ribao qikan bianji yaodian shangque."

134. Zai Mu, Lun kangzhan qizhong de wenhua yundong (Shanghai: Shenghuo shudian, 1937), pp. 51-52.

135. See Fan Changjiang, Tongxun yu lunwen, p. 226.

136. Changjiang, "Zenyang tuijin Guangxi difang xinwen gongzuo," Jianshe yanjiu 1.2 (15 April 1939): 33.

137. Ibid., pp. 33-34.

138. Fan Tong, "Nongcun tongxun de pinruo," XWJZ 2.10 (16 March 1941): 28-29.

139. See XWYJZL 28 (December 1984): 168. On the local press in Guangxi, see also XWYJZL 9 (November 1981): 177-201.

140. Zeng Xubai, ed., Zhongguo xinwen shi 1:407.

141. Ibid., p. 408.

142. Ibid.

143. Ibid. See also Changjiang, "Liangnian lai de xinwen shiye," XWJZ 2.2 (1 August 1939): 2.

144. Cheng Qiheng, Zhanshi Zhongguo baoye (Guilin: Mingzhen chubanshe, 1944), pp. 78, 81.

145. Ibid., pp. 63, 66.

146. Even a large local newspaper such as Nanning's Guangxi Daily had a circulation of less than 3,00; see XWYJZL 9 (November 1981): 178.

147. See Zeng Xubai, ed., Zhongguo xinwen shi 1:409.

148. Ibid., pp. 409-410.

149. Cheng Qiheng, Zhansi Zhongguo baoye, pp. 74-75. See also Zeng Xubai, ed., Zhongguo xinwen shi 1:411.

150. See Xia Yan, Baitou jizhe hua dangnian (Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, 1986), esp. sec. 1.

151. See XWYJZL 9 (November 1981): 177-201, and 21 (September 1983): 140-160. See also Dazhong xinwen (Public News) 1.9 (1 October 1948): 20. On the conflict between the GMD government and the provinces, see Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, esp. chap. 1.

152. See Cheng Qiheng, Zhansi Zhongguo baoye, p. 5.

153. See XWJZ 1.6-7 (10 October 1938): 24; XWJZ 1.8 (1 November 1938): 24; and Cheng Qiheng, Zhansi Zhongguo baoye, pp. 81, 95.

154. Cheng Qiheng, Zhansi Zhongguo baoye, pp. 62, 107, 109. See also Su Xingzhi, "Kangzhan zhong de woguo baozhi," Dafeng 91 (5 June 1941): 3039-3041; and Xinzhi banyuekan 3.6 (25 January 1940): 35-37.

155. Changjiang, "Tuibu yu jinbu," XWJZ 2.10 (16 March 1941): 2.