1. Thorold Dickinson, Soviet Cinema (London: Falcon Press, 1948), pp. 132-33.

2. Istoriia sovetskogo teatra (Leningrad: Academia, 1933); Massovye prazdnestva (Leningrad: Academia, 1926). See also E. Riumin, Massovye prazdnestva, ed. O. M. Beskin (Moscow: GIZ, 1927); O. Tsekhnovitser, Prazdnestva revoliutsii (Leningrad: Priboi, 1931). On the artwork, see A. S. Gushchin, Izoiskusstvo v massovykh prazdnestvakh i demonstratsiiakh (Moscow: Khudozhestvennoe izdatel'skoe aktsionernoe ob—-vo, 1930), and Khudozhestvennoe oformlenie massovykh prazdnestv v Leningrade, 1918-1931 (Leningrad: Izogiz, 1932); Massovye prazdnestva v staroi i novoi grafike. Katalog vystavki (Moscow: Izd. gos. muzeia iziashchnykh iskusstv, 1927); A. Kuznetsova, A. S. Magidson, and Iu. P. Shchukin. Oformlenie goroda v dni revoliutsionnykh prazdnestv (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1932).

3. See Rosalinde Sartorti, "Stalinism and Carnival: Organization and Aesthetics of Political Holidays," and Richard Stites, "Stalinism and the Restructuring of Revolutionary Utopianism," in Hans Günther, ed., The Culture of the Stalin Period (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990).

4. Most notable were V. P. Tolstoi, "Materialy k istorii agitatsionnogo iskusstva perioda grazhdanskoi voiny," Soobshcheniia Instituta istorii iskusstv, Akademiia nauk SSSR, no. 3 (1953); Iurii Osnos, "U istokov sovetskogo teatra," Teatral'nyi al'manakh, no. 2 (1946); P. I. Lebedev, Sovetskoe iskusstvo v period inostrannoi interventsii i grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1949); N. Shchekotov, ''Iskusstvo khudozhestvennogo oformleniia," Tvorchestvo, no. 3 (1938).

5. D. M. Genkin, Massovye prazdniki (Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1975), p. 6.

6. V. I. Brudnyi, Obriady vchera i segodnia (Moscow: Nauka, 1968), pp. 164-80.

7. E. Speranskaia, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo pervykh let oktiabria (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1971); I. M. Bibikova and N. I. Levchenko, comps., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo: Oformlenie prazdnestv (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1984); V. K. Aizenshtadt, Sovetskii samodeiatel'nyi teatr (Kharkov: KhGIK, 1983); T. M. Goriaeva, "Pervaia godovshchina oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii: Dokumenty," Istoriia SSSR, no. 6 (1987); Russkii-sovetskii teatr 1917-1921: Dokumenty i materialy (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1968).

8. Valentina Khodasevich, "Gorod—teatr, narod—akter," Dekorativnoe iskusstvo SSSR, no. 11 (1979), and "Massovye deistva, zrelishcha i prazdniki," Teatr, no. 11 (1967); Nikolai Petrov, 50 i 500 (Moscow: VTO, 1960); U istokov (Moscow: VTO, 1960); N. G. Vinogradov-Mamont, Krasnoarmeiskoe chudo (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1972).

9. For example, V. S. Aksenov, Organizatsiia massovykh prazdnikov trudiashchikhsia, 1918-1920 (Leningrad: LGIK, 1974); Brudnyi, Obriady vchera i segodnia; A. I. Chechetin, Istoriia massovykh narodnykh prazdnestv i predstavlenii (Moscow: Gos. inst. kul'tury, 1976); Genkin, Massovye prazdniki; P. P. Kampars and N. M. Zakovich, Sovetskaia grazhdanskaia obriadnost' (Moscow: Mysl', 1967); Massovye prazdniki i zrelishcha (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1961); A. I. Mazaev, Prazdnik kak sotsial'no-khudozhestvennoe iavlenie (Moscow: Nauka, 1978); V. G. Sinitsyn, ed., Nashi prazdniki (Moscow: Politizdat, 1977); V. Aizenshtadt, ed., Rezhissura i organizatsiia massovykh zrelishch (Kharkov: KhGIK, 1973); V. A. Rudnev, Sovetskie prazdniki, obriady, ritualy (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1979).

10. See, for instance, Joseph Ben-David and Terry Clark, eds., Culture and Its Creators: Essays in Honor of Edward Shils (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977); Sean Wilentz, ed., Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual and Politics since the Middle Ages (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985); David Cannadine and Simon Price, eds., Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Roy Strong, Art and Power: Renaissance Festivals 1450-1650 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984). Also: M. M. Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Helene Iswolsky (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968); Harvey Cox, The Feast of Fools (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969); Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Barbara Babcock, ed., The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978).

11. Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution, trans. Alan Sheridan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle, trans. Janet Lloyd (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

12. See Abbott Gleason, Peter Kenez, Richard Stites, eds., Bolshevik Culture (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985); Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978); Günther, The Culture of the Stalin Period .

13. Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).

14. Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983).

15. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Regine Robin, Le réalisme socialiste: Une esthétique impossible (Paris: Payot, 1986).

16. Frantishek Déak, "Russian Mass Spectacles," Drama Review 19, no. 2 (June 1975).

17. Richard Stites, "Adorning the Russian Revolution: The Primary Symbols of Bolshevism, 1917-1918," Sbornik, no. 10 (1984), and "The Origins of Soviet Ritual Style: Symbol and Festival in the Russian Revolution," in Claes Arvidsson and Lars Erik Blomqvist, eds., Symbols of Power: The Esthetics of Political Legitimation in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1987).

18. Christel Lane, The Rites of Rulers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Christopher A. P. Binns, "The Changing Face of Power: Revolution and Accommodation in the Development of Soviet Ceremonial Systems," Man, no. 4 (1979), no. 1 (1980).

19. Many sources on the French fêtes were available to Russians, including André Grétry, Memoires ou essais sur la musique (Liège: Vaillant-Carmanne, 1914); P. A. Kropotkin, The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793 (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1909); Julien Tiersot, Les fêtes et les chants de la Revolution française (Paris: Hachette et cie, 1908)—in Russian: Prazdnestva i pesni frantsuzskoi revoliutsii, trans. K. Zhikhareva (Petrograd: Izd. Parus, 1917).

20. Eugene Zamiatin, We, trans. Gregory Zilboorg (New York: Dutton, 1952), pp. 131-32.

21. Lane, The Rites of Rulers, pp. 2-3.