1. Robert Burns includes a detailed analysis of the treaties signed with Eslida and Alfandech in Robert I. Burns, Muslims, Christians and Jews , 60-79.

2. Henry Charles Lea, The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion (Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co., 1901), reprint ed. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1966), 58.

3. Henri Lapeyre, La Geógraphie de l'Espagne morisque (Paris: SEVPEN, 1959), 27-28.

4. Tulio Halperin Donghi notes that in 1565, only several hundred of the more than 20,000 Morisco families were tenants of the realengo: Tulio Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto nacional: Moriscos y cristianos viejos en Valencia (Valencia: Institución Alfonso el Magnánimo, 1980), 58.

5. Ibid., 138. Even before the period of the Germanías, certain Old Christians were taking it on themselves to bully Valencia's mudéjares into

conversion. This campaign was supported by the tribunal. AHN, Inquisition , November 13, 1508, leg. 548#1, exp. 25.

4. Tulio Halperin Donghi notes that in 1565, only several hundred of the more than 20,000 Morisco families were tenants of the realengo: Tulio Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto nacional: Moriscos y cristianos viejos en Valencia (Valencia: Institución Alfonso el Magnánimo, 1980), 58.

5. Ibid., 138. Even before the period of the Germanías, certain Old Christians were taking it on themselves to bully Valencia's mudéjares into

conversion. This campaign was supported by the tribunal. AHN, Inquisition , November 13, 1508, leg. 548#1, exp. 25.

6. A description of the conversion in Játiva is given in testimony in the case of Jerónimo Catala who declared that the Agermanats threatened to sack the Moorish quarter and massacre its inhabitants. AHN, Inquisition , December 9, 1524, leg. 550#1, exp. 10. Also see Ricardo García Cárcel and E. Císcar Pallares, Moriscos i agermanats (Valencia: L'Estel, 1974), 122-125; Antonio Domínguez Ortíz and Bernard Vincent, Historia de los Moriscos: Vida y tragedia de una minoría (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1978), 23.

7. Lea, The Moriscos , 69.

8. Ibid., 70.

7. Lea, The Moriscos , 69.

8. Ibid., 70.

9. AGS, Estado , January 30, 1589, leg. 212, as quoted in P. Boronat y Barrachina, Los Moriscos españoles y su expulsión (Valencia: Francisco Vives y Mora, 1901), 2:460-461.

10. Lea, The Moriscos , 68.

11. AHN, Inquisition , September 14, 1532, lib. 319, f. 123.

12. Lea, The Moriscos , 75-76.

13. Ibid., 78.

12. Lea, The Moriscos , 75-76.

13. Ibid., 78.

14. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1525, lib. 319, 180; Lea, The Moriscos , 79.

15. Ibid., 87.

14. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1525, lib. 319, 180; Lea, The Moriscos , 79.

15. Ibid., 87.

16. AHN, Inquisition , April 3, 1530, leg. 558#2, exp. 15.

17. Lea, The Moriscos , 86.

18. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 24; AHN, Inquisition , January 6, 1526, lib. 319, f. 261v.

19. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 96.

20. Ibid., 96-97.

19. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 96.

20. Ibid., 96-97.

21. Louis Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos: Un enfrentamiento polémico , trans. Mercedes Garcia Arenal (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1979), 45.

22. Ibid., 47.

21. Louis Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos: Un enfrentamiento polémico , trans. Mercedes Garcia Arenal (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1979), 45.

22. Ibid., 47.

23. AHN, Inquisition , July 5, 1560, leg. 1792, nf.

24. AHN, Inquisition , May 25, 1568, lib. 911, f. 964.

25. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1567, leg. 548#1, exp. 2.

26. Cardaillac quotes approvingly the comment made by the profoundly anti-Morisco archbishop of Valencia, Juan de Ribera, to the effect that all of the expelled Moriscos were "infidels." Cardaillac, Moriscos , 94. But see the case of Baltasar de Alaque, a leading Morisco religious teacher, who was strongly impelled toward genuine conversion to Christianity by a missionary campaign. AHN, Inquisition , testimony of Juan Pastor, rector of Yátova, March 13, 1573, leg. 548#1, exp. 7.

27. Andrew Hess, "The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in

Sixteenth-Century Spain," The American Historical Review 74 (October 1968).

28. In a recent work that sums up current scholarship on the linguistic history of Valencia before 1609, María del Carmen Barceló Torres concludes that the region was characterized by a duality in the use of Arabic and Catalan until the end of the sixteenth century. Maria del Carmen Barceló Torres, Minorías islámicas en el país valenciano: Historia y dialecto (Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 1984), 151.

29. AHN, Inquisition , August 28, 1587, leg. 1791, nf.

30. Jaime Bleda, the violently anti-Morisco and anti-Semitic memorialist of the early seventeenth century, speaks bitterly of those who "defended" the Moriscos at court and in the universities. Jaime Bleda, Coronica de los moros de España (Valencia: Felipe Mey, 1618), 884-886.

31. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 148.

32. Ibid., 147-148.

31. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 148.

32. Ibid., 147-148.

33. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 193, admits that "if the aljamiada manuscripts are the sign of cultural degradation, those written in Castilian testify to a certain assimilation."

34. Ibid., 186-187.

33. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 193, admits that "if the aljamiada manuscripts are the sign of cultural degradation, those written in Castilian testify to a certain assimilation."

34. Ibid., 186-187.

35. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 240.

36. AHN, Inquisition , May 23, 1568, leg. 1791, nf.

37. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 135.

38. AHN, Inquisition , September 22, 1573, lib. 915, ff. 415-415v.

39. García Cárcel, Orígines , 220; Heregía , 223.

40. AHN, Inquisition , October 15, 1584; March 23, 1586, leg. 548#1, exp. 8. Also see the case of Pedro Crespi, the nearly blind and illiterate Morisco who carried an amulet with Islamic religious writings in the hope that it would help restore his eyesight. AHN, Inquisition , January 10, 1583, leg. 550#2, exp. 18.

41. AHN, Inquisition , June 30, 1602, leg. 939, f. 167. In 1603, the bishop of Segorbe wrote to the Holy See boasting of the 300 Moriscos who regularly attended mass and received the sacraments in his diocese. Barceló Torres, Minorías islámicas , 144.

42. Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:555.

43. AHN, Inquisition , March 8, 1612, leg. 803#1, nf.

44. See the increased level of religious knowledge and observance between the two trials of Miguel Aquem (1592, 1602). AHN, Inquisition , November 15, 1591; May 29, 1602, leg. 548#2, exps. 17, 18. The assimilation of Christian practices is astonishing even in an obdurate Morisco like Juan Cavero who lived in the strongly Islamic Vall de Uxó. He went to mass regularly, confessed, and knew all the basic prayers. AHN, Inquisition , September 25, 1590, leg. 549#2.

45. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 244-249. I am aware that Cardaillac asserts (248) that the Moriscos of Valencia had different and more traditional views, but there is evidence to the contrary in trial records. See AHN, Inquisition , November 8, 1604, leg. 548#1, exp. 10.

46. AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1604, lib. 938, ffs. 219, 229v, 235.

47. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 95.

48. AGS, Estado , December 4, 1581, leg. 212, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:292.

49. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 95.

50. Archivo del Real Colegio de Corpus Christi, 1595, Asignatura I, 7, 8, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:713-714.

51. AHN, Inquisition , March 7, 1582, leg. 806#2. The testimony was especially reliable since it came from a local Old Christian hidalgo and was later confirmed by a Morisco villager, Jaime Gibet.

52. See Aznar de Cardona's response to a Morisco's question about confession. Pedro Aznar de Cardona, Expulsión justificada de los moriscos de España (Huesca: Pedro Cabarte, 1612), ffs. 50v, 51.

53. AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1564, leg. 1790.

54. AHN, Inquisition , March 16, 1558, lib. 911, ffs. 974-976v.

55. Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:285-286.

56. The crown eventually acceded and forgave them their contributions to the fund. BNM, 1601-1604, sig. ff. 9, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:431-243.

57. In the discussion that preceded his vote, the count conceded that "even now they have not even begun the rectories." AGS, Estado , n.d., as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los Moriscos , 2:466. For a different and far more optimistic view of the rectories that was not shared by any other observer, see Bleda, Coronica , 887.

58. AHN, Inquisition , May 23, 1565, leg. 548#1, exp. 2; September 5, 1605, lib. 938, ffs. 236-237.

59. AHN, Inquisition , October 27, 1605, leg. 803#1, ffs. 279-280.

60. AHN, Inquisition , February 28, 1569, leg. 550#1, exp. 4. Of course, the admiral benefited financially from his tolerant policies. Moriscos who went through his territories paid 1 to 3 ducats for a pass. See the testimony of Miguel Zaragoza: March 7, 1542, f. 332v.

61. AHN, Inquisition , March 15, 1563, lib. 911, f. 515.

62. AHN, Inquisition , May 5, 1573, leg. 548#1, exp. 12.

63. Mercedes García-Arenal, Los moriscos (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1975), 155.

64. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1553, lib. 911, f. 516.

65. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1575, lib. 913, ffs. 459-460.

66. Damián Fonseca's warning that any state with a population divided

along religious lines ran a grave risk of destruction was typical of this highly negative attitude. Damián Fonseca, Justa expulsión de los moriscos de España (Rome: Jacomo Mascardo, 1612), 170.

67. AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1587, leg. 505, nf. These fears were fed by the alarming reports of redemptionist friars like Juan de Rojas who warned in 1576 that Valencia's Moriscos would rise at the first opportunity: AHN, Inquisition , March 31, 1576, leg. 548#1, exp. 1.

68. Ellen G. Friedman, Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 12. Bleda, Coronica , 890.

69. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 38-42, 191.

70. Ibid., 11.

69. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 38-42, 191.

70. Ibid., 11.

71. AHN, Inquisition , November 4, 1576, leg. 548#1, exp. 1.

72. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 12.

73. Ibid., 7.

72. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 12.

73. Ibid., 7.

74. AGS, Estado , February 2, 1599, leg. 165, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:388-389.

75. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 116-117.

76. García-Arenal, Los moriscos , 220-221.

77. Bleda discusses the hatred expressed by the militia forces that had been mobilized to combat the Morisco rebellion that broke out just after the expulsion order became known. The Moriscos who surrendered had to be. brought to the coast under escort by regular troops, Jaime Bleda, Defenso fidei in causa neophytorum, sive Morischorum , as Appendix, Breve relación de la expulsión de los rnoriscos de Valencia (Valentiae: Ioannem Chrusostomum Garriz, 1610), 592-594.

78. AGS, Inquisition , July 17, 1528, lib. 15, f. 468, quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:423-428.

79. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1568, lib. 911, ffs. 926-931.

80. AGS, Estado , February 16, 1565, leg. 329, quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:534-535.

81. Miranda is referred to as commissioner in Philip's letter of February 19, 1566. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

82. Ibid., 525-526.

83. Ibid., 532-540.

81. Miranda is referred to as commissioner in Philip's letter of February 19, 1566. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

82. Ibid., 525-526.

83. Ibid., 532-540.

81. Miranda is referred to as commissioner in Philip's letter of February 19, 1566. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

82. Ibid., 525-526.

83. Ibid., 532-540.

84. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

85. AHN, Inquisition , February 26, 1583, leg. 1791, nf.

86. García Cárcel, Herejía , 27-28.

87. Lea, The Moriscos , 98.

88. AHN, Inquisition , March 2, 1532, lib. 321, ffs. 34-34v.

89. Lea, The Moriscos , 99.

90. García Cárcel, Herejía , 53.

91. AHN, Inquisition , March 14, 1557, lib. 911, ffs. 245-248.

92. García-Arenal, Los moriscos , 135. For the tribunal's demand that its jurisdiction be fully restored on the grounds that the Moriscos "live like Moors," see AHN, Inquisition , February 9, 1563, leg. 503#1, f. 47v.

93. García Cárcel, Herejía , 57, 60.

94. AHN, Inquisition , July 6, 1568, lib. 911, f. 929v.

95. AHN, Inquisition , July 6, 1568, lib. 911, ffs. 909-909v; June 25, 1568, leg. 549#1, exps. 7, 11.

96. AHN, Inquisition , January 12, 1568; December 24, 1577, leg. 548#1, exp. 2.

97. AHN, Inquisition , March 4, 1568, lib. 911, f. 886; García Cárcel, Herejía , 79.

98. AHN, Inquisition , April 8, 1566, leg. 1791, exp. 2, nf.

99. AHN, Inquisition , June 23, 1568, leg. 503#1, nf.

100. For the Concordia between the Moriscos and the tribunal, see AHN, Inquisition , October 12, 1571, lib. 917, ffs. 808-813. For a detailed discussion of the Inquisition's obligations under the agreement and the frank admission by Valencia's inquisitors that the tribunal had always kept any money it earned from fines, see AHN, Inquisition , July 14, 1595, lib. 917, ffs. 770-773.

101. García Cárcel, Herejía , 81-83, 98-99; Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 56.

102. García Cárcel, Herejía , 99.

103. Ibid., 99-102. For the tribunal's initially positive view of Polo's evidence against the alleged plot, see AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3. García Cárcel, Herejía , 102, seems rather confused as to the real outcome of this case, but the heavy punishment given at the auto de fé of April 19, 1587 (200 lashes and perpetual galley service), and the details of the sentence against the two men makes it clear that the tribunal had concluded that the entire plot was a fabrication and that the men had perjured themselves. AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3.

102. García Cárcel, Herejía , 99.

103. Ibid., 99-102. For the tribunal's initially positive view of Polo's evidence against the alleged plot, see AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3. García Cárcel, Herejía , 102, seems rather confused as to the real outcome of this case, but the heavy punishment given at the auto de fé of April 19, 1587 (200 lashes and perpetual galley service), and the details of the sentence against the two men makes it clear that the tribunal had concluded that the entire plot was a fabrication and that the men had perjured themselves. AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3.

104. Jaime Contreras, "Las causas de fé en la Inquisición española (1500-1700): Análisis de una estadística," unpublished report presented at the Simposium Interdisciplinario de la Inquisición Medieval y Moderna (Copenhagen, 1978), 37.

105. Information about the life-style of these families comes from hearings held before the royal captain of the city and community of Teruel. The royal order to investigate the truth of their claim that they should be considered Old Christians is in AHN, Inquisition , September 21, 1575, lib. 916, ffs. 224-225. Also see October 13, 1575, lib. 916, ffs. 226-227, 228, 229, 230-232v.

106. See the trial of Diego de Arcos, AHN, Inquisition , March 23, 1582, leg. 549#1, exp. 4, and Francisco López Royz, November 26, 1581, leg. 552#2, exp. 20.

107. AHN, Inquisition , May 22, 1581, lib. 913, ffs. 121-121v, 139. García Cárcel, Herejía , 104, implies wrongly that this suggestion was first put forward in 1582.

108. AHN, Inquisition , July 30, 1587, leg. 1791, nf. Also see Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:625, 630. García Cárcel, Herejía , cites only Boronat's summary of this document and not the document itself.

109. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 6-7.

110. Contreras, "Las causas de fé," 37.

111. AGS, Estado , January 30, 1608, leg. 212, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:457-474.

112. Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:150-151; García Cárcel, Herejía , 124.

113. Bleda, Defensio fidei , 597-601, prints the expulsion decree.

114. For the revelation told to the Valencian noble, Juan Boil de Arenos, by his confessor, Fray Luis Bertrán, in an effort to get him to ask the king to expel the Moriscos, see Fonseca, Justa expulsión , 163. For heavenly attempts to warn Spain of impending doom if the Moriscos were allowed to remain, see ibid., 166-169.

113. Bleda, Defensio fidei , 597-601, prints the expulsion decree.

114. For the revelation told to the Valencian noble, Juan Boil de Arenos, by his confessor, Fray Luis Bertrán, in an effort to get him to ask the king to expel the Moriscos, see Fonseca, Justa expulsión , 163. For heavenly attempts to warn Spain of impending doom if the Moriscos were allowed to remain, see ibid., 166-169.

115. Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 183.

116. Archivo General Central, Inquisición de Valencia , leg. 604, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:657-665.

117. García Cárcel, Herejía , 92.

118. Archivo del Real Colegio de Corpus Christi, January, 31, 1608, Sig. I, 7, 8, 63, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:142-143; García Cárcel, Herejía , 123.

119. AHN, Inquisition , June 13, 1606, lib. 918, ffs. 761-768. García Cárcel, Herejía , 122, discusses this memorial but glosses over this aspect of the proposal.

120. AHN, Inquisition , January 30, 1609, lib. 933, ffs. 127-127v. Also see the tribunal's letter suggesting several cases of Moriscos who had been condemned to the galleys for release in a payment that could be used "para que se pudiese fabricar la casa y cárcel de la penitencia." AHN, Inquisition , lib. 935, ffs. 125-126. Also see AHN, Inquisition , August 21, 1608, lib. 332, ff. 184-185, for additional commutations.

121. These statistics are based on 1,681 Moriscos tried by the tribunal from 1580 to 1615.

122. Contreras, "Las causas de fé," 37.

123. AHN, Inquisition , March 7, 1615, leg. 506, f. 460. For a detailed account of these rebellions, see Bleda, Defenso fidei , 590-591.

124. Lapeyre, La géographie , 64, 66.

125. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 210-221.

126. Ibid., 24; AHN, Inquisition , October 16, 1612, lib. 919, ff. 514-514v; March 26, 1613, leg. 553#2, exp. 18; October 30, 1624, leg. 548#2, exp. 21.

125. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 210-221.

126. Ibid., 24; AHN, Inquisition , October 16, 1612, lib. 919, ff. 514-514v; March 26, 1613, leg. 553#2, exp. 18; October 30, 1624, leg. 548#2, exp. 21.

127. AHN, Inquisition , February 3, 1615, leg. 506#1, f. 454.

128. AHN, Inquisition , October 29, 1624, leg. 548#1, exp. 21.

129. AHN, Inquisition , August 27, 1625, leg. 507#1, f. 514.

130. Between 1615 and 1700, there were 204 cases, but they were heavily concentrated in the first years after the expulsion. Contreras, ''Las causas de fé," 37.

131. The figures on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are my own.

132. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 109.

133. AHN, Inquisition , January 26, 1568, leg. 548#1, exp. 2, f. 30v.

134. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 109. The so-called alfaquis (Islamic religious teachers) were usually just private individuals with some religious learning. AHN, Inquisition , October 22, 1591, leg. 550#2, exp. 20.

135. AHN, Inquisition , October, 1965; January 6, 1566, lib. 911, ff. 598, 603.

136. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 121-124. See the ease of the famous Morisco physician, Jerónimo Pachet, who was tried in 1567 and 1580 and deprived of the right to practice medicine in his second sentence: AHN, Inquisition , October 23, 1580, lib. 936, ff. 275v, 276. Also see the ease of Gaspar Capdal, the brilliant young Morisco physician (24) who was deprived of the right to practice medicine: AHN, Inquisition , January 7, 1607, leg. 549#2, exp. 19.

137. This conclusion is based on the 677 Moriscos tried by the Holy Office whose occupations are stated in the relaciones de causas.

138. For example, 4.3 percent of those tried for Protestantism were professionals.

139. Casey, The Kingdom , 84.

140. Ibid., 33.

139. Casey, The Kingdom , 84.

140. Ibid., 33.

141. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 120.

142. Halperin Donghi cautions us not to exaggerate the wealth and importance of these petty traders. Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 73-75.

143. Casey, The Kingdom , 40, points out that 3 percent of the landless Moriscos of Játiva had workshops.

144. Casey, The Kingdom , 43-44, compares the farms held by Moriscos with the requirements of the Old Christian settlers after the expulsion.

145. Ibid., 38-39; Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 86.

144. Casey, The Kingdom , 43-44, compares the farms held by Moriscos with the requirements of the Old Christian settlers after the expulsion.

145. Ibid., 38-39; Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 86.

146. AHN, Inquisition , July 1, 1596, lib. 917, ffs. 1007-1010. Also see the inventory of the possessions of Beatriz Gamir, AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1583, leg. 551#2, exp. 19.

147. Women comprised 28.5 percent of the Morisco offenders and a remarkably similar 30 percent of the Judaizers. This is a very high percentage compared to such "male" offenses as propositions, where they only made up 6.1 percent of the offenders.

148. AHN, Inquisition , June 13, 1606, lib. 918, f. 766.